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Gasket
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This article is about mechanical seals. For other uses, see Gasket (disambiguation). This article contains weasel words: vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information. Such statements should be clarified or removed. (July 2011) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2011) A gasket (correct terminology is a "joint" made from "jointing material") is a mechanical seal which fills the space between two or more mating surfaces, generally to prevent leakage from or into the joined objects while under compression. Gaskets allow "less-than-perfect" mating surfaces on machine parts where they can fill irregularities. Gaskets are commonly produced by cutting from sheet materials. Gaskets for specific applications, such as high pressure steam systems, may contain asbestos. However, due to health hazards associated with asbestos exposure, non-asbestos gasket materials are used when practical. It is usually desirable that the gasket be made from a material that is to some degree yielding such that it is able to deform and tightly fills the space it is designed for, including any slight irregularities. A few gaskets require an application of sealant directly to the gasket surface to function properly. Some (piping) gaskets are made entirely of metal and rely on a seating surface to accomplish the seal; the metal's own spring characteristics are utilized (up to but not passing y, the material's yield strength). This is typical of some "ring joints" (RJ) or some other metal gasket systems such as those made by Grayloc (an Oceaneering International company). These joints are known as R-con and E-con compressive type joints.[1]
Contents [hide] 1 Properties 1.1 Gasket design 1.2 Sheet gaskets 1.3 Solid material gaskets 1.4 Spiral-wound gaskets 1.5 Constant seating stress gaskets 1.6 Double-jacketed gaskets 1.7 Kammprofile gaskets 1.8 Flange gasket 2 Improvements 3 Failure reasons 4 See also 5 Sources 6 External links
Some seals and gaskets 1. o-ring 2. fiber washer 3. paper gaskets 4. cylinder head gasket
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Properties
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Gaskets are normally made from a flat material, a sheet such as paper, rubber, silicone, metal, cork, felt, neoprene, nitrile rubber, fiberglass, polytetrafluoroethylene (otherwise known as PTFE or Teflon) or a plastic polymer (such as polychlorotrifluoroethylene). One of the more desirable properties of an effective gasket in industrial applications for compressed fiber gasket material is the ability to withstand high compressive loads. Most industrial gasket applications involve bolts exerting compression well into the 14 MPa (2000 psi) range or higher. Generally speaking, there are several truisms that allow for best gasket performance. One of the more tried and tested is: "The more compressive load exerted on the gasket, the longer it will last". There are several ways to measure a gasket material's ability to withstand compressive loading. The "hot compression test" is probably the most accepted of these tests. Most manufacturers of gasket materials will provide or publish the results of these tests.
Compressed fiber gasket
Gaskets come in many different designs based on industrial usage, budget, chemical contact and physical parameters:
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4. spiral wound gaskets Sheet gaskets are simple, they are cut to size either with bolt holes or without holes for standard sizes with various thickness and material suitable to media and temperature pressure of pipeline. Ring gaskets also known as RTJ. They are mostly used in offshore oil- and gas pipelines and are designed to work under extremely high pressure. They are solid rings of metal in different cross sections like oval, round, octagonal etc. Sometimes they come with hole in center for pressure . Spiral wound gaskets are also used in high pressure pipelines and are made with stainless steel outer and inner rings and a center filled with spirally wound stainless steel tape wound together with graphite and PTFE, formed in V shape. Internal pressure acts upon the faces of the V, forcing the gasket to seal against the flange faces.
Improvements
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Many gaskets contain minor improvements to increase or infer acceptable operating conditions: A common improvement is an inner compression ring. A compression ring allows for higher flange compression while preventing gasket failure. The effects of a compression ring are minimal and generally are just used when the standard design experiences a high rate of failure. A common improvement is an outer guiding ring. A guiding ring allows for easier installation and serves as a minor compression inhibitor. In some alkylation uses these can be modified on Double Jacketed gaskets to show when the first seal has failed through an inner lining system coupled with alkylation paint.
Failure reasons
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1. uneven distributed pressing force, the uneven pressing force is caused by a variety of factors, first is the human factor: asymmetric construction of the preload bolt, this factor can eliminate construction; theory on the flange pressed, the sealing surface is absolutely parallel to the practice, however, the centerline of a pipeline can not be absolutely concentric, and thus tighten the bolts on the flange moment, so that the flange discontinuity. Asymmetrical connection, the sealing surface more or less deformed, so that sealed the pressing force is reduced, the running load, prone to leakage. Third, the density of bolt arrangement on the pressure distribution more obvious impact, bolts suffer the closer, the pressure is becoming more uniform. 2. Stress relaxation and torque loss: stress relaxation and the torque loss is the main cause of leakage. Tighten bolts on the flange, due to the vibration of the bodies, the temperature increased or decreased and other factors, the working process of the spiral wound gaskets stress relaxation, the bolt torque will be gradually decreased, resulting in loss of torque. cause a leak. In general, long bolts, the remnants of the torque, the smaller the diameter the more advantageous to prevent the loss of torque, with long, thin bolt is an effective way to prevent torque loss. In addition, the greater the temperature, the longer the duration, the more serious loss of torque. Heating a certain period of time to make it stretch the bolt, and then to maintain a given torque, is very effective to prevent the loss of torque. There is a gasket is thinner and smaller the loss of torque. In addition to prevent the strong vibration of the machine and the pipe itself, and exclude the impact of adjacent equipment vibration, the impact of the sealing surface is not meaningless, not to beat the bolts tightened, can prevent the loss of torque. 3. Surface not smooth: the sealing surface finish improper also easy to cause leakage. 4. Temperature: the temperature decreases have a greater impact on the leakage. Flanged leak often occurs in the cooling, because the cooling rate of cooling when the flange and bolts do not After cooling, the pressing force of the metal gaskets stress relaxation, combined with the cold contraction of the pipe, resulting in toward the bolt tensile direction force, this force will lead to leaks in, where the low-temperature media occasions when gasket should be noted: 1) low temperature flexible gasket; 2) shim thickness should be as much as possible to take a small flange gap as small as possible ; 3) high strength bolts, so that the strain is small.
See also
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Sources
1. ^ [1]
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1. Bickford, John H.: An Introduction to the Design and Behavior of Bolted Joints, 3rd ed., Marcel Dekker, 1995, pg. 5 2. Latte, Dr. Jorge and Rossi, Claudio: High Temperature Behavior of Compressed Fiber Gasket Materials, and an Alternative Approach to the Prediction of Gasket Life, FSA presented Paper, 1995, pg. 16
External links
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Gasket Fabricators Association Fluid Sealing Association, gasket division Gasket Selection http://europeansealing.com/en/about/esa-organisation/divisions/flange-gaskets-division /gasket failure reasons
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