1

Load Flow Equations

POWER FLOW FORMULATION Admittance Matrix Ybus = G + jB = Yij Power ow equations Pi = fi ( , V ) = Vi Qi = gi ( , V ) = Vi
n j =1

Vj

gi = Vi Vj (Gij sin(i j ) Bij cos(i j )) Vj fi = gi ( , V ) Bii Vi2 i fi Vi = fi ( , V ) + Gii Vi2 Vi gi = fi ( , V ) Gii Vi2 i gi Vi = gi ( , V ) Bii Vi2 Vi Jacobian dimensions fi : (n 1) (n 1) j i = j

Vj (Gij cos(i j ) + Bij sin(i j )) Vj (Gij sin(i j ) Bij cos(i j ))

NUMERICAL ITERATION General form update = old value + iteration matrix*error x

(k+1)

n j =1

=x

(k )

+A

Gauss

[y f (x

(k )

)]

fi : (n 1) nPQ Vj gi : nPQ (n 1) j gi : nPQ nPQ Vj Updates are of the form (k+1) V (k+1) = (k ) V (k ) +
fi j gi j

Newton-Raphson A = J = jacobian = [ fi ] | (k) xj x

A = diag {ai }

GAUSS-SEIDEL ITERATION
i1 j =1

Vi

(k+1)

= Vi

(k )

Notes: 1) At slack bus simply calculate S after solution found. 2) At PV bus, calculate Q from most recent voltage and angle updates; and update only the voltage angle. NEWTON-RAPHSON LOAD FLOW Jacobian i = j

n 1 (k ) . . . Yii Yij Vj
j =i

S 1 Yii (ik) Vi

Yij Vj

(k+1)

+ ...

P Q(k)
(k )

with
(k )

1 fi (k ) Vj gi Vj

P (k ) Q(k)

Fast Decoupled Newton-Raphson Jacobian approximation i = j

Pi fi ( (k) , V (k) ) (k ) Qi gi ( (k) , V (k) )

fi Vi Vj Bij Vi Bij j Vj gi Vi Vj Bij Vi Bij Vj i = j

n fi Vi Vj Bij Vi Bii i j =1,j =i n gi Vi Vi Vj Bij Vi Bii Vi j =1,j =i

fi = Vi Vj (Gij sin(i j ) Bij cos(i j )) j Vj fi = Vi Vj (Gij cos(i j ) + Bij sin(i j )) Vj

gi = Vi Vj (Gij cos(i j ) + Bij sin(i j )) j

then dene B = B with all shunts ignored and off-nominal transformers set at a = 1

B = B with all shunts include and phase-shifting transformers set to a = 0 So in vector notation (k+1) = (k) + (B )1 P (k) /V (k) V (k+1) = V (k) + (B )1 Q(k) /V (k) DC load ow equation - can be solved directly = (B )1 P