Acknowledgements 04
Preface 05
Pāli Alphabets 06
Pronunciation of Pāli Alphabets 08
Pāli Nouns, Pronouns and Adjectives 11
Declension of Nouns 22
Declension of Pronouns 54
Declension of Numerals 66
Pāli Verbs and Their Uses 72
Derivation of Pāli Verbs According to the Tenses and Voices in Third Person Singular Number 76
Pāli Indeclinables 81
Pāli Phrases From Texts 87
References 95
I wish to express my sincere gratitude and indebtedness to Ven. Dr. Aniruddha, Visiting Professor of Buddhist Studies at the Centre of Buddhist Studies
in the University of Hong Kong for his constant encouragement, constructive criticism, personal attention and valuable guidance throughout this work.
I acknowledge gratefully Ven. Dr. Jing Yin, Professor of Buddhist Studies and Director of the Centre of Buddhist Studies in the University of Hong Kong
for his kind support, encouragement and timely advice during the compilation of this text book.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my beloved father Dr. Dipak Kumar Barua, who was the earlier Dean of the Faculty Council for
Postgraduate Studies in Education, Journalism & Library Science in the University of Calcutta (1987-1991) and the Director of Nava Nalanda Mahavihara,
Nalanda (1996-1999) for his technical guidance and valuable advice on various aspects of the Pāli language.
I would also like to convey my sincere thanks to my beloved mother Mrs. Dipa Barua and Ms. Mary Anne Basilio for their constant assistance, keen
interest and support during this study.
The orgin of the Pāli language is rooted in the Prakrits, the vernacular languages, used in northern India during the Middle period of Indian
linguistic evolution. Though Pāli is closely related to Sanskrit, but its grammar and structure are simpler. The Traditional Theravadins regard
Pāli as the language in which the Buddha (historical – Sakyamuni Buddha) had given his discourses. However, in the opinion of leading
linguistic scholars, Pāli was probably a synthetic language created from several vernaculars to make the Buddhist texts comprehensible to
Buddhist monks living in different parts of northern India. Pāli language was also used to preserve the Buddhist canon of the Theravada
Buddhist tradition, which is regarded as the oldest complete collection of Buddhist texts surviving in an Indian language. As Theravada
Buddhism spread to other parts of southern Asia, Pāli as the language of the Buddhist texts spread along with it. Thus, Pāli became a
sacred language in Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam. Pāli has been used almost exclusively for Buddhist
teachings, although many other religious and literary works related to Buddhism were also written in Pāli . This book is designed to provide
the basics of Pāli grammar and vocabulary to enable the reader to understand the discourses of the Buddha in original form.
33 Consonants (Vya~njana)
Palatal [taaluja]: y
Cerebral [mu.dhaja]: r
Dental [dantaja]: l
Aspirate [kan.thaja]: h
Cerebral [mu.dhaja]: .l
Niggahita: .m
Pāli is a phonetic language and each alphabet has its own characteristic sound.
Pāli Vowels:
The vowels " e " and " o " are always long, except when followed by a double consonant; e.g., ettha, o.t.tha.
There is no difference between the pronunciation of " 'n " and ".m". The former never stands at the end, but is always followed by a
consonant of its group.
The dentals " t " and " d " are pronounced with the tip of the tongue placed against the front upper teeth.
The aspirates " kh ", " gh ", ".th ", ".dh ", " th ", " dh ", " ph ", " bh ", are pronounced with " h " sound immediately following; e.g., in
blockhead, pighead, cat-head, log-head, etc., where the " h " in each is combined with the preceding consonant in pronunciation.
In English there are 8 parts of speech. They are all found in Pāli , but the Pāli Grammararians do not classify them in the same way. Their general
classification is:
(4) Nipāta = Indeclinable Particle (conjunctions, prepositions, adverbs, present participle, past participle, future passive participle)
Pronouns and adjectives are included in the first group with the nouns. Adjectives are treated as nouns because they are declined like nouns.
Conjunctions, prepositions, adverbs and all other indeclinables are included in the fourth group.
Gender, Number and Case for all pronouns and adjectives should be in agreement with the corresponding noun.
There are in Pāli as in English three GENDERS and two NUMBERS. These are –
under “instrumental”. Where only the “Ablative” is given then it must be understand that all the three forms of the Ablative are included.
Nouns which denote males are masculine, those which denote females are feminine, but nouns which denote inanimate things and qualities are not
always neuter, e.g., rukkha (tree), canda (moon) are masculine. Nadī (river), latā (vine), pañña (wisdom) are feminine. Dhana (wealth), citta (mind) are
neuter. Two words denoting the same thing may be, sometimes, in different genders; pāsāņa and silā are both synonymopus for a stone, but the former
is masculine and the latter is feminine. One word, without changing its form, may possess two or more genders e.g., geha (house) is masculine and
neuter while kucchi (belly) is masculine and feminine. Noun (subject) and verb in a sentence should be in agreement in terms of “person” and “number”.
Therefore, it should be remembered that gender in Pāli is a grammatical distinction existing in words it is called GRAMMATICAL GENDER.
All the Nouns, Pronouns and Adjectives are declined according to their corresponding Gender, Number, Case and the stem ending form.
NEUTER i atthi Mayaŋ gāviyā khīraŋ, khīramha dadhiŋ, dadhimhā sappiñ ca labhāma
u cakkhu Amhākaŋ pitaro tadā vanamhā madhuŋ āharitvā dadhina saha bhuñjiŋsu
Pronouns in Pāli are also treated as Adjectives and they should be declined using the same Gender, Number and Case as the corresponding Noun.
Two personal pronouns like “Amha” and “Tumha” are declined separately because of their frequent usage. These are of the common gender and have
no vocative form. We need to keep in mind that “te”, “me”, “vo” and “no” should not be used at the beginning of a sentence. They can also sometimes
be used as adjectives while qualifying the nouns.
Example: Ayaŋ sīho tamhā vanamhā nikkhamma imasmiŋ magge țhatvā ekaŋ itthiŋ māresi.
Adjectives add special quality and qualify the Nouns. They are declined by using the same Gender, Number and Case as their cprresponding Noun.
In a given sentence, the Adjectives should be in agreement with the corresponding Noun in terms of Gender, Number and Case. Ordinary adjectives are
“seta” (white), “rassa” (short), “mahanta” (big) and so on.
The declension of verbal and pronominal adjectives and those ending in “vantu” and “mantu” are different from the other adjectives that qualify the
nouns. Adjectival Nouns ending in “vantu” and “mantu” are differently declined from the above masculine nouns ending in “u”. They are often used as
adjectives, but they become substantives when they stand alone in the place of the person or the thing they qualify. These are declined in all genders. In
the feminine, they change their final vowel, e.g., guņavatī, sīlavatī, guavantī, sīlavantī. Those ending in “mantu” should be declined as “cakkhumā”,
“cakkhumanto”, “cakkhumatā” and so on.
As the adjectives qualify nouns, which are of different genders and numbers, they must agree with their substantives in gender, number and case. All
adjectives are declined like nouns in various genders, numbers and cases according to their stem endings. For example, “dīgha”, “rassa” and others,
which are ending in “a” of the above list are declined in the masculine like “nara”, and in the neuter like “nayana”. In the feminine, they lengthen their
last vowel and are declined like “vanitā”. For example, “setā kaññā rattaŋ vatthaŋ paridahati” which means that “a fair girl wears a red cloth”. Here,
“setā” (white / fair) is the adjective of “kaññā”(girl) in feminine gender, singular number and nominative case; so “setā has to be declined like “kaññā”
using the same gender, number and case. Also, “rattaŋ”(red) is the adjective of “vatthaŋ”(cloth) in neuter gender, singular number and accusative case;
so “rattaŋ” has to be declined like “vatthaŋ” using the same gender, number and case.
Those ending in “u” such as “bahu” and “mudu” are declined like “garu”, “dhenu” and “cakkhu”. Sometimes these, ending in “u”, add “kā” in their
feminine stem and then they are declined like “vanitā” e.g., “mudu” = “mudukā, “bahu” = “bahukā”.
Pronouns can stand alone and replace nouns as substantives and they are also sometimes used as adjectives to qualify nouns in a sentence. When they
are used as Adjectives they should be declined using the same Gender, Number and Case as the corresponding Noun.
Participles are also sometimes used as adjectives to qualify nouns in a sentence. But unlike normal adjectives, which are derived from nouns, Participles
are adjectives made out of a verb roots. There are Present Prticiples, Past Participles and Future Passive Participles which are used as adjectives. As they
are used as Adjectives, they are also declined using the same Gender, Number and Case as the corresponding Noun.
Example: (a) Tițțhanto goņo tiņaŋ khādati, (b) Rukkhato otiņņā pakkhī, (c) Tumhehi dānāni dātabbāni honti
Example of Past Participle used as Adjective: Hīyo araññaŋ gato so puriso ahinā dațțho mari.
Example of Future Passive Participle used as Adjective: Dāsena harīyamāno asso vāņijānaŋ vikkiņitabbo hoti.
Numerical are often used as adjectives in qualifying nouns. In most of the time numericals are used in pleural form and they agree in terms of cases
with the corresponding nouns. There are a few exceptions like “Eka” (one), “Ti” (three) and “Catu” (four) which are declined according to different
genders.
Example: (a) Ayaŋ sīho tamhā vanamhā nikkhamma imasmiŋ magge țhatvā ekaŋ itthiŋ māresi. (b) Gacchantesu dasasu purisesu sattamo vāņijo hoti.
Genetive Singulars are also can be used as adjectives in qualifying nouns. These are exceptions and do not follow the general rule of nouns and
adjectives. Here, the adjectives do not agree with their corresponding nouns in terms of gender, number and case.
Bahu / Bahuka Many / Much Vānaro pāsāņe nisiditvā bahukā ambā khadati
Texture & Quality Dubbala Feeble Yuvatīyā dubbalo pitaro mañce sayiŋsu
u dhenu/ mātu Mahallikāya Dāsiyā mātā rattaŋ dhenuŋ dīghayā rajjuyā bandhitvā ānesi
To
ACCUSATIVE (OBJECT) ŋ e
(Towards direction of action)
Here, Nominative Pleural form (subject) is similar to Vocative Pleural form (oh!)
Here, Instrumental Pleural form (by / with / through) is similar to Ablative Pleural form (from)
DECLENSION ACCORDING TO
PREPOSITION SINGULAR PLEURAL
VARIOUS CASES
To
ACCUSATIVE (OBJECT) Naraŋ Nare
(Towards direction of action)
Here, Nominative Pleural form (subject) is similar to Vocative Pleural form (oh!)
Here, Instrumental Pleural form (by / with / through) is similar to Ablative Pleural form (from)
PĀLI NOUN STEMS MEANING PĀLI NOUN STEMS MEANING PĀLI NOUN STEMS MEANING
DECLENSION ACCORDING TO
PREPOSITION SINGULAR PLEURAL
VARIOUS CASES
VOCATIVE Oh! NA NA
Here, Instrumental form (by / with / through) is similar to Ablative form (from). The Nominative Pleural form is similar to the Accusative Pleural form.
DECLENSION ACCORDING TO
PREPOSITION MASCULINE NEUTER FEMININE
VARIOUS CASES
To
ACCUSATIVE (OBJECT) (Towards direction of Ekaŋ Ekaŋ Ekaŋ
action)
VOCATIVE Oh! NA NA NA
Here, Nominative form is similar to Accusative form and Instrumental form (by / with / through) is similar to Ablative form (from)
Among the Numerals, only “Eka”, “Ti” and “Catu” are declined differently in all genders. Here, “Eka” is singular but “Ti” and “Catu” are pleural.
TENSES
(1) Vattamānakāla = Present Tense
(2) Atītakāla = Past Tense
(3) Anāgatakāla = Future Tense
VOICE
(1) Kattukāraka = Active Voice
(2) Kammakāraka = Passive Voice
PERSON
(1) Pațhamapurisa = Third Person
(2) Majjhimapurisa = Second Person
(3) Uttamapurisa = First Person
NUMBER
(1) Ekavacana = Singular
(2) Bahuvacana = Pleural
Each dhātugaņa has one or more different conjugational signs, which come between the root and the verbal termination.
A great number of roots are included in the first and the seventh group. The roots “paca” and “bhū” given above, belong to the first conjugation. The last
vowel of “paca” is dropped before the conjugational sign “a”.
The monosyllabic roots like “bhū” do not drop their vowel. It is “guņated” or strengthened before the conjugational sign:
(1) If “i” / “ī” is strengthened, then it becomes “e” Example, (nī + a) → (ne +a)
(2) If “u” / “ū” is strengthened, then it becomes “o” Example, (bhū + a) → (bho +a)
(1) Then “e” followed by “a” is further changed into “ay” Example, (ne + a) → (naya)
(2) Then “o” followed by “a” is further changed into “av” Example, (bho + a) → (bhava)
The “verbal root” with its conjugational sign thus forms what is called the “verbal base”. In the first example, “nī” is the verbal root and “naya” is the
verbal base. In the second example, “bhū” is the verbal root and “bhava” is the verbal base.
The special feature of the first conjugation is that the last vowel of the base is lengthened before the First Personal endings. The same rule is applied for
the bases ending with “a” of the 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 7th conjugations, in addition to their special features.
The bases of the seventh conjugation are of two kinds as it has two conjugational signs, eg., from the root “pāla” two bases “pāle” and “pālaya” are
formed. They are derived in the present tense 3rd person singular as “pāleti” and “pālayati” respectively.
The conjugational sign “ņa” of the fifth group is shortened in the 3rd person pleural, eg., “vikkiņanti”, where the singular form is “vikkiņāti”.
(1) Conjunction for Instrumental case to show association with living beings is often used as “saha”
or “saddhim” in Pāli .
AND Ca / Api / Pi
OR Vā / Athavā
IF Sace / Yadi / Ce
BUT Tathā pi
NEITHER - NOR Vā - na
EITHER - OR Vā
6 Mamaccayena After me
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