Ee6211 - Electric Circuit Lab

IFET COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
VILLUPURAM

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

LABORATORY MANUAL

EE6211 / ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

(II- SEMESTER EEE)

PREPARED BY
M.SUJ ITH,
SAP/EEE,
IFET COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
VILLUPURAM

2

3

REGULATION R-2013
EE6211 - ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS LAB
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS (SYLLABUS )

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Experimental verification of Kirchhoffs voltage and current laws
2. Experimental verification of network theorems (Thevenin, Norton, Superposition and maximum power
transfer Theorem).
3. Study of CRO and measurement of sinusoidal voltage, frequency and power factor.
4. Experimental determination of time constant of series R-C electric circuits.
5. Experimental determination of frequency response of RLC circuits.
6. Design and Simulation of series resonance circuit.
7. Design and Simulation of parallel resonant circuits.
8. Simulation of low pass and high pass passive filters.
9. Simulation of three phases balanced and unbalanced star, delta networks circuits.
10. Experimental determination of power in three phase circuits by two-watt meter method.
11. Calibration of single phase energy meter.
12. Determination of two port network parameters.

4
INDEX
S.NO DATE NAME OF EXPERIMENT Page
No
Marks Signature
1 Verification of ohms & kirchoffs law. 3
2 Verification of Thevenins and Norton theorem. 15
3 Verification of reciprocity theorem. 27
4 Verification of superposition theorem. 31
5 Maximum power transfer theorem. 37
6 Transient Response of RC Circuits for DC input 41
7
Frequency response of series & Parallel
resonance circuit.
47
8
Design and Simulation of series resonance
circuit
57
9
Design and Simulation of parallel resonant
circuits
63
10
Simulation of low pass and high pass passive
filters
67
11
Simulation of three phases balanced and
unbalanced star, delta networks circuits.
71
12
Experimental determination of power in three
phase circuits by two-watt meter method
79
13 Calibration of single phase energy meter. 83
14 Determination of two port network parameters 87
15
Study of CRO and measurement of sinusoidal
voltage, frequency and power factor
93

5

6

Circuit Diagram:

OHM'S Law
S.No. Voltage Current Resistance
1
2
3
4
5

FOEMULAE USED:

V=IR
WHERE V - VOLTAGE
I- CURRENT
R-RESISTANCE

7

EXP.NO: 1
DATE:
VERIFICATION OF OHMS LAW, KVL AND KCL
(a) VERIFICATION OF OHMS LAW
AIM
To verify the ohms law for the given electrical circuit
APPARATUS REQUIRED

Statement:
Ohms law: Ohms law states that At constant temperature, the steady current flowing
through the conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across the two ends
of the conductor.
Procedure:-
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram
2. By Varying the Input Voltage , the voltage and the corresponding current values
are noted down for the given Resistor.
Sl.
No
Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity
1 Regulated power supply (0 - 30) V Analog 1
2 Voltmeter (0 - 30) V MC 4
3 Resistor 1 k, 1 W - 3
4 Bread board - - 1
5 Connecting wires - -
As
Required

8
3. Repeat the same procedure for different values of Resistors.

9

THEORETICAL CALCULATION:

10

RESULT:
Thus Ohms law has been verified.

11

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULAR COLUMN:-

S.No
Voltage
(V)
Voltage
V
1
(V)
Voltage V
2

(V)
Voltage V
3
(V)
Total voltage
Vt = V
1
+V
2
+V
3
(V)

Theoretical Practical

V
V V V
(0 - 30V)
+
-
+ - + - + -
(0-30V) (0-30V) (0-30V)
+
-
(0-30V)
1kO 1kO 1kO
R
1
R
2
R
3

12
(b) VERIFICATION OF KIRCHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW
AIM
To verify the kirchoffs voltage law for the given electrical circuit

APPARATUS REQUIRED
Sl.
No
3 Resistor 1 k, 1 W - 3
4 Bread board - - 1
As
Required

KIRCHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW
In any closed circuit the sum of potential drop is equal to the sum potential rise.
PROCEDURE
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram
2. Switch on the power supply
3. Vary the RPS to a specified voltage and note down the corresponding voltage
readings across resistors
4. Repeat the above step for various RPS voltages and tabulate the readings


13

14

RESULT:
Thus Kirchoffs voltage law has been verified.

15

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULAR COLUMN:-
S.No
Current I
1
(mA)
Current I
2
(mA)
Current I
3

(mA)
Current I
1
= I
2
+ I
3

Theoretical practical

A
A
A
V
RPS
+
-
(0-30V)
+
-
+
-
+
-
(0-20mA)
(0-20mA)
(0-20mA)
R
1
=1kO
R
2
=1kO
R
3
=1kO
+
-
(0-30V)

16

(c) VERIFICATION OF KIRCHOFFS CURRENT LAW
AIM:
To verify Kirchoffs current law for the given circuit

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
KIRCHOFFS CURRENT LAW
The algebraic sum of the current meeting at any junction or node is zero. In other
words, the sum of the current flowing towards a junction is equal to the sum of the current
leaving the junction.
PROCEDURE:
3. Vary the RPS to a specified voltage and note down the corresponding ammeter
readings
4. Repeat the above step for various RPS voltages and tabulate the readings
Sl.
No
3 Ammeter (0 - 20) mA MC 3
4 Resistor 1 k,1 W - 3
5 Bread board - - 1
As
Required

17

18

RESULT:
Thus the Kirchoffs current law has been verified.

-

19
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 1:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 2:
DETERMINATION OF THEVENIN VOLTAGE (V
th
)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 3:
DETERMINATION OF LOAD CURRENT (I
L
)

RPS
(0-30V)
R
1
=1kO
R
2
=1kO
R
3
=1kO
R
L
=1kO
R
1
=1kO
R
2
= 1kO
R
3
=1kO
RPS
(0-30V)
V
+
-
(0-30V)
RPS
(0-30V)
R
1
=1kO
R
2
=1kO
R
3
=1kO
R
L
=1kO
A
(0-20mA)
+
-

+
-

20
EXP.NO : 2
DATE :
VERIFICATION OF THEVENIN AND NORTON THEOREM
(i) VERIFICATION OF THEVENIN THEOREM
AIM
To verify the Thevenin theorem for the given electrical circuit

APPARATUS REQUIRED

THEVENINS THEOREM
Any linear active network with output terminal A and B can be replaced by an
equivalent circuit with a single voltage source V
th
(thevenins voltage) in series with R
th

(thevenins resistance)
V
th
- open circuit voltage across terminal A & B
R
th
equivalent resistance obtained by looking back the circuit through the open
circuit terminal A and B
THEORETICAL CALCULATION
Thevenins voltage, V
th
=V [R2 / (R
1
+R
2
)] Volts

Sl.
No
4 Resistor 1 k - 4
5 Bread board - - -
6 Connecting wires - - Required

21
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 4:
DETERMINATION OF R
th

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 5:
THEVENIN EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:

R
1
=1kO
R
2
=1kO
R
3
=1kO
R
th
DRB R
th
R
L
=1kO
RPS
V
th

22
PROCEDURE:
To determine Thevenins voltage, V
th

3. Vary the regulated power supply to a specified voltage and note down the
corresponding voltmeter readings
4. Repeat the previous step for different voltage by varying the RPS.
5. Switch off the power supply

To determine of load current, I
L

3. Vary the regulated power supply to a specified voltage and note down the
corresponding ammeter readings
4. Repeat the previous step for different voltage by varying the RPS.
5. Switch off the power supply

23
TABULAR COLUMN:-
S.No
Voltage
(V)
Thevenins Voltage
(V
Th
)
Load current (I
L
)
Practical
(V)
Theoretical
(V)
Practical
(I)
Theoretical
(I)


24

RESULT:
Thus the Thevenins theorem was verified for the given electrical circuit.
Theoretical:
V
th
=
R
th
=
I
L
=

Practical:
V
th
=
R
th
=
I
L
=

25
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
DETERMINATION OF R
th

DETERMINATION OF (I
L
)

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:

RPS
(0-30V)
R
1
=1kO
R
2
=1kO
R
3
=1kO
R
L
=1kO
R
1
=1kO
R
2
=1kO
R
3
=1kO
R
th
RPS
(0-30V)
R
1
=1kO
R
2
=1kO
R
3
=1kO
R
L
=1kO
A
(0-20mA)
+
-

+
-
+
-
R
L
=1kO
R
th
I
sc

26

VERIFICATION OF NORTON THEOREM
AIM:
To verify the Norton theorem for the given electrical circuit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Sl.
No
4 Resistor 1 k - 4
5 Bread board - - -
As
Required
NORTON THEOREM
Any linear active network with output terminals A & B can be replaced by an
equivalent circuit with a single current source I in parallel with R
th
( Thevenin equivalent
resistance)
Where R
th
is the equivalent resistance obtained by looking back the circuit through the
open terminal A & B
FORMULAE
I
L
=I
SC
* ( R
th
/ (R
th
+R
L
))
where,I
SC
- Norton equivalent current source in amperes
I
L
- Current through the load in amperes
R
th
- Thevenins equivalent resistance in ohms
R
L
- Load resistance in ohms

27

TABULAR COLUMN:-
S.No
Voltage
(V)
I
sc
Load current (I
L
)
Practical
(mA)
Theoretical
(mA)
Practical
(mA)
Theoretical
(mA)

V
L
=I
L
* R
L

28
P
L
=I
L
2
* R
L

PROCEDURE :
1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram
3. The current in short circuited branch is noted using the ammeter
4. Tabulate the readings and check with the theoretical values

Determination of load current
3. Vary the RPS to a specified voltage and note the corresponding ammeter reading
4. Repeat the above step for various RPS voltages and tabulate the reading


29

30

RESULT
Thus Norton theorem was verified for the given electrical circuit.
Theoretical:
I
sc
=
R
th
=
I
L
=

Practical:
I
sc
=
R
th
=
I
L
=

31
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 1:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 2:
CASE A:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 3:
CASE B:

RPS
(0-30V)
R
1
=1kO
R
2
=1kO
R
3
=1kO
R
L
=1kO
R
2
= 1kO
RPS
R
1
=1kO
R
3
=1kO
(0-30V)
A
+
-
(0-10mA)
+
-
R
1
=1kO
R
2
= 1kO
R
3
=1kO
RPS
(0-30V)
A
+
-
(0-10mA)
+
-

32
EXP.NO :3
DATE :
VERIFICATION OF RECIPROCITY THEOREM
AIM:
To practically verify the reciprocity theorem for the network with the theoretical
calculation.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO Components Type / Range Quantit
y
1
2
3
4
5
Regulated power supply
Resistor
Ammeter
Bread board
Wires
(0-30)V
1kO
MC (0-30)mA

1
1
1
1

THEORY:
In any linear bilateral network the ratio of voltage to current response, in any
element to the input is constant even when the position of the input and output are
interchanged.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Note down the ammeter reading and find the ratio of output current and input
voltage.
3. Interchange the position of ammeter and voltage source.
4. Note down the ammeter reading and find the ratio of output and input voltage.
5. Compare this value with the value obtained in step 2.

33

34
TABULAR COLUMN:-
S.No Voltage (V)
Case A Case B
Voltage V
1

(V)
Current
I
2
(mA)
Voltage V
2

(V)
Current I
1
(mA)


35

RESULT:
The reciprocity theorem was verified for given network with the theoretical
calculation.

36

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 1:
CASE 1: When both voltage sources E
1
and E
2
are present

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 2:
CASE 2: When voltage source E
1
is present

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 3: CASE 3: When voltage source E
2
is present

RPS
R
1
=1kO
R
3
=1kO
(0-30V)
+
-

R
L
=1kO
A
(0-20mA)
+
-
(0-30V)
+
-

RPS
R
1
=1kO R
3
=1kO
(0-30V)
RPS
+
-

R
L
=1kO
A
(0-20mA)
+
-
(0-30V)
RPS
+
-

R
1
=1kO R
3
=1kO
R
L
=1kO
A
(0-20mA)
+
-

37
EXP.NO: 4
DATE:
VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
AIM:
To practically verify superposition theorem for the given network with the theoretical
calculation.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

THEORY:
In a linear bilateral active network containing more than one source the total response
obtained is algebraic sum of response obtained individually considering only one source at a
time the source being suitable suppressed.
PROCEDURE:
1. The connection is made as per the circuit diagram.
2. With V
1
=20V and V
2
=0V observe the ammeter reading.
3. The above procedure repeated with V
1
=0V and V
2
=20V.
4. The total response at the required terminal is obtained using sum of individual
response.
5. Respect same procedure for different values of V
1
and V
2.

S. No Components Type/Range Qty
1.
2.
4.
5.
6.
Regulated supply
Resister
Ammeter
Bread board
Wires
(0 - 30)V
1k
(0-20mA)
1
1
2
1
As Required

38

39
TABULAR COLUMN:-
CASE 1: When both voltage sources E
1
and E
2
are present.
S.No Voltage E
1
(V) Voltage E
2
(V)
Current I
Practical (I) Theoretical (I)

TABULAR COLUMN:-
1
is present. [Circuit Diagram 2]
S.No Voltage E
1
(V)
Current I

40
TABULAR COLUMN:-
1
is present. [Circuit Diagram 3]
S.No Voltage E
2
(V)
Current I


41

RESULT:
Thus superposition theorem was verified theoretically and experimentally.

42

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 1:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 2:
DETERMINATION OF THEVENIN VOLTAGE (V
th
)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 3:
DETERMINATION OF R
th

EXP.NO : 5
RPS
(0-30V)
R
1
=1kO
R
2
=1kO
R
3
=1kO
R
L
=1kO
R
1
=1kO
R
2
= 1kO
R
3
=1kO
RPS
(0-30V)
V
+
-
(0-30V)
RPS
(0-30V)
R
1
=1kO
R
2
=1kO
R
3
=1kO
R
th

43
DATE :
VERIFICATION OF MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM
AIM:
To verify the maximum power transformation in purely passive circuit and the
load resistance is variable.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No
Components Type / Range Quantity
1
2
3
4
Resistor
voltmeter
RPS
1kO
(0-30V)MC
(0-30V)
4 Nos
1
1

THEORY:
Maximum power will be delivered from a voltage source to a load, if load resistance is
equal to the internal resistance of the sources.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Remove the load resistor on the network
3. Calculated R
TH
by substituting all sources with their internal resistances
looking back at the network.
4. Calculate V
TH
, the open circuit voltage between the terminals by replacing all
the sources to their original position.

44
FORMULAE:

watts
R
V
Power Maximum
L
2
th
=

Where Vth - Thevenin voltage
R
L
-Load resistor
TABULAR COLUMN:-
S.No
Voltage
(V)
Thevenins voltage V
th

Maximum power
delivered=[V
th
2
/R
L
]Watts
Practical
Voltage
Theoretical
Voltage


45

RESULT:
Thus the maximum power transfer theorem was verified theoretically and
experimentally.

46
RC Transients :-

S. No. T(ms) V (t) Amps.
1
2
3
4
5

V

47
Ex No. : 06
Date :
TRANSIENT RESPONSE OF RL AND RC CIRCUITS FOR DC INPUT
AIM:
To obtain the transient response of RL and RC circuits for dc input
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S. No. Components Type/Range Qty.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Regulated power supply
SPST (single pole single throw switch)
Resistor
Capacitor
Stop watch
DPST
( 0-15 )V

100
0.01 F
2 Nos.
1 No
2 No
1 No
1 No
1 No

THEORY:
Electrical devices are controlled by switches which are closed to connect supply to the
device, or opened in order to disconnect the supply to the device. The switching operation
will change the current and voltage in the device. The purely resistive devices will allow
instantaneous change in current and voltage.
An inductive device will not allow sudden change in current and capacitance device
will not allow sudden change in voltage. Hence when switching operation is performed in
inductive and capacitive devices, the current & voltage in device will take a certain time to
change from pre switching value to steady state value after switching. This phenomenon is
known as transient.
The study of switching condition in the circuit is called transient analysis.The state of
the circuit from instant of switching to attainment of steady state is called transient state. The

48

49

time duration from the instant of switching till the steady state is called transient period. The
current & voltage of circuit elements during transient period is called transient response.

PROCEDURE:
1. Charge on capacitor is o initially.
2. If there is a charge in it, short circuit the terminal then the charge will be dissipated.
3. Close the switch at t =0
4. Simultaneously switch on the stop watch.
5. For every 2 seconds note down the voltage across capacitor until
Voltmeter reaches 5 V.After reaching 15V allow 10 sec. for it.

THEORETICAL VERIFICATION:
R-L Circuit:
V. = Ri +L
dt
di

S
15
= R I(S) + L S I(s)
R-C Circuit;
V. = Ri +
}
idt
C
1

S
15
= I (s)
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
s
8
10
100

50


51

RESULT:
Thus, the transient response of RC circuits for dc input was obtained .

52

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TABULAR COLUMN:- Input voltage, V
in
=..V

S.No Frequency (Hz) Voltage (Vo)
Voltage Gain
=20 log V
0
/Vin

250mH 1F
1kO
(0-30)MHz
~
FG CRO

53

Ex No. :07
Date :
FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE
CIRCUITS
(a) FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF SERIES RLC CIRCUIT
AIM
To determine and obtain the frequency response of a series RLC circuit
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Sl. No Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity
1 Decade Resistance Box 1 k - 1
2 Decade Inductance Box 250 mH - 1
3 Decade Capacitance Box 1 F - 1
4 Function Generator (0 - 3) MHz - 1
5 C.R.O. - Analog 1
6 Bread Board - - 1
THEORY
An A.C. circuit is said to be in resonance with its power factor becomes unity at which
the impedance of circuit becomes purely resistive. The frequency at which such condition
occurs is called resonant frequency. At resonance the circuit current is maximum for series
resonant.
FORMULAE
Resonant frequency, F
0
= 1 / [ 2 LC ]
Band width =F
2
F
1

Quality factor =W
0
L / R Where, F
0
Resonant frequency

54
Model graph:

F
1
Lower cut off frequency in Hz
F
2
Upper cut off frequency in Hz

55

PROCEDURE:
2. Set the values of R, L & C
3. Frequency varied from 1kHz to 100 kHz in steps
4. At each step the frequency and voltage is noted down
5. Graph is drawn between frequency along X axis and voltage along Y axis

56


57

RESULT:
Thus the frequency response of series resonant circuit was obtained

58

59
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TABULAR COLUMN:- Input voltage, V
in
=..V

S.No Frequency (Hz) Voltage (Vo)
Voltage Gain
=20 log V
0
/Vin

~
1kO
CRO
FG
(0-30)MHz
1F
250mH

60
(B) FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF PARALLEL RLC CIRCUIT
AIM
To determine and obtain the frequency response of parallel R L C circuit
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Sl.
No
1 Decade Resistance Box 1 k - 1
2 Decade Inductance Box 250 mH - 1
3 Decade Capacitance Box 2 F - 1
4 Function Generator (0 - 3) MHz - 1
5 C.R.O. - Analog 1
6 Bread Board - - 1

THEORY
An A.C. circuit is said to be in resonance when its power factor becomes unity. The
impedance of circuit at resonance becomes purely resistive. The frequency at which such a
condition occurs is called resonant frequency.
The impedance is given by Z =R +j (X
L
- X
C
)
When the impedance is real, the | Z | is minimum. At resonance the power factor is unity
Therefore, Z =R and reactive part is zero. Thus X
L
- X
C
=0

0
=1 / LC
f
0
= 1 / 2 LC

61
MODEL GRAPH:


62
FORMULAE USED:
Resonant frequency, f
0
= 1 / 2 LC
Band width =F
2
F
1

Quality factor = 0L / R

Where,
f
0
Resonant frequency in Hz
F
1
Lower cut off frequency in Hz
F
2
Upper cut off frequency in Hz

PROCEDURE
2. Set the values of R, L & C
3. Frequency varied from 1kHz to 100 kHz in steps
4. At each step the frequency and voltage is noted down
5. Graph is drawn between frequency along X axis and voltage along Y axis

RESULT
The frequency response of a parallel R.L.C. circuit was obtained.

63

SIMULATION DIAGRAM

64
EXP.NO: 08
DATE:
DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF SERIES RESONANCE CIRCUIT
AIM
To design and simulation of series resonance circuit using pspice and matlab

SOFTWARE REQUIRED
- Orcad-Pspice
- Matlab
PROCEDURE
Pspice

1. Build the schematic shown in Figure 1.
2. Vm is an AC voltage source (VAC) from the source library. It needs to be set for 1 volt.
3. L1 is an ideal inductor from the Analog Library. Set for 1000mH.
4. R is an ideal resistor from the Analog Library. Set value to {Rx}. Next add part named
Parameters. Then double click on part to enter edit mode. Click on new column, name =Rx, value
=200. Then click on column, select display and click on name and value.
5. C1 is an ideal capacitor from the Analog library. Change the value to 40pF.

PSPICE SIMULATION PROFILE SETTINGS
1. Do analysis setup
a. At top of screen click on Pspice
b. Click on New Simulations Profile
c. Type name of profile that you wish.
d. Under Analysis tab, select AC sweep from the Analysis type pull down menu.
e. Under AC Sweep Type

65

Fig. a

Fig.b

Fig.(a)&(b) Result of input impedance of series RLC tank circuit

66
2.Select Logarithmic and Decade as shown.

i. Start freq =100
ii. End freq =10Meg
iii. Points/Decade =101
f. Then click the run Pspice button. (Looks like a play button)
g. After running, look at schematic file and click on trace, add trace.
h. Next Select Db() on left, select M() on left, select V(Vm:+), then divide by M(I(Vm)).

3. Use the same circuit as above, and from the Pspice button, Markers, Advanced, select db magnitude of
current marker and Phase of Current marker, and place in series next to L1.

Fig. Simulation Profile Settings

67

Fig. Series Resonance Circuit

68
MATLAB

Input impedance of series RLC tank circuit

disp('starting the function of Zinput_seriesRLC1');
%define all the component values and units for Tank
Vm=1; %volts
R=200; %ohms
C=40e-12; %Farads
L=1000e-6; %Henrys

%define the input impedance
Zin_numb=[L*C R*C 1];
Zin_de=[0 C 0];
Zinput=tf(Zin_numb,Zin_de)
figure(1)
bode(Zinput)
title('Input impedance of series RLC tank circuit')
%calculating important parameters of the tank
[z,p,k]=zpkdata(Zinput,'v');
wo=sqrt(1/L/C)
Beta=R/L
Q=wo/Beta
disp(' finished the function of Zinput_seriesRLC1');

Result

Thus the series resonance circuit was designed and simulated using Pspice and Matlab

69

Pspice Simulation Diagram of Parallel Resonant Circuit

Output

70
EXP.NO:09
DATE:
DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF PARALLEL RESONANCE CIRCUIT

AIM
To design and simulation of parallel resonance circuit using orcad - Pspice and Matlab
SOFTWARE REQUIRED
- Orcad-Pspice
PROCEDURE
Pspice

2. Apply the IAC, because we want to plot the frequency response
3. Set ACMAG =0.001 in IAC
4. L1 is an ideal inductor from the Analog Library. Set for 1H.
5. R is an ideal resistor from the Analog Library. Set value to {Rx}. Next add part named
Parameters. Then double click on part to enter edit mode. Click on new column, name =Rx, value
=200. Then click on column, select display and click on name and value.
6. C1 is an ideal capacitor from the Analog library. Change the value to 100nF.

a. On the ORCAD Capture CIS menu select new simulation profile
b. Choose AC Sweep/Noise in the Analysis type menu
c. Set the Start Frequency at 100, the End Frequency at 10Meg and the Points/Decade at 101
d. Make sure Logarithmic is selected and set to Decade
e. Click OK

2. Use the same circuit as above and place the db magnitude of voltage marker
and the phase of voltage marker in series next to output capacitor.

71

Fig. Matlab output for input impedance for parallel resonance circuit

72
MATLAB

Input impedance of Parallel RLC tank circuit

function [Zinput]=Zinput_parallelRLC1()

disp('Starting the function of Zinput_seriesRLC1');
Im =0.0001;
R=20000;
C=100e-09;
L=0.1;

Zinductor=tf([L 0],[0,1]);
Zcapacitor=tf([0 1], [C 0]);
Zinput=1/(1/R+1/Zcapacitor+1/Zinductor)
figure(1)
bode(Zinput)
title('Input impedance of parallel RLC tank circuit')

[z,p,k]=zpkdata(Zinput,'v');
w0=sqrt(1/L/C)
Beta=1/R/C
Q=w0/Beta

disp('finished the function of Zinput_seriesRLC1');

Result

Thus the parallel resonance circuit was designed and simulated using Pspice and Matlab

73

Fig.1.a.Circuit diagram

Fig.1.b.Output for above circuit
Fig.1.Low Pass Passive Filter

74
EXP.NO:10
DATE:
SIMULATION OF LOW PASS AND HIGH PASS PASSIVE FILTERS
AIM

To design and simulation of low pass and high passive filter using P-spice

SOFTWARE REQUIRED
- Orcad Pspice
PROCEDURE
(a) Low Pass Passive Filter

Pspice

2. Apply the VAC, set VAC to 1.
3. R is an ideal resistor from the Analog Library. Set value to 1k
4. C is an ideal capacitor from the Analog library. Change the value to 0.1u.

This is a classical low pass filter with RC cut off frequency (-3db) that can be estimated by the formula f
c
=
(6.28*R*C), and in our case f
c
=1 / (6.28*0.1*1k)=1.59khz, where we express the capacitances in uF,
resistance in kohm and frequency in khz

a. On the ORCAD Capture CIS menu select new simulation profile
b. Choose AC Sweep/Noise in the Analysis type menu
c. Set the Start Frequency at 10, the End Frequency at 1Meg and the Points/Decade at 10
d. Make sure Logarithmic is selected and set to Decade
e. Click OK

2. Use the same circuit as above and place the voltage marker and the db of voltage marker

75

Fig.2.a.Circuit diagram

Fig.2.b.Output for above circuit
Fig2 .High Pass Passive Filter

76
High Pass Passive Filter

Pspice

2. Apply the VAC, set VAC to 1.
3. R is an ideal resistor from the Analog Library. Set value to 1k
4. C is an ideal capacitor from the Analog library. Change the value to 0.1u.

This is a classical low pass filter with RC cut off frequency (-3db) that can be estimated by the formula f
c
=
(6.28*R*C), and in our case f
c
=1 / (6.28*0.1*1k)=1.59khz, where we express the capacitances in uF,
resistance in kohm and frequency in khz

Result

Thus the passive low pass and high pass filter was designed and simulated using Pspice .

77

Fig. Three-Phase Circuits with Line and Load Impedances

Fig. Pspice circuit for Three-Phase Circuits with Line and Load Impedances

78
EXP.NO:11
DATE:
SIMULATION OF THREE PHASES BALANCED AND UNBALANCED STAR, DELTA
NETWORKS CIRCUITS
AIM

To build, simulate, and analyze three-phase circuits using OrCAD Capture Pspice Schematics under
balanced and unbalanced conditions, and to understand the characteristic of 3-phase power transmission
circuits

SOFTWARE REQUIRED
- Orcad Pspice
Problem:
1 .In Fig, lets assume that the three-phase circuits are balanced and each has a magnitude (peak value) of
170 V at 60Hz in the positive sequence with Va =170 V0
0
. The line impedance is (1 + j10) , and the
load is (20 +j20). Find: a) the line currents (Ia, Ib, Ic) and the neutral current (In) in peak values b) the power
loss in each line, including the neutral c) the power factor for each phase of the load

2. Repeat problem for given figure, but lets now assume that the three-phase circuits are unbalanced and
operating in the positive sequence with Va =170 V0
0
. Use the same line impedance, but the load is now
(20 + j20) for phase A, (50 + j10) for phase B, and (5 + j50) for phase c.

Procedure

1. Three-Phase Balanced Circuits
a. Build the three-phase circuits of Figure 1 onto the Schematic window
b. To get parts, click button on the right hand side menu. Alternatively, you could also get parts by going to
the top menu, click on Place, and then select Part.
c. If no library is shown on the Place Part window, then you will have to manually add the library by
clicking the Add Library button. Look for a library called Source and click on it. The SOURCE
library should now be listed on the Place Part window.
d. The three-phase voltages are made up of three ac sinusoidal single-phase voltage sources Vsin under
the SOURCE library to build the three-phase voltages. Once the Vsin part is on the schematic, double
click on it to assign its parameter values:

79

Simulation Setting window

80
AC=0 DC=0 FREQ=60 PHASE=0 VAMPL=170 VOFF=0
Note that the other two Vsin voltages should have the same parameter values as above except their phases
(for V2 and V3) should be -120
0
and +120
0
, respectively (assuming the phase sequence is positive).
e. Passive components such as Resistor, Inductor, or Capacitor can be found under the ANALOG library.
For the given impedances in the problem 1, determine the resistor and inductor values. These are the
values that you will need to assign for the Resistors and Inductors on the schematic.
f. Connect a 0/ source ground to the neutral points (node n and N in Figure 1). The ground can be obtained
by clicking on the right side bar menu, and then select 0 /SOURCE in the Place Ground window as
shown in Figure.
g. After the schematic is done, go to Pspice on the top menu, and select New Simulation Profile. A
window appears asking you to name the simulation profile. Type in any name, but preferably something that
relates to your schematic, such as three-phase. Then, hit OK and the following window appears.
j. Enter the following values for the simulation settings and then hit OK: Run to time=1050ms, Start saving
data after=1000ms, Maximum step size=0.1ms Check the box for the Skip the initial transient bias point
calculation (SKIPBP)
k. Run Pspice Simulation by selecting Run under Pspice on the menu. Once the simulation is
completed, a Probe window will appear as shown in Figure. However, if there is an error or more on your
schematic then the simulation will stop. You should then go back to the schematic page and trouble-shoot
the schematic.
l. To show various waveforms (voltage, current, power) from the schematic, go back to the schematic
window and then place the markers or probes to any place of your interest on the schematic. The probes are
located just below the top menu and there are four probes available: voltage (V) , voltage differential (V+V-)
, current (I) and power (W). Note that you should run your simulation again every time you add or remove
probes.
m. To observe the input voltage waveforms, place the Voltage markers on top of each Vsin symbol on your
schematic. This will automatically generate the waveforms on the Probe window. Switch to the Probe
window and you should see the waveforms of balanced three-phase voltages as shown in Figure
n. Remove voltage probes for Phase B and Phase C from the schematic, and add a current probe into Phase
A.

81
Three Phase
voltage waveform

Voltage and current probes or markers on Phase A

82
o. Switch back to the Probe Window, you should now see the Phase A voltage and the line current A as
shown in Figure.
p. Rescale the current waveform by a factor of 10 to see the current waveform more clearly. This is done by
double clicking the name of the current waveform (I(R1) in Figure
r. To determine the times when these zero crossings occur, you may use the cursors by clicking on the menu.
There are two cursors which are movable by the use of left click and right click of your mouse. At this point,
the two cursors should be on one of the waveforms. To find out which waveform the cursors are currently
on, look at the names of the waveforms (bottom left of the plot). If the legend of the waveform is surrounded
by a square then the cursors will be assigned to the waveform. Also, if you look at the bottom right of the
plot, you should also see a small window entitled Probe Cursor which shows the location of the cursors (x
and y coordinates) on the plot
s. The Probe Cursor window consists of 3 rows and 2 columns. The first column shows the time in ms and
the second column show the voltage in Volts and/or current in Amps. The third row shows the difference
between the two x-points (row 3 column 1) and the two y points (row 3 column 2). See Figure again. t. Use
the right click of your mouse to move one cursor to find the zero crossing of the voltage as shown in Figure.
Use the left hand click to measure the zero crossing of the current. Note that you wont be able to get exactly
0 for the y points, so do the best you can to get a number close to 0. Ask your instructor to verify your result
and then print it out.
u. From the zero crossing values that you just obtained, measure the power factor as seen by the source, i.e.,
power factor associated with the total impedance of he load and the line. Is it a lagging or leading power
factor?
v. Zoom to fit the plot by clicking on the upper right corner of the plot. Delete both waveforms from the
plot, and plot the neutral current by placing the current probe on the neutral line on the schematic. Observe
the value of the neutral current.
w. Delete the neutral current waveform from the plot, and, instead, add the load voltage from phase A to the
plot. Switch to the Probe Window and you should see the load voltage waveform on the plot.

83

Voltage and current after rescaling the current waveform

Figure. Zooming in to the zero crossing points

84
2. Three-Phase Unbalanced Circuits
a. Build a three-phase unbalanced circuit using the same three-phase schematic of part 1. Change the load
impedance to the values listed in Problem 2.
b. Run the simulation and obtain the load voltage waveforms into a single plot. Copy and paste into Word.
Note that because the circuit is unbalanced, the voltage at the load side of the neutral line is not the same as
the voltage at its source side, i.e. at ground level. Hence, to obtain the load voltage waveform, you have to
use the Differential Voltage probe or marker from the menu. With this probe, you will have to place two
markers (since it will be measuring a differential voltage): V+marker and V- marker. Place the V+marker
with the first click of your mouse
to the top terminal of load resistor R1a and place the V- marker on the bottom terminal of load inductor L1a.
c. Delete the load voltage waveforms and obtain the input voltage waveforms (i.e., the three phase voltages
at the source side) into a single plot. Copy and paste into Word.
d. Remove the input voltage waveforms and now plot the current waveforms (all line currents and neutral
current) into a single plot. Rescale any current waveform if necessary to make all waveforms visible on the
plot. Copy and paste into Word.
e. Determine the power factor for each phase of the load by measuring the phase difference between the
voltage across and the current through it. Note that the phase difference between the voltage across and the
current through each of the three load phases should be equal (theoretically) to the angle of the
corresponding load impedance.

Result
Thus the three phase circuits (balanced or unbalanced, star or delta) are designed and analyzed
using Orcad Pspice software.

85

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

THREE PHASE POWER AND POWER FACTOR MEASUREMENT

86
EXP. NO. 12
DATE:

MEASUREMENT OF THREE PHASE POWER AND POWER FACTOR

AIM
To conduct a suitable experiment on a 3-phase load connected in star or delta to measure the three phase
power and power factor using 2 wattmeter method.

OBJECTIVES
1. To study the working of wattmeter
2. To accurately measure the 3 phase power
3. To accurately measure the power factor
4. To study the concept of star connected load and delta connected load
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO NAME OF THE APPRATUS RANGE QUANTITY
1
Two element wattmeter
(600V,10A,LPF) 1
2
MI Ammeter
(0-10)A 1
3.
MI voltmeter
(0-600)V 1
4.
Power Factor meter
1
5.
Connecting wires
Required

FORMULA TO BE USED:
- Output power W =W1+W2 in KW
- PF =W/( Vp Ip)
- Let x revolution / kwh be the rating.
- Now x revolution =1 kwh
=1* 3600*1000 watt-sec.
Constant k of energymeter =3600 * 10
3
/ x watt-sec
For each load, indicated power Wi is given as Wi =k/t watts

87
TABULAR COLUMN:

S.NO

LOAD CURRENT
I (Amps)

WATTMETER
READING,
Wa (W)

INDICATED
POWER,
Wi (W)

Time taken
,
t (secs)

% ERROR

NOTE:
Fromthe calibration curve it is possible to predict the error in recording the energy. So the correction can be applied
to the energy meter reading so that correct energy reading can be obtained and used.

Where

88
K=energy meter constant (watt-sec)
t =time for 1 revolution(sec)
% error =Wi Wa / Wi * 100
Where Wi is indicated power in watts
Wa is actual power shown by wattmeter in watts
% error can be zero +ve or ve.

PROCEDURE:
1. Switch ON the 3 phase MCB.
2. Vary the load step by step.
3. For each step note down the wattmeter, voltmeter, ammeter readings.
4. Determine the power using the formula.

RESULT:
The Power and Power factor of the given experiment is measured by using two wattmeter methods.

89
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

SINGLE PHASE ENERGY METER
TABULAR COLUMN:

S.No

True power KW

No of
revolution

Time

True energy
kWh

Energy
recorded
kWh

% error

90
EXPT. NO.13
DATE:
CALIBRATION OF SINGLE PHASE ENERGYMETER
AIM:
To calibrate the given single phase energy meter at unity and other power factors
OBJECTIVE:
1. To study the working of energy meter.
2. To accurately calibrate the meter at unity and other power factor.
3. To study the % of error for the given energy meter.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO NAME OF THE APPRATUS RANGE QUANTITY
1 Single-Phase Energy meter 1
2 Wattmeter (300V,10A LPF) 1
3. Stopwatch 1
4. M.I Ammeter (0-5)A 1
5. M.I Voltmeter (0-300)V 1
6. Connecting wires Required

FORMULA TO BE USED:

1. True energy =W*t
2. Energy Recorded =No of revolution /Energy meter constant.
3. %error =(True energy- Energy recorded)/True energy
CONNECTION PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the main supply to the MCB input.
2. Connect voltmeter, Ammeter, in series and parallel with supply.
3. Connect MCB output phase terminal to main M terminal of wattmeter.
4. Connect Line L signal of wattmeter to energy meter 1S terminal.
5. Connect voltage V of wattmeter to supply neutral terminal.
6. Connect main supply neutral to 2S terminal of Energy meter.
7. Connect 2L,1L terminal of Energy meter to RL load terminal L1,L2.

91

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagrams.
2. Switch on the power supply.
3. Vary the load and keep one particular position.
4. Note down the wattmeter readings.
5. Determine the time require to complete the revolution of energy meter.
6. Fromthat find out the actual energy consumed, energy recorded and percentage of error.

THEORY

RESULT:

Thus the given single phase energy meter is calibrated with actual energy consumption and found out the error.

92

Circuit Diagram

93
EXP. NO. 14
DATE:
DETERMINATION OF TWO PORT NETWORK PARAMETERS
AIM
To calculate and verify 'Z' ,Y , ABCD, and H parameters of two-port network.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Sl.
No.
Name of the component Specifications Quantity
1 Resistors
1K 2
2K 1
2 Regulated Power Supply (RPS) 0-30 V 1
3 Voltmeter 0-20V 1
4 Ammeter 0-20 mA 1
5 Decade Resistance Box (DRB) 10W-1MW 1
6 Bread Board

1
7 Multi meter

1

THEORY:
In Z parameters of a two-port, the input & output voltages V1 & V2 can be expressed in terms of input & output
currents I1 & I2. Out of four variables (i.e V1, V2, I1, I2) V1& V2 are dependent variables whereas I1 & I2 are
independent variables. Thus,
V1 =Z11I1+Z12 I2 -----(1)
V2 =Z21I1 +Z22 I2 -----(2)
Here Z11 & Z22 are the input & output driving point impedances while Z12 & Z21 are the
reverse & forward transfer impedances.

In Y parameters of a two-port, the input & output currents I1 & I2 can be expressed in terms of input & output
voltages V1 & V2 . Out of four variables (i.e I1, I2, V, V2) I1& I2 are dependent variables whereas V1 & V2 are
independent variables.
I1 =Y11V1 +Y12V2 ------(3)
I2 =Y21V1 +Y22V2 -------(4)
Here Y11 & Y22 are the input & output driving point admittances while Y12 & Y21are the
reverse & forward transfer admittances

94
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Z Parameters
S.No
When i/p is open ckt When o/p is open ckt
V2 V1 I2 V2 V1 I1

Y Parameters
S.No
When i/p is short ckt When o/p is short ckt
V2 I1 I2 V1 I1 I2

ABCD Parameters
S.No
When o/p is short ckt When i/p is short ckt
V1 I1 I2 V2 V1 I2

H Parameters
S.No
When o/p is open ckt When o/p is short ckt
V1 V2 I1 V1 I2 I1

95
ABCD parameters are widely used in analysis of power transmission engineering where they are termed as Circuit
Parameters. ABCD parameters are also known as Transmission Parameters. In these parameters, the voltage &
current at the sending end terminals can be expressed in terms of voltage & current at the receiving end.
Thus,
V1 =AV 2 +B (-I2) ---------(5)
I1 =CV2 +D (-I2) -----------(6)
Here A is called reverse voltage ratio, B is called transfer impedance C is called
transfer admittance & D is called reverse current ratio.

In h parameters of a two port network, voltage of the input port and the current of the
output port are expressed in terms of the current of the input port and the voltage of the
output port. Due to this reason, these parameters are called as hybrid parameters, i.e. out
of four variables (i.e. V1, V2, I1, I2) V1, I2 are dependent variables.
Thus,
V1=h11I1 +h12V2 ------------- (1)
I2 =h21I1 +h22V22 ----------- (2)
H11 and H22 are input impedance and output admittance.
H21 and H12 are forward current gain and reverse voltage gain
PROCEDURE:
Z-Parameter
(1) Connect the circuit as shown in fig. & switch ON the experimental board.
(2) First open the O/P terminal & supply 5V to I/P terminal. Measure O/P Voltage & I/P Current.
(3) Secondly, open I/P terminal & supply 5V to O/P terminal. Measure I/P Voltage & O/P current using multi-meter.
(4) Calculate the values of Z parameter using Equation (1) & (2).
(5) Switch OFF the supply after taking the readings.

96
SAMPLE CALCULATION:
Z PARAMETER:
(1) When O/P is open circuited i.e. I2 =0
Z11 =V1/I1 , Z21 =V2 /I1.
(2) When I/P is open circuited i.e. II =0
Z12 =V1/I2 , Z22 =V2 /I2.
Y PARAMETER:
(1) When O/P is short circuited i.e. V2 =0
Y11 =I1/V1 Y21 =I2 /V1
(2) When I/P is short circuited i.e. VI =0
Y12 =I1/V2 Y22 =I2 /V2.

ABCD PARAMETER:
(1)When O/P is open circuited i.e. I2 =0
A =V1/V2 C =I1 /V2
(2)When O/P is short circuited i.e. V2 =0
B =-V1/I2 D =-I1 /I2
H PARAMETER:
(1)When O/P is short circuited i.e. V2 =0
h11 =V1/I1 h21 =I2 /I1
(2)When I/P is open circuited i.e. II =0
h12 =V1/V2 h22 =I2 /V2

97
Y-Parameter
(2) First short the O/P terminal & supply 5V to I/P terminal. Measure O/P & I/P current
(3) Secondly, short I/P terminal & supply 5V to O/P terminal. Measure I/P & O/P current using multi-meter.
(4) Calculate the values of Y parameter using Eq. (1) & (2).
(5) Switch off the supply after taking the readings.

ABCD Parameter
(2) First open the O/P terminal & supply 5V to I/P terminal. Measure O/P voltage & I/P current
(3) Secondly, short the O/P terminal & supply 5V to I/P terminal. Measure I/P & O/P current using multi-meter.
(4) Calculate the A, B, C, & D parameters using the Eq. (1) & (2).

H Parameter
(2) Short the output port and excite input port with a known voltage source Vs. So that V1 =Vs and V2 =0. We
determine I1 and I2 to obtain h11 and h21.
(3) Input port is open circuited and output port is excited with the same voltage source Vs. So that V2 =VS and I1 =
0, we determine I2 and V1 to obtain h12 and h22.

RESULT:
Thus the various parameters of the two port network has been calculated and verified

98

Fig.1.Basic structure of CRO

Fig.2. Front Panel of CRO\

99
EXP. NO. 15
DATE:
STUDY OF CRO AND MEASUREMENT OF SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE, FREQUENCY AND POWER
FACTOR
Objective
To introduce the basic structure of a cathode-ray Oscilloscope.
To get familiar with the use of different control switches of the device.
To visualize an ac signal, measure the amplitude and the frequency

Theory
Cathode-ray Oscilloscope
The device consists mainly of a vacuumtube which contains a cathode, anode, grid, X&Y-plates, and a
fluorescent screen (see Figure 1). When the cathode is heated (by Theory Cathode-ray Oscilloscope applying a small
potential difference across its terminals), it emits electrons. Having a potential difference between the cathode and the
anode (electrodes), accelerate the emitted electrons towards the anode, forming an electron beam, which passes to fall
on the screen. When the fast electron beamstrikes the fluorescent screen, a bright visible spot is produced. The grid,
which is situated between the electrodes, controls the amount of electrons passing through it thereby controlling the
intensity of the electron beam. The X&Y-plates, are responsible for deflecting the electron beamhorizontally and
vertically.

A sweep generator is connected to the X-plates, which moves the bright spot horizontally across the screen
and repeats that at a certain frequency as the source of the signal. The voltage to be studied is applied to the Y-plates.
The combined sweep and Y voltages produce a graph showing the variation of voltage with time, as shown in Fig. 2.

Alternating current (ac)
An ac signal can be of different forms: sinusoidal, square, or triangular. The sinusoidal is the most popular
type, which is the natural output of the rotary electricity generators. An ac voltage source can be represented by
) sin( ) ( + = wt t
m
(1)
where
m
is the maximum output voltage value, =2 ( is the frequency), and is the phase shift.
Table 1

100
Frequency (Hz) Period (T)Sec F(Hz) V
p-p
(V) V
rms
(V)
200
X
1000
Y
2000

V
rms(multimeter)=
Procedure
Part one
1. Turn on the Oscilloscope, wait a couple of seconds to warmup, then the trace will show up on the screen.
2. Adjust the intensity and the focus of the trace.
3. Use the X &Y-post. knobs to center the trace horizontally and vertically.
4. Connect a cable to Ch1 socket.
5. Turn on the Heath kit.
6. Connect the cable fromCh1 of the CRO to the SIN connector of the Heathkit, via a piece of wire.
7. A signal will appear on the screen.
8. Make sure that the inner red knobs of the Volt/Div and the Time/Div are locked clockwise.
9. Set the frequency of the generator to 200 Hz.
10. Adjust the Volt/Div and the Time/Div knobs so that you get a suitable size signal
(from1-2 wavelengths filling most of the screen vertically).
11. Count the number of vertical squares lying within the signal, then calculate the peak
to peak value as:
Vp-p=No. vertical Div x Volt/Div
12. Calculate Vrms value, record in Table I:

101
V
rms
=V
p-p
/ 2.sqr root(2)
13. Measure Vrms using the multimeter (connect the probes of the multimeter to the SIN
and the GND connectors).
14. Calculate the period T, record in Table I:
T =No. horizontal Div. Time/Div
15. Calculate the frequency, =1/T, record in the table.
16. Repeat steps 10-14 for the frequency values as in the table
Part two
1. Connect the cable fromCh1 to the upper connector of the line frequency of the Heathkit.
2. Adjust the Volt/Div and the Time/Div knobs so that you get a suitable size signal
(from1-2 wavelengths filling most of the screen vertically).
3. Calculate the peak to peak voltage value.
4. Calculate Vrms value.
5. Measure Vrms using the multimeter.
6. Measure the period T, then calculate the frequency.
Vp-p=
Vrms=
Vrms(multimeter)=
T=
f=

Result
Thus the CRO basic structure, measurement of voltage and frequency was studied.

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