Reactions

Processes that produce or consume mass. Chemical, biochemical, etc. Describe reactions using rate kinetics Some basic reaction kinetics rate laws;

dA ko 0th order dt dA k1 A; A(0) = Ao 1st order dt dA k2 A2 ; A(0) = Ao 2nd order dt dA k2 AB; A(0) = Ao ; B (0) = Bo dt
Reaction first and second order. mph

A and B are concentrations k0, k1, k2 are rate constants with different units

mixed 2nd order

Mixed Second Order

assume reaction stoichiometry 2A+B P+etc. so A=A 0 -2P B=B0 -P substituting dP k2 A0 2 P B0 P dt P (0) P0
Reaction first and second order. mph

Reversible Reactions: Unimolecular

A
k1 k1r

B rate of consumption of A in forward rxn rate of production of A by reverse rxn

dA k1 A dt dA k1r B dt combine

dA k1 A k1r B dt from stoichiometry B B0 A dB dA dt dt so dB k1 A k1r B; dt A(0) Ao , B (0) Bo

Reversible Reactions
Bimolecular reaction
A B
k1 k1r

CD

dA k1 AB rate of consumption of A in forward rxn dt dA k1r CD rate of production of A by reverse rxn dt combine dA k1 AB k1r CD dt C C0 A from stoichiometry dC k1 AB k1r CD dt

Reaction 2 reversible.mph

Decay Chain
Many reactions involve multiple steps. For example, the decay of A to produce D may produce two intermediate compounds, B and C. Assuming the reactions are all first order, the process is described as

A B; B C; C D;

dA k1 A A dt dB dA k1B B dt dt dC dB k1C C dt dt dD dC dt dt

Michaelis-Menten Kinetics
Catalyzed reactions are often described by the Michaelis-Menten reaction

k1C dC dt k2 C
where k1 and k2 are constants describing the reaction. This reaction behaves like a first-order process when C is small and a 0th order reaction when C is large.

Logistic Equation
The Logistic equation was initially proposed to describe the growth of populations, but has seen wide application in other fields
dC k1C C 2 k2 ) dt

This equation describes a process that represents first order growth when C is small, but the rate diminishes and eventually becomes negative as C increases.

Predator-Prey
Lotka-Volterra equations
dA A(k1 k2 B ) dt dB B (k3 k4 A) dt

Reaction 4 predator prey.mph