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23. Conduct Disorder is characterized by a chronic pattern of violation of social order in multiple settings
where society’s rules and norms are constantly defied. From your knowledge of Conduct Disorder which
of the following statements is incorrect?
A. Conduct Disorder can be child onset or adolescent onset.
B. Child onset is worse being more aggressive and antisocial.
C. Conduct Disorder not linked to biological factors.
D. There has to be more than three signs of the disorder, such as aggression or theft for at least twelve
months for Conduct Disorder to be diagnosed.
Answer: C
Explanation: Statement C is incorrect; Conduct Disorder is linked to biological factors as well as
environmental and family factors.
24. Amnesic Disorders describe conditions where there is memory impairment with no other significant
cognitive impairments. Which of the following statements is incorrect in relation to Amnesic Disorders?
A. These disorders cause a loss of recall of learned information = anterograde amnesia.
B. Someone with condition confabulates to fill in gaps in the memory.
C. These disorders can be caused by any pathological process that affects brain areas associated with
memory.
D. Amnesic disorders can be associated with hypnotics and sedatives
Answer: A
Explanation: Statement A is incorrect; “a loss of recall of learned information” is known as retrograde
amnesia.
25. The notion of Defense Mechanisms is crucial to understanding Freudian psychoanalysis. According to
this understanding of human behavior conflict is the basic dynamic of personality and this conflict exists
between the Id, Ego, Superego and reality. Defense Mechanisms are employed by the Ego to relieve
pressures of drives; they are unconscious and they operate to avoid activating anxiety. Twelve DMs have
been identified; in the following parts, identify the correct DM from the definition given.
External objects are all good or all bad.
A. Projection identification.
B. Splitting.
C. Displacement.
D. Denial.
Answer: B
Explanation: “Splitting” matches the definition given.
26. Existential and Humanistic therapies stress individuality and the capacity for growth. From your
knowledge of Rogers’s Client‐ Centered Therapy which of the following terms is incorrectly defined?
A. Self‐actualizing tendency = capacity for constructive change and self‐understanding.
B. Goal = self actualization and decrease incongruence.
C. Incongruence = conflict between self‐concept and experiences.
D. Congruence = honest connection between words and action.
E. Empathy = truly caring and accepting the client.
Answer: E
Explanation: The correct definition for Empathy is to “view world as the client does to encourage
change”.
27. Berne’s Transactional Analysis aimed to simplify the client’s understanding of maladaptive behavior.
Which of these technical terms taken from Berne’s Transactional Analysis is incorrectly defined?
A. Ego states = Child, parent, adult – one is always activated.
B. Strokes = Recognition from others. How transactions take place – either positive or negative.
C. Games = Orderly series of ulterior transactions that is repeated over time and results in bad feelings.
D. Transactions = Communications between the ego states.
E. Life positions = A person’s life plan, reflects pattern of strokes – developed early through interactions
with parents.
Answer: E
Explanation: The definition provided for the term “Life Positions” actually matched the technical term
“Scripts” and was therefore incorrect.
28. In Crisis Intervention the “Crisis” is defined in terms of when normal coping is insufficient. The
Therapist is usually supportive and active. The Intervention is based on a number of assumptions; which
of the following is not one of them?
A. People are strong, adaptable, resilient and capable of change.
B. Confronting the experiences of the past is as important as the present and future.
C. Work toward change in coping, not a permanent cure.
D. Small interventions lead to larger systemic changes.
E. Goal to eliminate symptoms in a short time.
Answer: B
Explanation: Statement B is incorrect; it should read, “The present and future are more important than
the past”.
29. Solution‐Focused Therapy is a form of brief therapy, focused on solutions not root causes based on
the assumption that the clients want to change. The goal of this therapy is to move the client to solution
orientation. Solution‐Focused Therapy uses five techniques; which of the following is not one of them?
A. Exception Questioning.
B. Narratives/Language Games.
C. Skeleton Keys.
D. Circular Questioning.
E. Formula Tasks.
Answer: D
Explanation: “Circular Questioning” is not one of the five techniques used; the fifth technique is Miracle
Question.
30. The use of Personality Inventories is one of the most important forms of Psychological testing.
Within this area the MMPI is the most widely used clinical personality test used on people aged eighteen
and over; the MMPI –A test being used for those aged between fourteen and eighteen. The MMPI was
developed to distinguish clinical illness from normal individuals and its most significant feature is that it
is empirically criterion keyed. Though revised in 1990 the clinical scales were not changed. There are ten
points on the MMPI Clinical Scales; identify the correct descriptor from the definition provided.
Helplessness and hopelessness.
A. Hypochondriasis.
B. Hypomania.
C. Depression.
D. Paranoia.
Answer: C
Explanation: “Depression” matches the descriptor provided.
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31. One of the key areas of debate in the early stages of Developmental Psychology was the so called,
Nature vs. Nurture debate. Academics agreed that there was interaction between these two factors but
there was wide disagreement concerning the degree of interaction. Which of the following terms, that
relate to either genetic or environmentally caused changes, describes the differences in timing of
physical changes that are found in children belonging to different cohorts?
A. Sensitive period.
B. Secular trends.
C. Canalization?
D. Critical period.
Answer: B
Explanation: “Secular Trends” is the term that matches the description.
32. Chromosomal anomalies can cause a variety of serious disorders. Which of the following disorders
due to chromosomal anomalies is characterized by moderate MR, facial deformities and rapid speech?
A. Fragile X Syndrome.
B. Down Syndrome.
C. Turners Syndrome.
D. Klinefelter Syndrome.
E. Palmers Syndrome
Answer: A
Explanation: “Fragile X Syndrome” is characterized by the symptoms described in the question.
33. In studies in Communication various gender differences have been observed. With relation to
gender differences in communication, which of the following is not a likely characteristic of women’s
speech?
A. Interrupting for rapport‐building reasons.
B. Hesitations.
C. Talking less than men overall.
D. Asking rhetorical questions.
Answer: E
Explanation: According to studies into gender differences in Communication the cogent use of argument
is not a likely characteristic in women’s speech.
34. Divorce has been shown to have the potential to be very detrimental to childhood development.
Which of the following statements is incorrect in relation to the effects of divorce on children?
A. Girls experience more internalizing behaviors and sleeper effects.
B. Living with the same sex parent after divorce is better – especially for boys.
C. Preschool children have the most negative outcomes (especially ST).
D. LT consequences are worse for older children.
E. Girls have more ST and LT consequences than boys.
Answer: E
Explanation: Statement E is incorrect; it is boys that have more ST and LT consequences than girls
following their parents being divorced.
35. The issue of maternal employment and the use of daycare raise some interesting questions in terms
of possible negative effects on the children as they grow up. Much research has been carried out on this
subject. Which of the following statements is incorrect?
A. High quality daycare has no negative effects on children’s development.
B. Maternal employment can result in reduced life satisfaction, even if both parents want it.
C. Maternal employment leads to less gender‐stereotyping.
D. High quality daycare can have benefits for children in terms of developing intelligence and social
skills.
E. Maternal employment can have negative effects if the mother works more than 40 hours a week.
Answer: B
Explanation: Statement B is incorrect; the correct statement is, “Maternal employment can result in
higher life satisfaction I both parents want it”.
36. Studies into the etiology of Schizophrenia indicated a genetic predisposition to the condition but
other factors are involved. From your knowledge of the subject identify which of the following
statements is incorrect.
A. Excess dopamine or sensitivity to dopamine could be a contributory factor.
B. White patients are more symptomatic.
C. Remission from the condition in the Third World is 65%.
D. A lower rate of Schizophrenia diagnosed among Africa Americans.
Answer: D
Explanation: Statement D is incorrect; a higher rate of Schizophrenia is diagnosed among African
Americans.
37. Harold has been prescribed with Alzheimer’s. Symptoms associated with this disease are
1. Gradual decline in memory, learning
2. Paranoid and stickler for good hygiene
3. Inappropriate social behavior
4. Unaffected communication
5. Decline in attention, & judgment
A. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
B. 1, 3 and 5
C. 2, 3, 4 and 5
D. 1, 2, 3, and 5
E. 1 and 5
Answer B
Explanation: Symptoms of Alzheimer’s are: Gradual decline in memory, learning, attention, & judgment.
Confusion as to time & place.
Difficulties in communicating & finding the right words.
Decline in personal hygiene & self‐care skills inappropriate social behavior.
38. In comparing the views assumptions and practices of Cognitive Therapy to psychoanalysis, which of
the following is true?
I. Both assume behavior is influenced by beliefs of which we may be unaware.
II. Ct is is unstructured and long‐term.
III. In CT the therapist actively collaborates with the patient.
IV. CT has minimal focus on childhood or developmental issues except in terms of assessment
A. I , II, and III
B. II , III and IV
C. I and IV
D. I and III
E. I , III and IV
Answer E
Explanation:
CT Compared to Psychoanalysis
1. Both assume behavior is influenced by beliefs of which we may be unaware CT focuses on linkages
among symptoms, conscious beliefs and current experiences; little concern with unconscious feelings or
repressed emotions as in psychoanalysis
2. CT has minimal focus on childhood or developmental issues except in terms of assessment or when
addressing core beliefs CT is highly structured and generally short term (12‐16 weeks) whereas
psychoanalysis is unstructured and long‐term In CT the therapist actively collaborates with the patient
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