Structure and Properties of Matter

Goal 5: EOC Review

Atomic Theory
Daltons Atomic Theory - solid sphere Masses of many elements combined to form products in whole number ratios (1:1, 1:2, or 2:3) Elements are made of solid indestructible particles, differing in mass. Matter in the form of elements is composed of particles called atoms, which are indivisible and indestructible. Atoms of the same element are in like in mass, atoms of different elements differ in mass.

Daltons Atomic Theory

Atomic Theory

J.J. Thomsons Atomic Theory plum pudding Discovered electrons by using a cathode ray tube Other scientists discovered protons Thomson revised Daltons model of a solid indestructible ball into a positively charged ball with negative electrons

Thomsons Atomic Theory

Rutherfords Atomic Theory gold leaf experiment discovered the nucleus He aimed alpha particles at a thin fold foil, some were scattered at severe angles and some bounced almost straight back.

Realized Thomsons plum pudding model could not explain these facts. Remodeled the atom as mostly empty space with a tiny positive core at its center that formed a dense nucleus. Hypothesized that the negative electrons circled the nucleus.

Rutherfords Atomic Theory

Niels Bohr Atomic Model electrons are assigned to energy levels Found that electrons move around the nucleus in orbits that correspond to specific energy levels. The lower their energy, the closer the electrons were attracted to the nucleus. Exact location and speed of an electron could not be determined because the electrons were constantly shifting from one energy level to another.

Bohrs Model

The current atomic model is the electron cloud model. Around the atoms nucleus is a blurry cloud of electrons. Higher energy areas are further out and can hold more electrons. The max number of electrons that energy levels 1, 2, 3, and 4 can hold are 2, 8, 18, and 32.

Electron Cloud Theory (Modern Day model)

Practice Problems

Atomic Structure

All atoms are composed of subatomic particles that determine an atoms identity, mass, and reactivity.

The atom is the smallest unit of an element that still has the chemical properties of that element.
An element is any substance made up of only one type of atom.

Atoms are composed of three major subatomic particles protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Protons have a positive charge and are in the nucleus Neutrons have no charge and are found in the nucleus Electrons have a negative charge and are found outside the nucleus

Protons and neutrons have a mass of 1 atomic mass unit. Electrons have a relative mass of 0 amu.

The nucleus of an atom has a positive electric charge equal to the number of protons it contains.
The number of electrons and protons are equal in a neutral atom.

Atoms of an element with different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes. Many elements have 2 or more isotopes. Isotopes are usually written with the elements symbol and mass number. EX: Al-27

The atomic number of an element is equal to its number or protons. It is also equal to its number of electrons. An elements atomic mass is the weighted average of its isotopes masses and usually has a decimal number.

The mass number of an atom is equal to the sum of protons and neutrons in the atom.

Atomic Number
Atomic Symbol Atomic Name Atomic Mass

Practice Problems!

Physical Properties of Matter

Every substance has various physical properties that help determine how a substance is classified and used.

Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass. Physical properties are used to describe different kinds of matter.

A physical property is a characteristic of a substance that can be observed directly or measure with a tool without changing the composition of the substance. A physical change is any change in a substances size, shape, color, or phase (solid, liquid, or gas) that does not change the composition of the

Some examples of a substances physical properties include its boiling or condensing point, melting or freezing point, density, solubility, viscosity, and thermal or electrical conductivity.

Ductility (being ductile) allows metals to be shaped by being stretched or pulled into thin wires. The density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volume: D = m/v

Solubility is the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a given solvent under standard conditions.
The solute is the substance that dissolves, and the solvent is the dissolving substance. The solute and solvent do not chemically combine during the dissolving process. Each substance retains its own properties. Therefore, solubility is a

A saturated solution is a solution in which the maximum mass of solute is dissolved in the solvent at a particular temperature. No more solute can dissolve in a saturated solutions. In an unsaturated solution, more solute can dissolve in the solvent at a given temperature.
Water is the universal solvent.

Viscosity is a physical property of fluids. It is a measure of a fluids resistance to flow. Fluids with high viscosity take longer to pour than fluids with low viscosity.
Electrical conductivity is a measure of a materials ability to conduct or move electrical current. It is a physical property because the conduction of electrical current does not change the composition of matter.

Practice Problems