Network Reference Models

10 January, 2014

Shatrunjay Rawat, IIIT Hyderabad

Layered Models
OSI
TCP/IP IBM SNA DECNet

10 January, 2014

Shatrunjay, IIIT Hyderabad

OSI Reference Model

10 January, 2014

Shatrunjay Rawat, IIIT Hyderabad

OSI Reference Model

Open Systems Interconnect

- To connect open systems

Developed by ISO Has seven layers

Just a model, does not specify any working

protocol as part of the model

- ISO has various protocol standards for each OSI layer

10 January, 2014

Shatrunjay Rawat, IIIT Hyderabad

Basis for Layers

Separate layer for proper abstraction
Should perform well defined function Minimise information flow across the interface Large enough to divide distinct functions into

separate layers
Small enough to be manageable

10 January, 2014

Shatrunjay Rawat, IIIT Hyderabad

Layers
Physical layer
Data Link Layer Network Layer Transport Layer Session Layer

Application Presentation Session

Transport Network

Presentation Layer Application Layer

Data Link
Physical

10 January, 2014

Shatrunjay Rawat, IIIT Hyderabad

Physical Layer
Communication channel
Transmitting raw bits Voltage and current levels Duration of signals Communication mode simplex, duplex

10 January, 2014

Shatrunjay Rawat, IIIT Hyderabad

Physical Layer cont.

Connection establishment and teardown
Type of connectors Definition of pins Mechanical, electrical, and timing issues Physical transmission medium

Example: RS-232 (V.24)

10 January, 2014

Shatrunjay Rawat, IIIT Hyderabad

Data link Layer

Transforms raw transmission channel into

error free channel for higher layers

- Convert raw bits into data frames
Error handling

- Acknowledgement or no acknowledgement
Flow control

10 January, 2014

Shatrunjay Rawat, IIIT Hyderabad

Data link Layer cont.

Control access to the shared media

- Medium access control (MAC) sublayer

Example: Ethernet

10 January, 2014

Shatrunjay Rawat, IIIT Hyderabad

10

Network Layer
Controls a subnet
Routing of packets

- Fixed - Dynamic
Addressing Packet size

10 January, 2014

Shatrunjay Rawat, IIIT Hyderabad

11

Network Layer cont.

Congestion control
Quality of service

- Delay - Jitter
Interconnection of heterogeneous networks

10 January, 2014

Shatrunjay Rawat, IIIT Hyderabad

12

Transport Layer
Segmentation of user data
Ensuring the delivery of data Isolate upper layer from the changes in

hardware technologies
Defines the type of service for session layer Order of delivery

10 January, 2014

Shatrunjay Rawat, IIIT Hyderabad

13

Transport Layer cont.

End-to-end communication
Connection establishment Connection control

10 January, 2014

Shatrunjay Rawat, IIIT Hyderabad

14

Session Layer
Enable session establishment
Dialog control Synchronisation at user data level

- Recovery after crash

10 January, 2014

Shatrunjay Rawat, IIIT Hyderabad

15

Presentation Layer
Syntax of the information
Semantics of information Data structures Encoding Data compression and cryptography

10 January, 2014

Shatrunjay Rawat, IIIT Hyderabad

16

Application Layer
User applications

- HTTP - SMTP

- Telnet

10 January, 2014

Shatrunjay Rawat, IIIT Hyderabad

17

Reasons for failure of OSI Model

Bad Timing
Bad implementation Company Politics

10 January, 2014

Shatrunjay Rawat, IIIT Hyderabad

18

TCP/IP Model

10 January, 2014

Shatrunjay Rawat, IIIT Hyderabad

19

TCP/IP
Developed by Universities

- Work of engineer volunteers - No standard body was involved

First defined in 1974 Accepted by users Adopted by DoD, IETF, Corporations

10 January, 2014

Shatrunjay Rawat, IIIT Hyderabad

20

Layers
Four Layers

- Network Interface
Not defined explicitly

- Internet layer - Transport layer

- Application layer

10 January, 2014

Shatrunjay Rawat, IIIT Hyderabad

21

Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP

OSI Reference Model Application TCP/IP Conceptual Model

Presentation Session
Transport Network Data Link

Application

Transport Internet Network Interface

Shatrunjay Rawat, IIIT Hyderabad 22

Physical
10 January, 2014

TCP/IP Protocol Stack

TELNET SMTP
TCP

FTP

TFTP
UDP

Application Layer (OSI Layer 5-7) Transport Layer (OSI Layer 4)

ICMP

IP

ARP

Network Layer RARP (OSI Layer 3)

Data Link Layer NETWORK I/F PROTOCOL (OSI Layer 2)

PHYSICAL LAYER
10 January, 2014 Shatrunjay Rawat, IIIT Hyderabad

Physical Layer (OSI Layer 1)

23

Data units at different layers

Message
Segment / Datagram

Application
TCP / UDP

Packet
Frame Bits
10 January, 2014

IP
Data Link Layer Physical Layer
Shatrunjay Rawat, IIIT Hyderabad 24

Communication between hosts

Data

Application Protocol
Transmission Control Protocol Internet Protocol Ethernet Protocol
Data E-Tlr

Application Protocol
Transmission Control Protocol Internet Protocol Ethernet Protocol
E-Hdr IP Hdr

Data

TCP-Hdr Data

TCP-Hdr Data

IP Hdr TCP Hdr Data

IP Hdr TCP Hdr Data

E-Hdr

IP Hdr TCP Hdr

TCP Hdr Data E-Tlr

Physical Network (Media)

10 January, 2014 Shatrunjay Rawat, IIIT Hyderabad 25