Scientific names Eucalyptus globulus Labill

Common names Australian blue gum tree (Engl.) Blue gum eucalyptus (Engl.) Blue gum tree (Engl.) Eucalyptos (Tag.) Eucalipto (Bis.) Iron bark (Engl.) Stringybark (Engl.) Lan an (Chin.)

There are over 500 different species sharing similar medicinal properties. This Philippine compilation includes several species of Eucalyptus, a few with a sharing a confusing crossover of color-referring common names: (1) Eucalyptus globulus, blue gum eucalyptus (2) Eucalyptus deglupta, bagras, rainbow gum (3) Eucalyptus camaldulensis, red gum eucalyptus (4) Eucalyptus tereticornis, red gum tree, forest red gum. (5) Eucalyptus robusta, beakpod eucalyptus, brown gum, red gum.(6) Eucalyptus cinerea, silver dollar eucalyptus.

Botany
Eucalyptus is an evergreen tree that reaches a height of 15 meters or more. Bark is grayish, peeling off in thin, long strips, whitish gray underneath. Young leaves are cordate, glaucous-blue, and clasping the stem. Mature leaves are leathery, lanceolate, dark green, usually somewhat sickle-shaped, more than 30 centimeters long. Flowers are white, about 1.5 centimeters in diameter. Fruit is obovoid or somewhat rounded, about 8 millimeters in diameter.

Distribution
- Usually planted as a garden plant in Baguio and Manila. - Grows vigorously in the Baguio area. - Native to Australia. - Also in North and South Africa, India, and southern Europe.

Constituents
Yields a volatile oil, 0.01 - 1.96% - cineol, 80%, d-alpha pinene, camphene, fenchene, butyric and caprionic aldehydes, ethyl and iso-amyl alcohols, acetic acid, cymol, sesquiterpene, eudesmos, 1pinocarveol. Of the more than 300 species, the species with the highest yield of eucalyptus oil are E. globosus, E.

tereticornis, E. polyanthemos and E. citriodora. Leaves, buds, branches and bark yield taxifolin and eriodictyol. Study of essential oil yielded 53 oil components:1,8-cineole, -pinene, limonene, aromadendrene, cadinene, and globulol were the most abundant compounds, representing 93% of the total oil. Study of fruits yielded 15 compounds: beta-sitosterol, betulinic acid, stigmasterol, euscaphic acid, 2aHydroxybetulinic acid, macrocarpal B, macrocarpal A, oleanolic acid, 3,4,3'-O-trimethylellagic acid, 3-Omethylellagic acid 4'-O-(2"-O-acetyl )-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside, camaldulenside (cypellocarpin C, 3-Omethylellagic acid 4'-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside, 3-O-methylellagic acid, ellagic acid, and gallic acid.

Properties
Oils are in classified into: (1) medicinal, containing eucalytol or cineol (2) industrial, containing terpenes, used in mining operations, and (3) aromatic, as in E. citriodora. Considered anesthetic, antibronchitic, antiseptic, anticatarrh, antiparasitic, antirheumatic, antispasmodic, antiviral, cooling, antiinflammatory, diuretic, febrifuge, rubefacient, analgesic, insect repellent, sedative, expectorant, stimulant.

Parts used
Mature leaves, oil.

Uses
Edibility - Blue gum leaves used as therapeutic herbal tea. Folkloric - As antiseptic and deodorant, leaves are crushed and applied on affected areas. - Decoction of leaves as tea for cough, asthma, hoarseness, fevers. - Pure eucalyptus oil, two drops in a tsp of warm water, for coughs, whooping coughs, asthma and bronchitis. - Infusion of leaves used for asthma, catarrh, bronchitis, whooping cough, coryza, dysentery, diabetes, fevers and colds, malaria, rhinitis, tuberculosis. - For sinusitis, breathing of vapor of decoction of leaves. - Decoction of leaves used for washing and cleaning wounds. - Other uses: Diabetes, lumbago, sciatica, toothaches, tuberculosis, dysentery, gout. - In China, used for promote eschar formation. - In France, leaf extract used as hypoglycemic. - In Guatemala, leaf decoction for fever. Hot water extract of dried leaf used for ringworm, wounds, ulcers, pimples and as vaginal douche. - In India, as mosquito repellent and insecticide. - In Italy, as inhalation therapy for asthma; also for diabetes. - In Kenya, for snail infestation. - In Mexico, for urethritis, laryngitis, cystitis, gastritis, enteritis; as antipyretic and antimalarial.

- In Tunisia, for bronchial conditions and cough. - In Spain, for colds, catarrh, diabetes. Preparation for use: Gather the leaves, dry in the sun for 5-6 hours. Place in a paper bag, tie and hang in the shade for a week. Decoct 50 gms of the dried leaves in a pint of boiling water; drink 6 glasses daily. For fresh leaves, use 60 to 70 gms to a pint of boiling water, drink the same amount. Livestock Mastitis: A herbal gel made from C longa, Cedrus deodara, G glabra and E globulus, applied twice daily, is used to treat and prevent subclinical mastitis in crossbred cows. Bovine endometriosis: Cow with endometritis were given an intrauterine infusion of a 10% solution of a tincture of E globulus. Ectoparasites: Two experimental herbal mixtures containing E globulus along with several other plant oils have been used on dogs to treat ectoparasites. Other - Biopesticidal: Leaves burned for use as Insect repellant. Extract used to kill fleas. - Timber: Although of poor quality, used for fence post and pole construction. - Perfumery: Oil used in perfumery.

Extraction of oil
Boil mature leaves in water, condensing the vapor to recover the oil. Eucalyptus globulus yields less oil than the other varieties used for commercial production of medicinal grade oils.

Studies
Antibacterial: Antibacterial Activity of Three Medicinal Plants: Eucalyptus Globulus, Aristolochial Latas and Vitex Negundo against Enteric Pathogens: The medicinal plants tested showed varying degrees of antibacterial activity with the maximum zone of inhibition obtained with E. globulus. Antihyperglycemic: In the study, incorporation of eucalyptus in the diet and drinking water reduced hyperglycemia and associated weight loss of STZ-treated mice. The study showed pancreatic protection or regeneration following exposure to streptozotocin. Data indicate E globulus represents an effective antihyperglycemic dietary adjunct for the treatment of diabetes. Antibacterial: (1) Antibacterial activity of leaf essential oils of Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus camaldulensis: Study suggested the potential usefulness of the two Eucalyptus

species as a micobiostatis, antiseptic or as a disinfectant agent. (2) Study of the antibacterial activity of E globulus leaf extract was done on isolates of S aureus, S pyogenes, S pneumoniae and H influenza from 200 clinical specimens. Results suggest further studies to clarify its therapeutic role in the treatment of respiratory tract infection. Chemical Constituents of Fruit: Five compounds were isolated from the fruit: betulonic acid, betulinic acid, ursolic acid, corosolic acid and daucosterol. Acaricidal: Study on the acaricidal effects of the essential oils of two medicinal plants Pelargonium roseum and E globulus showed a dose-dependent effect on mortality rate for adult ticks and mass of egg production. Results showed both plants can be considered as potential candidates for the biocontrol of R annulatus in the field. Antioxidant / Anti-Diabetic: Study results conclude that eucalyptus possess antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. Data indicated eucalytus either increase antioxidant power or reduce oxidative stress due to reduction in plasma glucose in diabetic rats, which prevents excessive production of free radicals through glycation of proteins. Antioxidant / Food Dye: Study showed the SCF (superficial fluid extract), methanolic and water extracts of the stem bark possess similar free radical scavenging and antioxidative activity higher than synthetic antioxidants BHT. The SCF extract also showed to be a good source of yellow natural food dye. Antidiabetic: Study evaluated the effects of eucalyptus leaves on STZ-induced damage in pancreatic islets. Results suggest EG caused dose-dependent amelioration of the diabetic state by partial restoration of pancreatic beta cells and repair STZ-induced damage in rats. Hepatotoxicity: Study of aqueous extract of E. globulus leaves on biochemical parameters of rat liver showed deleterious effects on liver membrane and functional integrity. Repeated administration produced a significant increase in ALP in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanism may be due to enzyme induction by the extract. Eucalyptone / Antibacterial: Study of an ethyl acetate bark fraction of small twigs isolated a new pholoroglucinol, eucalyptone G, together with nine other known compounds. Eucalyptone G exhibited antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and E coli. Antiplasmodial / Antibacterial: In a study for antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of eleven extracts prepared from seven selected plants in Western Cameroon, seven extracts from five different plants, including E globulus leaves showed activity with weak or no toxicity. E. globulus also had the highest extraction yield.

Hauili
Ficus hauili Blanco
HAUILI FIG TREE

Leng guo rong

Scientific names
Ficus hauili Blanco Ficus septica Burm. f. Ficus laccifera Blanco Ficus leucopleura F. Vill. Ficus radiata F. Vill. Ficus leucantatoma Merr. Ficus philippinensis Bonard Ficus altimeraloo F. Vill. Ficus didymophylla Warb. Ficus rapiformis Rolfe

Common names
Abnug (C. Bis.,P. Bis.) Auili (Tag.) Diudiu (Ig.) Hauili (Tag.) Kauili (Tag.) Labnog (P. Bis.) Labnong (Tag.) Lagmut (P. Bis.) Lapting (Ilk.) Latayi (Bon.) Liliau (Ibn.) Lio-lio (Pamp.) Liu-liu (Ting., If., Bon., Ilk,) Raya-raya (Ilk.) Reya-reya (Ilk.) Ria-ria (Ilk.) Sio (Bik.) Tabung (Sul.) Tuliao (Ibn.) Yabnoi (Iv.) Leng guo rong (Chin.) Septic fig (Engl.) Hauli fig tree (Engl.)

Botany
Hauili is an erect, small tree, growing 3 to 8 meters high, smooth, with more or less hairy young shoots. Leaves are smooth and shining, not all roughened, oblong-ovate to elliptic-ovate, 10 to 20 centimeters long, with tip tapering to a rather sharp point, and the base pointed. Receptacles are axillary, solitary, depressed-globose or turbinate, obscurely ridged or angled, 1.5 to 2 centimeters in diameter, and shortly peduncled.

Distribution
- In thickets at low and medium altitudes throughout the Philippines.

Constituents
Phytochemical study isolated isoflavones: ficusin A and ficusin B from the root bark. Study isolated two indolizidine alkaloids: a novel ficuseptine and antofine.

Properties
Diuretic, sudorific, antiherpetic, antirheumatic.

Part utilized
Root, leaves, latex.

Uses
Folkloric In the Philippines, decoction of roots used as diuretic. Poultice of roots used for boils. Fresh leaves are sudorific; bruised with oil, used for headaches. Leaves applied externally as antirheumatic. Latex used for herpes. Used by the Ifugaos for diarrhea, cough, malaria and stomach problems.

Studies
Phytochemicals / Phenanthroindolizidine Alkaloids / Stems / Cytotoxicity: Study yielded six known phenanthroindolizidine alkaloids, eight new alkaloids ficuseptines B-D, 10R,13aR-tylophorine N-oxide, 10R,13aR-tylocrebrine N-oxide among others from the methanol extract of stems of Ficus septica. Cytotoxicity of the new alkaloids were assessed in vitro using HONE-1 and NUGC cell lines. (1) Phenanthroindolizidine Alkaloids / Leaves / Cytotoxicity: Study yielded phenanthroindolizidine Noxide, ficuseptine-A together with 18 known compounds from the leaves of FS. Some of the compounds exhibited strong cytotoxic activity against two human cancer cell lines. (3) Mucarinic Receptor Activity: Malaysian study of 224 plant extracts from 50 plant families for muscarinic receptor binding activity showed the greatest inhibition, and with other extracts that exhibited significant muscarinic properties were suggested to be worthy of further investigation. (2) Anti-inflammatory: Study examined the molecular mechanisms for the anti-inflammatory activity of phenanthroindolizidine alkaloids isolated from the leaves of Ficus septica. Study suggests that it exerts its anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting expression of the proinflammatory factors and related signaling pathways. (4) Antimicrobial / Antifungal / Antiprotozoal: Study of ethanol extracts of F septica and S foetida showed antibacterial activities, inhibiting the growth of S aureus and E coli. F septica inhibited Candia albicans and showed antiprotozoal activity against T vaginalis and Entamoeba histolytica. Phytochemical screening yielded alkaloids, quarternary base, tannins, 2-deoxysugars and benzopyrone nucleus. Results suggest the extracts can be used to produce alternative forms of antimicrobials. (5) Antimicrobial Alkaloids: Study of methanolic extract displayed intense antimicrobial and antifungal activities. Study isolated two indolizidine alkaloids: a novel ficuseptine and antofine. (6) Immunomodulatory / Anticancer: Previous study has shown anticancer effects singly or in combination with doxorubicin on T47D breast cancer lines. Study in thirty male Sprague Dawley rats showed HIF (hexane insoluble fraction) of leaves has a potential as protective agent combined with doxorubicin. (8) Apoptosis / Chemopreventive: Study of ethanolic extract of leaves showed potential as chemopreventive agent with its activity on inducing apoptosis in liver cancer with p53-independent pathway.(9)

Malungay
Moringa oleifera Lam.
BEN OIL TREE

La mu Scientific names
Moringa oleifera Lam. Moringa nux-ben Perr. Moringa pterygosperma Gaertn. Guilandina moringa Linn.

Common names
Arunggai (Pang.) Balungai (P. Bis.) Dool (Bik.) Kamalongan (P. Bis.) Kalamungai (C. Bis.) Kalungai (Bik., Bis., Tag.) Kalunggay (Bik.) Kamalungai (Pamp., Tag.) Komkompilan (Ilk.) Molongai (Tag.) Malungay (Tag.) Malunggue (Pamp.) Malungit (Pamp., Bis.) Marogoi (Sbl.) Marugaai (Ilk., Ibn.) Ben oil tree (Engl.) Ben tree (Eng.) Behn tree (Engl.) Behen tree (Engl.) Drumstick tree (Engl.) Horse-radish tree (Engl.) Miralce tree (Engl.) La mu (Chin.)

Other vernacular names

ARABIC: Alim, Halim, Habbah ghaliah, Rawag, Ruwag, Shagara al ruwag, Shagara al ruway. ASSAMESE: Sojina. BENGALI: Munga ara, Saajanaa (Sajna), Sojna, Sojne danta, Sujana. BURMESE: Daintha, Dandalonbin, Dan da lun, Dan da lun bin. CZECH: Moringa olejn. DANISH: Behenndtr. DUTCH: Benboom, Peperwortel boom. FRENCH: Ben ail, Ben aile, Ben olifre, Moringa aile, Pois qunique.

GERMAN: Behenbaum, Behennussbaum, Meerrettichbaum, Pferderettichbaum. GUJARATI: Midho saragavo, Saragavo, Saragvo, Seeng ni phali, Suragavo. HINDI: Munagaa, Munga ara, Munuga, Muranka, Muruggai, Sahijan, Senjana, Suhujna. HUNGARIAN: Lretekfa. ITALIAN: Been, Bemen. JAPANESE: Marungai, Marunga oreifera, Wasabi no ki. KANNADA: : Nuggaeekayee, Nuggekayee. KHMER: Daem mrom, Daem mrum. LAOTIAN: B'loum. MALAY: NKachang kelur, Kelor, Kalor, Lemunggai, Meringgai, Remunggai , Sajor kelor, Semunggai. MALAYALAM: Moringa, Morunna, Muringa, Muringai, Muringakka (fruit), Murinna, Sigru. MARATHI: Shevga, Shevga chi seeng, Shivga, Sujna. NEPALESE: Sajiwan, Sitachini, Swejan. PORTUGUESE: Accia branca, Moringa, Muringueiro. PUNJABI: Saajinaa, Sanjina, Soanjana. SANSKRIT: Danshamula, Shobhanjana, Sigru Shobhanjan, Sobhan jana. SINHALESE: Moo rin guu, Murunga. SPANISH: rbol del ben, Arbol do los aspragos, Arbol de las perlas, Marango, Resada SWAHILI: Mboga chungu, Mjungu moto (Tanzania), Mlonge, Mlongo, Mronge, Mzungu (Kenya) Shingo. TAMIL: Morunga, Murungai, Murunkai. THAI: Ka naeng doen, Ma khon kom, Phak i huem, Phak nuea kai, Se cho ya. VIETNAMESE: Chm ngy.

Botany
Malungai is a small tree growing as high as 9 meters, with a soft and white wood and corky and gummy bark. Leaves are alternate, usually thrice pinnate, 25 to 50 centimeters long. Each compound leaf contains 3-9 very thin leaflets dispersed on a compound (3 times pinnate) stalk. The leaflets are thin, ovate to elliptic, and 1 to 2 centimeters long. Flowers are white and fragrant, 1.5 to 2 centimeters long, on spreading panicles. Pod is 15 to 30 centimeters long, pendulous, three-angled, and nine-ribbed. Seeds are three-angled, and winged on the angles.

Distribution
Planted throughout the Philippines in settled areas at low and medium altitudes. Introduced from Malaya or some other part of tropical Asia in prehistoric times. A common backyard vegetable and a border plant. Now pantropic.

Propagation
Propagation by seeds and stem cuttings. Mature malunggay cuttings should be 2 cm or more in diameter and not less than 80 cm (30 inches) in length. Mature cuttings are preferred as they sprout earlier and grow faster. The only pests known to attack malunggay are mites of the Tetranychus spp.

Parts utilized
Flowers, leaves, young pods

Properties
Root has the taste of horseradish. Considered galactagogue, rubefacient, antiscorbutic, diuretic, stimulant, purgative, antibiotic, antifungal. Antiinflammatory, antitumor activities on mice studies. Antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-ulcer. Estrogenic, antiprogestational, hypoglycemic, antihyperthyroidism, hypocholesterolemic, antihyperthyroid, antispasmodic. Considered abortifacient and emmenagogue. Purported to be beneficial for decreasing blood pressure, relieving headaches and migraines, reducing inflammatory and arthritic pains, anti-ulcer, anti-tumor. Purported to be beneficial for decreasing blood pressure, relieving headaches and migraines, reducing inflammatory and arthritic pains.

Constituents
Root yields a essential oil, pungent and offensive in odor. Seed contains traces of an acrid and pungent alkaloid, Ben of Behen oil, which contains palmitic,

stearic, myristic, oleic, and behenic acids, phytosterin; two alkaloids the mixture of which has the same action as epinephrine. Bark exudes a reddish gum with the properties of tragacanth, which is utilized for tanning. Gum yields bassorin, dextrin, enzyme myrosin and emulsin. The astringency of the gum is attributed to the presence of moringo-tannic acid Studies of MO leaves have yielded phytochemicals to which are attributed hypotensive effects and anti cancer properties. The root bark has sex hormone-related properties. Root bark contains alkaloids, moringine which is similar to benzylamine, and moringinine; traces of essential oil, phytosterol, waxes and resins. Also contains a rich combination of zeatin, quercetin, betasitosterol, caffeoylquinic acid, pterygospermin and kaempferol.

Uses
Nutritional Flowers, young leaves and young pods eaten as a vegetable inn the Philippines, Malaya, and India. In Malaya, seeds also eaten as peanuts. Roots are used as seasoning because of it horseradish flavor. Young leaves are a rich source of calcium, iron, phosphorus and vitamins A, B and C. High in HDL (high density lipoproteins); a source of amino acids, omega oils, antioxidants. Young fruit yields a high amount of protein and phosphorus, a fair source of calcium and iron, Comparative content: Gram for gram, 7 times the vitamin C in oranges, 4 times the calcium and twice the protein in milk, 4 times the vitamin A in carrots, 3 times the potassium in bananas. 100 gms or 1 cup of cooked malunggay leaves contain 3.1 g protein, 0.6 g fiber, 96 mg calcium, 29 mg phosphorus, 1.7 mg iron, 2,820 mg beta-carotene, 0.07 mg thiamin, 0.14a mg riboflavin, 1.1 mg niacin, and 53 mg of vitamin C. (Dr. Lydia Marero of the Food and Drug Research Institute FNRI) Folkloric - Decoction of leaves used for hiccups, asthma, gout, back pain, rheumatism, wounds and sores.

- Young leaves, usually boiled, used to increase the flow of breast milk. - Pods for intestinal parasitism. - Leaves and fruit used for constipation. - Decoction of boiled roots used to wash sores and ulcers. - Decoction of the bark used for excitement, restlessness. - In India pounded roots used as poultice for inflammatory swelling. Flowers used for catarrh, with young leaves or young pods. - In Nicaragua decoction of roots used for dropsy. - Roots have been used as abortifacient. In India, bark is used as abortifacient. - Decoction of root-bark used as fomentation to relieve spasms; also, for calculous affections. - Gum, mixed with sesamum oil, used for relief of earaches. Same, also reported as abortifacient. - In Java, gum used for intestinal complaints. - Roots chewed and applied to snake bites. - Decoction of roots is considered antiscorbutic; also used in delirious patients. - Juice of roots is used for otalgia. - Bark used as rubefacient remedy. - Decoction of roots is use as gargle for hoarseness and sore throat. - Leaves used as purgative. - Chewing of leaves used in gonorrhea to increase urine flow. - Fresh roots used as stimulant and diuretic. - Seeds for hypertension, gout, asthma, hiccups, and as a diuretic. - Rheumatic complaints: Decoction of seeds; or, powdered roasted seeds applied to affected area. - Juice of the root with milk used for asthma, hiccups, gout, lumbago. - Poultice of leaves applied for glandular swelling. - Pounded fresh leaves mixed with coconut oil applied to wounds and cuts. - The flowers boiled with soy milk thought to have aphrodisiac quality. - Root is rubefacient and plaster applied externally as counterirritant. - In West Bengal, India, roots taken by women, esp prostitutes, for permanent contraception (Studies have shown total inactivation or suppression of the reproductive system). - In African savannah, used in the treatment of rheumatic and articular pains. Others Dye: In Jamaica the wood is used for dyeing blue color. Oil: known as ben oil, extracted from flowers can be used as illuminant, ointment base, and absorbent in the enfleurage process of extracting volatile oils from flowers. |With ointments, the oil allows longer shelf life without undergoing oxidation. The oil, applied locally, has also been helpful for arthritic pains, rheumatic and gouty joints. Breast feeding women Malunggay leaves and pods are helpful in increasing breast milk in the breast -feeding months. One tablespoon of leaf powder provide 14% of the protein, 40% of the calcium, 23% of the iron and most of the vitamin A needs of a child aged one to three. Six tablespoons of leaf powder will provide nearly all of the woman's daily iron and calcium needs during pregnancy and breast-feeding.

Studies
Anti-Inflammatory / Anti-tumor: Anti-inflammatory and Antitumor Activities of Seeds Extracts of MalunggayA study showed the crude ethanol extract of dried seeds inhibited the carrageenan-induced inflammation in the hind paw of mice by 85% at a dosage of 3 mg/g body weight; the mature green seeds by 77%. The crude ethanol extract also inhibited the formation of Epstein-Barr virus-early antigen (EBV-EA) induced by 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). At a dosage of 100 ?g/ml, the extract inhibited EBV-EA formation by 100% suggesting its antitumor-promoting activity. <Abstract:http://www.stii.dost.gov.ph/pjsweb/data/antitumor_of_malunggay.htm > Ovarian Cancer: Possible Role of Moringa oleifera Lam. Root in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: A hormonal etiology of epithelial ovarian cancer has been long suspected. Study suggests M Oleifera can interfere with hormone receptor-related and neoplastic growth-related cytokine pathways through centrally acting mechanisms. Asthma: Antiasthmatic activity of Moringa oleifera Lam: A clinical study: Study showed improvement in forced vital capacity, FEV1, and peak expiratory flow rate. It suggests a usefulness for MO seed kernel in patients with asthma. Antibiotic: 50 years ago, a study yielded Pterygospermin, a compound that readily dissociates into two molecules of benzyl isothiocyanate which has been shown to have antimicrobial properties. Unfortunately, many of the reports of antibiotic efficacy in humans were not from placebo controlled, randomized clinical trials. Recent studies have demonstrated possible efficacy against H. pylori. Hormonal properties / Abortifacient: Biochemical observations and histologic findings have been

correlated with the anti-implantation action of aqueous extracts, one possible explanation for its use as an abortifacient. source Antiurolithiatic: Study showed lowering of stone forming constituents in the kidneys of calculogenic rats with the use of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of MO suggesting antiurolithiatic activity. (6) Antimicrobial / Water Purifying: Study of MO seeds paste for water purification yielded a steroidal glycoside, strophantidin, a bioactive agent in the seed. The seed paste was found effective in clarification and sedimentation of inorganic and organic matter in raw water, reducing total microbial and coliform counts by 55% and 65% respectively, in 24 hours, compared to alum with 65% and 83% reduction. (7) Antipyretic / Wound Healing: Study of the ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of MO showed significant antipyretic activity in rats; the ethyl acetate extract of dried leaves showed significant wound healing on rat wound models. (8) Analgesic / Seeds: Previous studies have shown analgesic activity from the leaves of MO. This study on the alcoholic extract of MO seeds showed potent analgesic activity comparable to that of aspirin dose of 25 mg/kg BW. (9) Hepatoprotective / Antioxidant: Study concluded that the alcoholic extracts of MO produced significant hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity, the aqueous extracts of the fruit less than the alcoholic extract. (10) Anti-Ulcer: Study of M oleifera extract showed ulcer by protection by modulating 5-HT secretion through EC dell via 5-HT3 receptors in the gastrointestinal tract. (18) Anthelmintic: In a comparative study of the anthelmintic activity of M oleifera and V negundo against Indian earthworm Pheritima posthuma, dose-dependent activity was observed with M oleifera showing more activity than V negundo. (14) Comparison with Atenolol: Study comparing the effects of M oleifera with atenolol in adrenalineinduced rats on serum cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose level, heart and body weight showed the M oleifera leave extract made significant changes in each cardiovascular parameter. (17) Hepatoprotective: Study in acetaminophen-induced liver disease in mice showed that leaves of MO can prevent hepatic injuries by preventing the decline of glutathione level. Antioxidant / Hypolipidemic / Anti-Atherosclerotic: Study showed lowering of cholesterol levels and reduction of the atherosclerotic plaque formation. Results indicate MO possesses antioxidant, hypolipidemic and antiatherosclerotic activities and has therapeutic potential for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.(19) Chemomodulatory / Chemopreventive: Study showed the possible chemopreventive potential of Moringa oleifera against chemical carcinogenesis. (20) Anti-Diabetic: Study of the aqueous extract of MO leaves in STZ-induced sub, mild, and severely diabetic rats produced lowering of blood glucose levels, significant reduction in urine sugar and urine protein levels. Study validates scientifically claims on MO as ethnomedicine in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. (21) Anti-Inflammatory: Study of the aqueous extract of roots in rats reduced the carrageenan-induced edema similar to the anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin. (23) Analgesic / Leaves: Study showed the analgesic potential of leaves of malunggay in mice using the acetic acid-induced writhing test. (24) Antioxidant Activity / Phenolic Content / Young and Mature Leaves : Study evaluated leaf extracts in two stages of maturity using standard in vitro methods. Results showed extracts of both mature and tender leaves have potent antioxidant activity against free radicals, preventing oxidative damage to major biomolecules and providing protection against oxidative dames. (25) Chemopreventive Potential / Colitis-Related Carcinogenesis: Study investigated the

chemopreventive effect on azoxymethane (AOM)-initiated and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-promoted colon carcinogenesis in mice. Findings suggest M. Oleifera pod exerts suppressive effects in colitisrelated induced carcinogenesis models and could serve as a potential chemopreventive agent. (26) Antidiarrheal / Roots: Study evaluated a hydroalcoholic extract of root against castor oil-induced diarrhea model in rats. Results showed a significant and dose-dependent reduction in severity and frequency of diarrhea, intestinal fluid accumulation, intestinal content volume and transit time. (27)

In the news
In Leyte, extracted malunggay juice is mixed with lemonsito juice to make ice candies or cold drinks, making it more palatable and agreeable to children who detest vegetables. Because of its high vitamin A, C, and E content, all potent antioxidants, malunggay is a very effective in removing unstable free radicals that is damaging to molecules and pro-aging.

For the men: The fruit could increase the sperm count !
For increasing breast milk: One rounded tablespoon of leaf powder provides 14% of protein requirements, 40% of calcium, 23% of iron, and the daily vitamin A needs of a child aged one to three. Six rounded tablespoons of leaf powder will provide the woman's daily iron and calcium needs during pregnancy and breast-feeding. Recent uses and preparation: Constipation: Eat one or two cups of the cooked leaves at supper time, with plenty of water. Wound wash: Apply crushed leaves directly to the wound, maintaining cleanliness during the process. Moringa oil extracted from the seed of the malunggay plant is now being tapped as source of biodiesel. It is gaining preferable status over Jatropha as a source of biofuel. All parts of the malunggay plant are used whereas Jatropha is left with poisonous waste after oil extraction. Also, malunggay needs only one to two years for seedling maturation compared to Jatropha's three to five years. The math of malunggay's commercial potential is attractive: Seeds are bought at P10 per kilo, and a hectare of malunggay seedlings can harvest 20,000 kilos in 2 years with a potential profit of P200,000. (Philippine Star)

Biofuel source

Toxicities
Root bark contains 2 alkaloids, as well as the toxic hypotensive moringinine. Has dose-dependent negative inotropic effect, in isolated frog heart study. Niazinin A, niazimicin and niaziminin A and B isolated from the ethanol extract produced hypotensive, bradycardic and negative inotropic effects in experimental animals. The bark may cause violent uterine contractions that can be fatal. Chronic high -dose use may cause liver and kidney dysfunctions. In frequent or large doses, Interior flesh of the plant can cause toxic nerve paralysis from the alkaloid spirochin. source

Superstitions
Malunggay ingestion is avoided in the immediate period after a family member's death. In the superstitions-laden isms of rural Tagalog life, as a malunggay branch or twig will shed off all its leaves within a few hours of being snapped off a tree, ingesting malunggay might bring death to a relative. Avoiding its use is strongly advised during the ritual of nine days of prayers after a death.

Ikmo
Piper betle
BETEL PEPPER

Ch'ing Chu Scientific names

Piper anisodorum Blanco Piper anisumolens Blanco Piper bathycarpum C. DC. Piper betle Linn. Piper blancoi Merr. P. philippinense C. DC. P. puberulinodum C. DC. Chavica betle Miq. Chavica siriboa Miq.

Common names
Buyo (Bik.) Buyo-anis (Tag.) Buyo-buyo (Bik.) Buyog (Mbo.) Buyok (C.Bis.) Buyu (Sul.) Gawed (Pang., It.) Gaued (Ilk.) Gok (Ibn.) Ikmo (Tag.) ikmong Iloko (Tag.) Itmo (Tag.) Kanisi (Bis.) Mamin (Bis., Tag.) Mamon (Bis.) Samat (Pamp.) Betel leaf pepper (Engl.) Betel pepper (Engl.) Betel vine (Engl.) Ch'ing Chu (Chin.)

Other vernacular names

ARABIC: Tml, Tanbul. ASSAMESE: Paan, Paana. BENGALI: Paan, Paana, Tambulaballi (plant), Parnakari (leaf). BURMESE: Kun ya. CHINESE: Ju jiang, Tu bi ba, Tu wei teng, Wei zi, Wei ye, Da geng teng. FRENCH: Btel, Poivrier betel. GERMAN: Betelpfeffer, Betel-Pfeffer. GUJARTI: Paan, Tanbolaa. HINDI: Pan (leaf). INDONESIA: Bakik serasa, Daun sirih, Sirih, Serasa, Swh, Seureuh. KANNADA: Eleballi, Panu, Vileyadele.

KHMER: Maluu. MALAYALAM: Vettila. MARATHI: Naagavalli, Naagvel, Paanvel, Pan, Vidyache pan. NEPALESE: Naagavallii (plant), Paan (leaf). PORTUGUESE: Alfavaca de cobra, Cobrinha. SANSKRIT: Naagavall, Parna, Tambula. SINHALESE: Bulath. TAMIL: Ilaikkoti, Taampulavalli, Vetrilai, Veyyilai, Veyyilaikkoti. TELUGU: Akutiga, Nagavalli, Nakabali, Tamala, Tambuli. THAI: Phulu. URDU: Pan. VIETNAMESE: Tru, Tru cay, Tru khng, Tru luong.

Gen info
There is an estimated total of 1200 species of Piper in the pantropical and neotropical regions. Works on Philippine wild Piperaceae have been extensive. Candole (1910) reported 133 species of Piper and 26 of Peperomia; Merill (1923), 115 Piper, 25 Peperomia, and Quisumbing (1930), documented 87 Piper and 21 Peperomia.

Botany
Ikmo is a dioecious, smooth climbing vine reaching a height of 2 to 4 meters. Upper leaves are usually oblong-elliptic, oblong-ovate or ovate, 6 to 17.5 centimeters long, 3.5 to 10 centimeters wide, mostly 7plinerved, smooth on both surfaces. Male spikes are subpendulous, slender, 7 to 13.5 centimeters long, and 2 to 3.5 millimeters in diameter. Rachis is hairy. Stamens are two, stalked, 0.75 to 1 millimeter long; and the anthers reniform. Female spikes, when mature, are red, fleshy, oblong to elongated oblong, 3 to 8centimeters long, and 0.5 to 1 centimeter thick. Rachis is hairy, and the bracts stalkless, peltate, with a smooth disk, transversely oblong to suborbicular, and about 1 centimeter wide. Fruit is coalescing, fully embedded in the pulp and concrescent with the rachis. Seeds are smooth, oblong to globose-obovoid, 2.25 to 2.6 millimeters long, and about 2 millimeters in diameter. Stigmas are 4 to 6, and rarely, 3.

Distribution
- Cultivated throughout the Philippines. - Occurs wild in most provinces of Luzon. - Also cultivated in Sri-Lanka, India, Malaysia, Indonesia, and East Africa.

Constituents
- Chief constituent of the leaves is the volatile oil, Betel oil. - Contains two phenols, betelphenol (chavibetol) and chavicol. - Leaves reported to yield an alkaloid: arakene, with properties similar to cocaine. - Volatile oil, 0.8 - 1.8% - chavicol, betelphenol, eugenol, allyl pyrocatechin, terpene, cineol, caryophyllene, cadinene, menthone. - Chemical compositions of essential oil differ: safrole in the leaf, stalk, stem and root, -phellandrene in the fruit. - Younger leaves reported to yield more essential oil. - Leaf and other plant parts have yielded active compounds: hydroxychavicol, hydroxychavicol acetate, allypyrocatechol, chavibetol, piperbetol, methylpiperbetol, piperol A and piperol B. - Study of essential oil and ether soluble fraction of leaves yielded fourteen components including eight allypyrocatechol analogs. Major constituents were chavibetol (53.1%) and chavibetol acetate(15.5%). Other constituents were allypyrocatechol diacetate (0.71%), campene (0.48%), chavibetol methyl ester (methyl eugenol 0.48%), eugenol (0.32%), a-pinene (0.21%), -pinene (0.21%), a-limonene (0.14%), safrole (0.11%), 1,8-cineole (0.04%) and allypyrocatechol monoacetate. (28) - Hexane fraction of leaf stalks yielded four alipathic compounds in pure form i.e. pentadecyl 6-

hydroxytridecanoate, pentatriacontanol, methyl hexacos-7-enoate and 6, 9-heptacosa diene.(36)

Properties
- Pungent tasting and warming. - Leaves considered antitussive, carminative, astringent (juice of leaves with oil), stimulant, expectorant, antiseptic, sialagogue, stomachic, febrifuge and aphrodisiac. - Chavicol considered an antiseptic, twice as strong and isometric with eugenol. - Characteristic odor of leaves and oil is due to chavicol. - Betel oil is a light-yellow to dark-brown liquid, often aromatic, somewhat creosotelike in odor, with a sharp burning taste. - As a masticatory, leaves described as warm, aromatic and bitter.

Parts utilized and preparation

Vines and leaves. May be collected throughout the year. Rinse, cut into pieces, sun-dry.

Uses
Folkloric In the Philippines, fresh, crushed leaves used as antiseptic for cuts and wounds. Leaves, together with lime and betel nut, constitute the Filipino's masticatory. Its use believed to help preserve the teeth and a prophylactic against stomach complaints. Leaves greased with with lard or sesame oil, used by Filipinos as carminative; applied to the abdomen of children suffering from gastric disorders. Relieves gastrointestinal disorders. Juice of leaves used as stomachic. In China, roots, leaves and fruits considered carminative, stimulant, corrective, and prophylactic; used for the prevention and treatment of malaria. Used for rheumatic bone pains Gastric pain due to exposure to wind, indigestion. Flatulence or tympanism: Spread oil on leaf, warm, and apply on abdomen. Warm poultice of leaves and oil (coconut) applied to chest of children for catarrhal and pulmonary affections, congestion and other affections of the liver. Leaves used as resolvent for glandular swellings. Oil used as gargle or as inhalant in diphtheria. In India, leaves are warmed and applied in layers to arrest secretion of milk. Leaves applied to the temples to relieve headache. Chewing betel leaves early in the morning done to remove foulness of the mouth, sweeten the breath and improve the voice. In China, oil used as counterirritant in swellings, bruises, painful sores and enlarged glands. Used for bronchial asthma. Dosage: use 9 to 15 gms dried material or 30 to 60 gms fresh material in decoction. Juice of leaves used as stomachic and febrifuge. Applied as a poultice (dikdik-tapal) on the stomach of infants for colic; for skin inflammation . In India, leaves used for treating eczema, lymphangitis, asthma and rheumatism. Paste of crushed leaves applied to cuts and wounds.

 Roots with black pepper used to produce sterility in women. Oil used for inflammation of the throat, larynx and bronchi; also, used as a gargle and inhalation in diphtheria. Others - A ritual masticatory The Filipinos, Hindus, Malays, Siamese, Cambodians, Annamites and Chinese use the leaves as a masticatory. In the Philippines, it is dabbed with small amounts of apog (lime) and wrapped around a (scraped) betel nut, chewed as "nga-nga." Also known as buyo or hitsu.

Studies
Anti-Platelet Aggravating Factory: Evaluation of Piper betle on Platelet Activating Factor (PAF) Receptor Binding Activities: Results showed antagonistic activity towards the PAF (platelet activating factor) in rabbit platelet receptor binding studies.(1) Phenolics / Anti-Photosensitizer: Inhibitory property of the Piper betel phenolics against photosensitization-induced biological damages: PB phenolics, allylpyrocatechol (APC) may play a role in protecting biological systems against damage by eliminating O2 generated from certain endogenous photosensitizers. (2) Antioxidant / Hepatoprotective: Influence of Piper betle on Hepatic Marker Enzymes and Tissue Antioxidant Status in Ethanol-Treated Wistar Rats: Results indicate P. betle provide a significant hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect. (3) Antibacterial: Study showed PB had a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against all test pathogens, including Rastonia, Xanthomonas and Erwinia. Test also showed that PB solvent extract had an action superior to streptomycin. (4) Hepatoprotective / Chemopreventive / AntiLiver Fibrosis: Protection effect of piper betel leaf extract against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in rats: Study supports a chemopreventive potential of PB leaves against liver fibrosis. (5) Antioxidant: Study showed a leaf extract to inhibit the radiation-induced lipid peroxidation process effectively, attributed to its ability to scavenge free radicals involved in initiation and propagation steps. with elevation of the antioxidant status in the study animals. (7) Antioxidant / HbE-beta Thalassemia:The frequent blood transfusions in HbE-beta thalassemia cause an iron overload that triggers an enhanced generation of free radicals. The study showed the ethanolic extract of Piper betle has promising antioxidant activity against erythrocytes from patients with HbE-beta thalassemia.(13)

 Chemical Constituents / Insect Attractant Property: Study yielded chavibetol and B-sitosterol from the petroleum ether extract and allylpyrocatechol from the methanol extract. Field tests in a cornfield using traps containing the extracts did not detect adult moths of Ostrinia salentialis. (8) Pro-apoptotic Effect / Anti-Leishmaniasis: In a comparative in vitro anti-leishmanial activity of methanolic extracts from two landraces of Piper betle. The PB-BM (P betle landrace Bangla Mahoba) selectively inhibited both stages of Leishmania parasites without macrophage cytotoxicity. The efficacy mediated through apoptosis is probably due to higher content of eugenol.(9) Bacteriostatic / Dental Plaque: (1) A study investigating the bacteriostatic effect of Piper betle and P guajava showed both extracts have bacteriostatic effect on the plaque bacteria through suppression of growth and propagation of cells. Results suggest the decoction of plants would be a suitable if used in the control of dental plaque. (2) Results of study showed the crude extract of P betle leaves may exert anticariogenic activities related to a decrease in acid production and changes to the ultrastructure of S mutans.(10) Antihyperglycemic: Study evaluated the effect of P betle on glucose metabolism since it is consumed as betel-quid after meals. Results showed that P betle intake influences glucose metabolism beneficially. Antioxidant in STZ-Diabetic Rats: Study showed the leaf suspension of P betle showed significant antioxidant effects in STZ diabetic rats.(14) Potential Natural Antioxidant: Study was carried out on CEE (cold ethanolic extract), HWE (hot water extract) and EO (essential oil) of the leaves of P betle grown in Sri Lanka. The initial free radical scavenging activity was higher in CEE. There were no deviation sin the the antioxidant activity of the 3 extracts up to 12 months. CEE extended the shelf-life of potato chips and increased the stability of Aloe gel.(15) Carcinogenicity: Study of rats on rats fed a dry powder of betel nuts, leaves and lime showed epidermal thickening in the upper digestive tracts in rats fed the betel nut mixed with lime and the betel leaves diet. A forestomach papilloma was seen in one rat on betel leaves diet. The epidermal changes were scarcely seen in rats on either betel nut or normal diet alone.(16) Allypyrocatechol / Gastroprotective / Anti-Ulcer: The piper betel phenol, allypyrocatechol, its major antioxidant constituent, showed it can protect against indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration due to its antioxidant and mucin protecting properties.(17) Neuroprotective in Brain Alcohol Toxicity: The brain of ethanol-treated rats exhibited increased levels of lipids, lipid peroxidation and disturbances in antioxidant defenses. Study showed neuroprotective effects of P betle in experimentally induced alcohol toxicity. Antibacterial / Antifungal / Essential Oil: Essential oil from common betel was against against E coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staph aureus and Strep pyogenes. The major compound in the oil from the leaf, stem, stalk and root was saffrole; from the fruit, -phellandrene. Antifungal activity against Clodosporium sp. indicate the essential oil possesses at least one fungicidal compound. Antihistaminic / Essential Oil: Study was done of P. betel ethanolic extract and essential oil on its effects on histamine aerosol-induced bronchoconstriction in whole guinea pig. Results conclude the ethanolic extract and essential oil possess antihistaminic activity.(21) Skin Antiseptic: Study evaluated the effectiveness of a 20% Piper betle leaf infusion as an antiseptic solution in pre-surgery cataract patients. Results showed the infusion to have an antiseptic potential. However, the 10% povidone-iodine solution was more effective antiseptic capability.(22) Anti-Ulcer / Wound Healing / Antioxidant: Study showed a significant healing effect on NSAIDinduced peptic ulcer in albino rats. The healing action was attributed to the free radical scavenging activity of the plant extract. APC, one of the phenol constituents showed significant protection against indomethacin-induced ulcers in Sprague-Dawley rats. The protection was correlated with antioxidative

and mucin-protecting properties. Antioxidant / Antiproliferative: An ethyl acetate extract showed the highest ferric reducing activity and radical scavenging activities against DPPH, superoxide anion and NO radicals, which was attributed to its high phenolic content. Analyses yielded catechin, morin, and quercetin in the leaves. The plant extract also showed highest inhibitory effect against proliferation of MCF-7 cells, with increased activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase. (25) Antidermatophytic: Crude ethanolic extracts of P. betle leaves, A. galanga rhizomes, and A. escalonicum bulbs were tested against selected zoonotic dermatophytes (M. canis, M. gypseum, and T. mentagrophytes) and yeast-like Candida albicans. All the extracts caused concentration-dependent suppression of fungi growth. Testing showed Pb cream formulation with a potential therapeutic values for treatment of dermatophytosis.(26) Anti-Adherence Effect of Dental Plaque on Saliva-Coated Glass Surfaces: Study evaluated aqueous extracts of P. betle and P. guajava for anti-adherence effect on adhesions of early plaque settlers (Strep. mitis, Strep sanguinis and Actinomyces sp.) using saliva-coated glass surface to simulate the pellicle-coated enamel surface of the oral cavity. Results showed adherence of early plaque settlers was inhibited to a certain extent by Piper betle and Psidium guajava extracts. The mechanism may involve the modification of hydrophobic bonding between bacteria and buccal salivary components.(27) Antimicrobial / Leaves: Study evaluated an aqueous extract of fresh leaves for antimicrobial activity. Results showed effective inhibitory action against the tested organisms (E. coli, Vibrio cholera, S. typhi, and S. parathyphi A and B). (29) Antigenotoxic / Gamma Irradiation and Cyclophsphamide Treatment: Study evaluated the antigenotoxic effect of P. betle leaves in gamma irradiation and cyclophosphamide treated animals. Results showed not drug toxicity at tested doses. A methanol extract 1/2 hour prior to irradiation protected the animals against gamma irradiation and cyclophosphamide treatment. (30) Cytotoxicity / Anticancer Potential: Study evaluated an aqueous extract of leaves to cytotoxicity studies on Hep-2 cell line. The mean CTC50 was 96.25 ug/ml suggesting potent cytotoxicity and probable anticancer property. (31) Potential Anti-Diabetic / Leaves: Study evaluated the possibility of P. betle as a neutraceutical for diabetes mellitus patients. Patients were treated with either P. betle or triphal (an herbal antidiabetic drug). Results demonstrated the ability of P. betle capsules made from spray dried powder of betel hot water extract as a potential treatment for type 2 diabetes patients. (32) Antimalarial / Antioxidant: Study evaluated the phytochemical and antioxidant potentials of a crude extract for possible antimalarial effects. Phytochemical screening yielded antiplasmodial chemical constituents. The extract exhibited potent ability to scavenge free radicals and demonstrated significant schizonticidal activity in all three antimalarial evaluation models. (33) Antifungal / Hydroxychavicol: Hydroxychavicol, isolated from the chloroform extraction of the aqueous extract of P. betle, was investigated for antifungal activity against 124 strains of selected fungi. Hydroxychavicol exhibited inhibitory effects on fungal species of clinical significance. It also exhibited an extended post antifungal effect for Candida species and suppression of mutant emergence. Results suggest a potential antifungal agent for topical applications, as well as a gargle for oral candida infections.(35) Antimicrobial / Antioxidative / Anti-Hemolytic Activities: A study of leaf extract showed antibacterial, antioxidative, and anti-hemolytic activities. The bioactive molecule for antibacterial activity was presumed to be sterol, which was obtained in large quantities. The antioxidative and antihemolytic activities were attributed to the high concentration and combined activity of flavonoids and polyphenols.(37)

Concerns
Contact Dermatitis: Betel quid assembly is commonly causes contact dermatitis, most of it is irritant caused by alkaline slaked lime (apog). Occasional cases are caused by the P betle inflorescence. Betel Chewer's Cancer: Chronic users have been warned on observed cases of buccal cancer.

Availability
Wild-crafted.

Ilang-ilang
Ylang-ylang Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook f. & Thomson
PERFUME TREE

Yi lan Scientific names

Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook f. & Thomson Cangangium odoratum (Lam.) Baill. ex King Unona odorata (Lam.) Baill.

Common names
Ilang-ilang (Tag.) Ylang-ylang (Tag.) Perfume tree (Engl.) Fragrant cananga (Engl.) Macassar oil plant (Engl.)

Ilang-ilang is a common name shared by (1) Ilang-ilang gubat, Desmos cochinchinensis (2) Ilang-ilang, Cangana odorata.

Other vernacular names

BURMESE: Sagasein. CHINESE: Guo luo shi, Xiang shui shi, Jia na kai, Yi lan xiang. FRENCH: Canang odorant, Ilang-ilang en arbre. GERMAN: Ilang-Ilang, Ilang-Ilangbaum. GUAM: Alang-ilang. HAWAIIAN: Lanalana. INDIA: Apurvachampaka, Chettu sampangi, Karumugai. INDONESIA: Kernanga. JAPANESE: Iraniran noki, Ban reishi. LAOTIAN: Ka dan nga thay. MALAY: Kananga, Kenanga utan, Bungan sandat. PORTUGUESE: Cananga, Ilanga. RUSSIAN: Ilang-ilang, Zheltyi ilang-lang, Kananga duchistaia.

SPANISH: Alangiln, Cadmia, Cananga, Ilang-ilang. THAI: Fereng, Kradang nga thai.

General info
Ylang ylang means "flowers of flowers." A variety, Cangana odorata macrophylla (Cannagium odoratum macrophylla) yields Cananga oil, also used in the manufacture of cosmetics and soap, flavoring of foods as gelatins and puddings.

Botany
Ilang-ilang is a medium-sized tree growing 10 to 30 meters in height, with pendulous branches, with drooping, leafy twigs. Flowers are fragrant, axillary, in umbellate hanging clusters, with three sepals and six petals, twisted when young and drooping when mature. Leaves are dark green, up to 20 centimeters in length, alternate, simple, entire. Fruit is black in color, 1.5 to 2 centimeters in length, in axillary clusters, fleshy and olive-like, with six to 12 seeds in each fruit.

Distribution
- Cultivated for ornamental purposes. - Introduced.

Constituents
The oil extracted from fresh flowers has a floral fragrance. The oil is distilled from freshly harvested flowers. Fractionation of essential oil isolated 17 compounds. From the volatile, oxygenated and hydrocarbon fractions, 52 compounds were identified, among them: (alpha)-cedrene, (alpha)-amorphene, (gamma)gisabolene and cadinols. From the leaves and branches, two unusual lactones were isolated: one already known, isosiphonodin; and the other, canangone, a new terpenoid spirolactone.

Properties
Sedative, antidepressant, and nervous system tonic.

Distribution
Cultivated for ornamental purposes.

Parts used
Flowers, bark, oil.

Uses
Folkloric - Oil Used for a variety of infectious and skin diseases, acne and scalp conditions. - Sedative and antidepressant. - Reduces sebum in oily skin. - Use for insect bite. - Reportedly used to decrease blood pressure. - In Tonga and Samoa, bark used to treat stomach ailments and as a laxative. - In Java, flowers used for malaria, and fresh flowers, pounded into a paste, used for asthma. Others Oil / Fragrance: (1) Primary commercial product is the oil distilled for the perfume industry. Oil is used as a fragrance for cosmetics (1% in perfumes), soaps, shampoos, creams and lotions. (2) Oil also used as flavoring agent for beverages, ice cream, candies and baked goods. Aromatherapy: Essential oil used in aromatherapy, with claims of usefulness for depression, breathing problems, hypertension, and anxiety.. Also regarded as an aphrodisiac. In some Asian countries, the flowers are laid out in matrimonial beds. An ingredient in motion sickness medicine, MotionEaze. Ornamental: Fragrant flowers used in making lei and headdresses. Wood: Wood is used in making small canoe parts, furniture, fuelwood and cordage. (11)

Studies
Cytotoxic / Anticancer: Cytotoxic constituents of the Fruits of Cananga odorata: A new guaipyridine sesquiterpene alkaloid, cananodine, and two new eudesmane sesqiuiterpenes were isolated from the

fruits of CO and were evaluated for cytotoxicity against two human hepatocarcinoma cell lines. Antibacterial and cytotoxic compounds from the bark of Cananga odorata: Isolated compounds from the bark showed antibacterial activities, as well as antifungal and cytotoxic activities. Relaxing Effect / Aromatherapy: Using human physiological parameters and self-evaluation after transdermal absorption In a study of 40 healthy volunteers, ylang ylang oil caused a significant decrease of blood pressure and increase of skin temperature with subjective ratings of being calmer and more relax than in the control group. Study suggests some evidence of usage of the ylang ylang oil in aromatherapy for relief of depression and stress in humans. Antifertility / spermatotoxic: (1) The study of ethanol extract of Cananga odorata possesses antifertility effects with statistically significant alterations in sperm morphology as well as activity of HMG CoA reductase and G6PD activities and serum testosterone. (2) Study of 50% ethanolic extract of root bark of C odorata resulted in spermatotoxic effects, ie, decreased epididymal sperm motility and sperm count in male albino rats.

Safety / Allergy concerns

- Probably safe in the amount found in foods. - No known interactions with herbs and other dietary supplements. - In cosmetics, used in moderation, the oil is non-toxic and a non-irritant. However, the oil is considered as an allergen, and has been removed from some cosmetics. (11)

Availability
Wild-crafted. Cultivated for ornamental use. Essentials oils from the cybermarket.

Ipil-ipil
Santa Elena
Leucaena glauca Linn.
LEAD TREE

Scientific names
Mimosa glauca Linn. Acacia glauca Wiild.. Leucaena glauca Linn. Leucaena leucocephala Lam.

Yin he huan Common names

Agho (P. Bis.) Aghog (P. Bis.) Ipel (Tag.) Ipil-ipil (Tag.) Kabahero (C. Bis.)

Kariskis (Ilk.) Komkompitis (Ilk.) Loyloi (S. L. Bis.) Santa Elena (Span.) San Pedro (P. Bis.) Lead tree (Engl.) Leucaena (Engl.) Yin he huan (Chin.)

Other vernacular names

AFRIKAANS: Reuse Wattel. CHAMORRO: Tangan-Tangan, Tangantangan. CHINESE: Bai he huan. FIJIAN: Balori, Vaivai, Vaivai Ni Vavalangi. FRENCH: Faux mimosa, Faux-acacia, Graines de lin, Tamarin batard. HAWAIIAN: Koa haole. INDONESIAN: Lamtoro. KOSRAEAN: Rohbohtin, Tuhngantuhngan. PALAUAN: Telentund. SAMOAN: Fua Pepe, Lusina. SPANISH: Guaje, Huaxin, Tamarindo Silvestre, Uaxim, Santa Elena. TONGAN: Siale Mohemohe.

Botany
Ipil-ipil is a small tree growing up 8 meters high. Leaves are compound, 15 to 25 centimeters long, with hairy rachis. Pinnae are 8 to 16, and 5 to 8 centimeters long. Leaflets are 20 to 30, linear oblong, and 7 to 12 millimeters long. Heads are solitary, at the axils of the leaves, long-peduncled, globose, and 2 to 5 centimeters in diameter, with many flowers. Flowers are whitish, in dense globue heads, 2 to 3 centimeters in diameter. Fruit is an oblong or linear pod, strap-shaped, 12 to 18 centimeters long, 1.4 to 2 centimeters wide, papery, green turning to brown and splitting open along two edges when mature, and several fruits developing from each flower head. Each pod contains 15 to 25 elliptic, compressed, shining, brown seeds, each 5 to 8 millimeters long, 3 to 5 millimeters wide.

Distribution:
- In settled areas at low and medium altitudes throughout the Philippines. - Locally gregarious and abundant. - Introduced from tropical America. - Now pantropic.

Constituents
Raw seeds yield fat, 8.68%; crude fiber, 22.59%; nitrogen-free material other than fiber, 9.78%; nitrogen, 6.42%; sucrose; water, 14.8%; ash, 4.2%. Seed contains the toxic amino acid mimosine.

Properties
Acrid, sweet, bitter, mildly toxic.

Parts utilized
Dried seeds.

Uses
Edibility In some provinces, seeds occasionally used as a coffee substitute. Folkloric - In the Philippines, not much utilized as a medicinal plant. - Roasted seeds used as emollient. - Used for Intestinal parasitism: ascaris and trichinosis. - Roots in decoction used as emmenagogue. - Decoction of bark and roots is a powerful emmenagogue. In the West Indies, used as abortifacient. - In China, seeds are eaten to rid of round worms. Others Leaves: Leaves are high in protein and can be used as feed supplement. Wood: In the Philippines, popular use as firewood and reforestation work. Also, used for carving. Cover crop: Also much used as a cover crop and exterminator of kogon. Dye: Produces a brown dye. Seeds: Occasionally used as coffee substitute; also for decorating bags. Forage: Highly nutritious forage tree.

Veterinary concerns
Leaves reported to be injurious to horses and young cattle who feed on it, causing falling hair from the manes and tails. Goats do not seem to be affected. The effect is attributed to the glucoside mimosine in leaves and seeds. Feeding the leaves to breeding animals may also affect reproduction. In poultry, it may cause decrease in production and delay in the birds reaching sexual maturity.

Studies
Seed Gum / Tablet Binder: (1) R&D on seed gum for a pharmaceutical substitute for the imported guar gum used as a binder in tablet formulation. In 1996, ipil-ipil was found to be an excellent liquid excipient as a suspending and thickening agent. (2) The seed galactomannan of L leucocephala, with properties similar to guar gum was evaluated as a pharmaceutical binder and compared with standard

pharmaceutical binders regarding properties of compressibility, micromeritic and mechanical properties. Inhibition of Growth of Hair by Mimosine: Loss of hair been reported in animals following ingesting of seeds and foliage and in women after consumption of LG seeds. The toxic principle is leucenol, an amino-acid (identical to the mimosine of Mimosa pudica) found primarily in the seeds of ipil-ipil, and in lesser amounts in foliage and stems. (1) Mimosine-Iron Complexes: Study by Andre Gerard van Veen studied the properties of the seed's amino acid mimosine, a pyridoxine derivative, associated with hair follicle toxicity in the anagen phase of growth. He noted that the outbreaks of alopecia occurred only when the plant consumed was prepared in clay pots. In iron pots, no alopecia occurred, explained by the formation of mimosine-iron complexes that reduced the absorption of mimosine. Mimosine Enhancement of sensitivity of hepatoma and lung cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs: Mimosine inhibited the proliferation of liver and lung cancer cells and blocked cell cycle progression from G1 to S phases. There was reduction of formation of colony of cancer cells. Mimosine may act via inhibition of cyclin D1 synthesis. Long-term treatment of mimosine induced apoptosis in liver and lung cancer cells. Results conclude mimosine is a potent anti-cancer agent and can enhance the cytocidal effect of chemotherapeutic drugs. (3) Anti-Cancer / Mimosine: Mimosine, a plant specific amino acid extracted from the seeds of Lg, inhibited the proliferation of human hepatoma and lung cancer cells by suppression of cyclin D1, activating cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor and inducing apoptosis of cancer cells. Anti-Cancer / Mimosine / Additive Cytocidal Effect: Mimosine showed an additive cytocidal effect in combination with chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin in vivo. Anti-Cancer / Antiproliferative: Study extract polysaccharides from the seeds of L leucocephala, sulfated to a sulfated glycosylated form. Results showed the sulfated glycosylated form possessed significant anti-proliferative activity against different cell lines. It induced HepG2 cell death by necrosis, but not apoptosis. Study concludes the chemical modification of leucaena gum induced its cancer chemopreventive and anti-proliferative activities. Bioactivity Study / Central Nervous System Depressant: Study of chloroform soluble and ethyl acetate soluble alkaloidal extracts from the seeds of Leucaena leucocephala showed central nervous system depressant activity evidenced by a decrease in respiratory rate and depth and a decrease in motor activity. . Disintegrant Action: L leucocephala seed gum was evaluated for disintegrant action in lactose-based tablets containing ibuprofen, a relatively insoluble drug. Study showed the seed gum swells rapidly when brought in contact with water, generating enough pressure to cause disintegration action. (8) Anthelmintic Effect: Study of seed extracts showed the most active fraction to contain polar polyphenols, providing scientific justification for the use of the aqueous extract in traditional practice and application in anthelmintic therapy in veterinary practice. (9) Polyprenols: Study isolated from the whole plant of L leucocephala: ficapreol-11 (polyprenol), squalene and lupeol, isolated fro the first time from the species, plus 9 other known compounds. Hypoglycemic: Study in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats showed the extract of LL seed acts as a hypoglycemic agent by selective regeneration of beta-cells of STZ-damaged pancreas while also

protecting the beta-cells from the necrotic effect of STZ. (15) Seed Polysaccharide / Drug Delivery: Seed polysaccharide can be used for controlled release of both water-soluble and water-insoluble types of drugs. The extent of release can be varied by controlling degree of cross-linking. (16) Iron in Mimosine Toxicity: Growing rats consuming diets with 25% L. leucocephala suffered mild alopecia, cataracts, reversible paralysis, severe growth retardation and mortality. Addition of Ferrous sulphate (2%) protected the animals from toxic symptoms. Antidiabetic: Study of active fractions of L. leucocephala seeds on alloxan-induced diabetic rats showed antidiabetic activities, with bioactive compounds indicating glycoside compounds with galactose monosaccharide clusters and other saccharides. (18) Seed Oil / Antimicrobial: L. leucocephala seed oil extract showed concentration-dependent activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The lotion formulation had good pharmaceutical properties. (19) Seed Composition and Activities: Study on two varieties of L. leucocephala whole seeds and seed fraction revealed that the seed kernel portion is primarily the potential source of protein. Seeds exhibited urease activity, amylase activity, saponins, and hemagglutinins; while trypsin inhibitors, amylase inhibitors, and cyanogenetic glycosides were absent. (21) Antioxidant / Cytotoxicity: A 20% aqueous methanol dried leaf extract was evaluated for antioxidant and cytotoxic activity. Fractionation isolated epicatechin-3-O-gallate (1) along with two quercetin glycosides: quercetin-3-O-arabinofuranoside (2) and quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside (3) together with apigenin (4). On DPPH assay, the isolated compounds showed strong antioxidant activity. Compound 1 showed slight toxicity against Vero cells. (22)

Availability
Wild-crafted.

Tuba-tuba
Jatropha gossypifolia Linn.
RED PHYSIC NUT

Ye lie yan ma feng shu Scientific names Jatropha gossypifolia Linn. Jatropha elegans (Pohl) Klotz. in Seemann Adenoropium gossypifolium (L.) Pohl Manihot gossypifolia Chodat & Hassl. Common names Balautandoiong (Ilk.) Tagumbau-a-nalabaga (Ilk.) Taua-taua (Ilk.) Tuba-sa-budia (Bik.)

Tuba-tuba (P. Bis., C. Bis.) Lansi-lansindan (Tag.) Red physic nut (Engl.) Belly-ache bush (Engl.) Cotton-leaf physic nut bush (Engl.) Cotton-leaved jatropha (Engl.) Ye lie yan ma feng shu (Chin.) Other vernacular names FRENCH : Manioc feuilles de cotonnier, Mdicinier barachin, Petit mdicinier. INDIA: Kammatti, Seemayavanaku, Seemayamanakku, Kattamanakku. INDONESIAN: Jarak landi, Larak ulung. JAPANESE: Yatorofa goshipiforia. MALAYSIAN: Jarak belanda, Jarak china. NEPALESE : Laal baghandi, Sajyon. RUSSIAN: Iatrofa gessipifolia. SPANISH: Frailecillo, Frailecito, Pin de Espaa, San Jean del Cobre, Ta-ta, Yuca morada, THAI: Sabu daeng, Salot daeng, Si lot.

Botany Tuba-tuba is an erect, branched shrub usually less than one meter high. Petioles, leaf

margins and inflorescences are covered with numerous, capitate-glandular hairs. Leaves a shining, smooth, palmately 3- or 5-lobed, 7 to 12 centimeters long, the lobes oblong-ovate and the younger leaves being purplish. Flowers are purple, small, borne on cymes. Capsule are usually 3-lobed, about 1 centimeter long.

Distribution - In waste places at low altitudes in Amburayan; in Ilocos Sur, La Union, Pangasinan, Rizal Provinces in Luzon; and in Biliran, Leyte, Negros, Cebu, and Mindanao. - Native of tropical America. - Now pantropic. Constituents - Roots yield a very toxic alkaloid, jatrophine, 4 %. - Stem yields an active principles, a glucoside and a resin. - Reported to contain psychoactive substances:protease curcain, the alkaloid jatrophine, the cyclic heptapeptide, cyclogossine A, saponins and numerous fatty acids. - Latex yielded a new cyclic octapeptide, cyclogossine B, together with the known cyclic heptapeptide, cyclogossine A. Parts used Leaves, roots, latex, bark, seeds. Uses Folkloric - In the Philippines, cataplasm of fresh leaves is applied to swollen breasts.

- In Venezuela, roots are used in leprosy; decoction of leaves used as purgative and stomachic. - Latex used on ulcers. - In Antilles, leaves are used as febrifuge for intermittent fevers. - Decoction of bark used as emmenagogue. - Leaves applied to boils and carbuncles, eczema and itches. - In the Gold Coast, leaves and seeds used as purgative. - Leaves are boiled and used as baths for fevers. - Juice used for sores on babies' tongues. - In the Gold Coast, the pith of old, thick stems yield a yellowish, brown substance which is placed in a clean cloth and squeezed into the nostrils, causing the patient to sneeze and cure the headache. - Decoction of leaves used for venereal disease and as blood purifier. - Seeds contain an oil which is purgative and emetic. - Oil from the seeds used for leprosy. - The Madoerese used the roasted seeds as purgative. Others - Illuminant: Seeds contain 36% oil; used as an illuminant in Africa. - Fire barrier / Magical powers: In Africa, swaths are planted around villages as fire barriers. Also believed to protect against lightning, snakes and violence.

Toxicity Toxins: Red physic nut contains toxins in the seeds, sap and other tissues which could b fatal to humans. Although, poisoning cases are rare, the use of seeds in herbal medicine should be avoided.

Studies Hemostatic / Procoagulant:A study investigating the coagulant activity of J gossypifolia stem latex as a hemostatic agent showed it to have procoagulant activity through precipitation of coagulant factors. (2) Hemostatic / Safety Studies: The efficacy of stem latex in stopping bleeding from the nose, gums, and skin has been established. Study on the safety of the stem latex on Wista albino rats showed no adverse effects on liver, kidney and bone marrow functions. (8) Anti-Inflammatory / Analgesic: Study of the methanolic and petroleum ether extracts of Jatropha gossypifolia showed greater anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities compared standard drugs, indomethacin and diclofenac. The methanolic extract showed more activity than the PE extract in the treatment of pain and inflammation. (3) Hepatoprotective: Study showed J gossypifolia with strong hepatoprotective action against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatic damage in rats. Petroleum ether extracts showed maximum protectivity. (4) Antimicrobial: Study on ten human pathogens showed methanol and ethanol extracts of leaves of Jatropha gossypifolia to have antimicrobial activity against S typhi, S aureus and aeruginosa. Phytochemical screening revealed phlobatannins and tannins in the methanol extract of JG. (5) Insecticidal: Extract from senescent leaves of J. gossypifolia had significant toxicity against Spodoptera litura. (8) Leaf extract showed insecticidal activity against second insta of Spodoptera exigua. (9) Analgesic / Neuropharmacologic / Anti-Diarrheal / Fruits: In vitro study evaluated a methanol extract of fruits. Results showed highly significant analgesic activity by acetic acid induced writhing inhibition test. It showed significant sedative effect and highly significant anxiolytic activity. It also showed highly significant anti-diarrheal activity. (12) Antimicrobial / Anti-Inflammatory / Bark: Study evaluated J. gossypifolia bark extracts for antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory potential. The methanol extract showed prominent antimicrobial activity. Both methanol and petroleum ether extracts significantly reduced carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. (13) Availability Wild-crafted.

Kamantigi
Impatiens balsamina Linn.
TOUCH-ME-NOT

Ji xing zi

Scientific names
Impatiens balsamina Linn. Impatiens triflora Blanco Balsamina hortensis Deer.

Common names
Balsam (Engl.) Rose balsam (Engl.) Kamantigi (Ilk., Tag., Pamp.) Salonga (Bis.) Solonga (Bis.) Saungga (Sul.) Suranga (Bik., Bis.) Garden balsam (Engl.) Jewelweed (Engl.) Rose balsam (Engl.) Touch-me-not (Engl.) Ji xing zi (Chin.)

Other vernacular names

BENGALI: Dopati. CHINESE: Feng xian hua, Zhi jia hua, Feng xian tou gu cao. DUTCH: Balsamine. GUJARATI: Gulmehendi. MALAYALAM: Thilam Oonappuu, Thottachinungi, Mechingam. MARATHI:: Terada, Gulmendi. COUNTRY: Name SANSKRIT: Dushparijati. SPANISH: Miramelindo. TAMIL: Kaci-t-tumpai. THAI: Thian-ban. URDU: Gul mehendi.

Gen info
Impatiens is a genus of about 850-1,000 species of flowering plants, and together with the puzzling Hydrocera triflora, the genus makes up the family Balsaminaceae. Some of the species are closer to Hydrocera than the presumed congeners. Phylogenetic studies might suggest a need to split up Impatiens.

Botany
Kamantigi is an annual, erect, succulent, branched herb, 1 meter high or less. Leaves are smooth, somewhat glabrous or pubescent, 3 to 5 centimeters long, narrowly lanceolate or oblanceolate, pointed at both ends, deeply serrate, alternate, the petioles with basal glands as seen under a magnifying glass. Flowers are axillary, showy, 2 to 3 centimeters long, usually pink, but forms with white, red, purple, or variegated petals are also found in cultivation. The sepal spur is long and slender. The stamens are 5, filaments short, broad, anthers uniting. The ovary is 5-celled, the stigma, 5-toothed, the ovules many. Fruits are loculicidal capsules, pubescent and explosive when ripe.(Insert below) The seeds are small, tubercled, and rounded.

Distribution
Widely cultivated for ornamental purposes, throughout the Philippines. Seed propagation. Native of India, now cultivated in all warm countries.

Constituents and properties

Leaves, sulfur and pectin; roots, peroxidase; seeds, oil and phenol. Napththoquinone, coumarin derivatives, flavonoid and steroid have been reported. Alcoholic extract of flowers possess antibiotic activity against some fungi and bacteria. Study isolated four rare baccharane glycosides from the seeds of IB. (Link) Study showed the pericarp contains three dinaphthofuran-7,12-dione derivatives, all with significant anti-itching activity. Study isolated a natural bisnaphthoquinone, methylene-3,3'-bilawsone from the root cultures, along with lawsone, 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthquinone, scopoletin, isofraxidin and a sterol, spinasterol.

Properties
Considered emetic, cathartic, anti-infectious, diuretic, expectorant, tonic. Flowers are mucilaginous and cooling.

Parts utilized
Roots, stems, flowers, and seeds.

Uses
Edibility / Culinary Leaves and seeds are edible: leaves and young shoots are cooked; the seeds raw or cooked. In Bali, leaves are eaten. Folkloric In the Philippines, pounded leaves used as poultice to dissolve whitlow. In Malaya, leaves used for poulticing broken and torn nails. In China, powdered seeds are prescribed for difficult labor. Flowers used for snake bites, lumbago, and intercostal neuralgia. For contusion, painful inflammation, joint pains, carbuncles, dysmenorrhea, lumbago, and snake bites: use dried flowers, 3 to 6 gms or seed preparation, 3 to 7 gms or the entire plant, 9 to 15 gms, boil to decoction and drink. Seed is expectorant; used for cancer treatments. For external use on any bruise or painful area; crush fresh plant and poultice the affected parts of the body. Leaf juice used for treatment of warts. Root and leaves used for various foreign bodies - coins or other metals inadvertently swallowed, as well as thorns or fish splinters. In the U.S. the most common use of jewelweed is to treat poison ivy rashes. Others Dye: Dyes is obtained from flowers and leaves. In parts of Asia, flowers are used as a substitute for Henna for dyeing finger-nails.

Studies
Antifungal / Antimicrobial: Antifungal activity of synthetic peptides derived from Impatiens balsamina antimicrobial peptides Ib-AMP1 and Ib-AMP4: Study showed potential of Impatiens balsamina antimicrobial peptides in combating fungal infections. (1) Antimicrobial: Study isolated a single bioactive compound, 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (MNQ) which showed activity against 8 of 12 bacteria and all 8 fungi tested. Antianaphylactic: Antianaphylactic effects of the ethanolic extract from the petals of Impatiens balsamina L. in mice: Study of extracts from the white flowers of IB showed IB had significant antianaphylactic activity.(2) Kaempferol / Lawsone /Antianaphylactic: In a study on the antianaphylactic effects of an ethanol extract of IB, kaempferol 3-rutinoside and lawsone from Impatiens balsamina significantly inhibited the decrease of blood flow. Anti-inflammatory: Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitory 1,4-Naphthoquinones from Impatiens balsamina L.: Study showed evidence supporting traditional use of Impatiensbalsamina for rheumatism, pain and swelling.(3) Antipruritic / Antidermatitic: Extract studies in atopic dermatitis model NC mice showed IB to be effective for the prevention and treatment of atopic dermatitis. (5) Antipruritic / Pericarp / Balsaminones: Dinaphthofuran-7,12-dione derivatives, balsaminones A and B were isolated from the pericarp of Impatiens balsamina L. together with the known compound 2methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone. The compounds exhibited significant antipruritic activity.(6) Antipruritic: In an animal study using Dextran T40 and compound 48;80 to cause histamine release and induce itching, the ethanol extract of Ib significantly inhibited the scratching behavior. Kaempferol, quercetin and 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives in Ib were demonstrated to show antipruritic effects. (8) Anti-Tumor: Study isolated a final and active component, 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, which showed an intensive in vitro anti-tumor activity against HepG2 cells. (7) Antibacterial / Kaempferol / Acne Treatment: Study investigated the antibacterial activity of kaempferol isolated from Impatiens balsamina, alone or in combination with erythromycin or clindamycin, against antibiotic resistant Propionibacterium acnes. Results showed the combination of clindamycin with kaempferol or quercetin showed greater synergistic effect than erythromycin with kaempferol or quercitin. The combination suggested a potential for acne treatment. (10) Anti-H Pylori Activity: The acetone and ethyl acetate pod extracts of I. balsamina exhibited very strong anti-H. pyloric activity. (12) Antihelmintic: Study of five seed oils, including I. balsamina, all exhibited moderate to significant anthelmintic activity against Pheritima posthuma. (15) Antihelmintic: An ethanol extract was investigated for anticancer and in-vitro cytotoxic activities againsttransplantable tumors and human cell line. Results showed significant antitumor and cytotoxic effects against DLA and human Cancer Cell line. (20)

 Antioxidative / Flower Extract: Study on antioxidant activity of flower extracts showed the different extracts all have different activity, and the water extract showing the strongest. (21)

Caution
Because of high mineral content, concerns have been raised on regular ingestion of large quantities of the plant, especially those with gout, urolithiasis, and arthritis.

Availability
Wild-crafted. Cultivated for ornamental use.

1. Artocarpus altilis
Breadfruit, Scientific name

Uses[edit]
Breadfruit is a staple food in many tropical regions. The trees were propagated far outside their native range by Polynesian voyagers who transported root cuttings and air-layered plants over long ocean distances. Breadfruit are very rich in starch, and before being eaten, they are roasted, baked, fried or boiled. When cooked, the taste of moderately ripe breadfruit is described as potato-like, or similar to freshly baked bread. Very ripe breadfruit becomes sweet, as the starch converts to sugar.

The fruit of the breadfruit tree - whole, sliced lengthwise and in cross-section

Because breadfruit trees usually produce large crops at certain times of the year, preservation of the harvested fruit is an issue. One traditional preservation technique is to bury peeled and washed fruits in a leaf-lined pit where they ferment over several weeks and produce a sour, sticky paste. So stored, the product may last a year or more, and some pits are reported to have produced edible contents more than

20 years later. Fermented breadfruit mash goes by many names such as mahr, ma, masi, furo, and bwiru, among others.

[3]

Drawing of breadfruit by John Frederick Miller

Most breadfruit varieties also produce a small number of fruits throughout the year, so fresh breadfruit is always available, but somewhat rare when not in season. Breadfruit can be eaten once cooked, or can be further processed into a variety of other foods. A common product is a mixture of cooked or fermented breadfruit mash mixed with coconutmilk and baked in banana leaves. Whole fruits can be cooked in an open fire, then cored and filled with other foods, such as coconut milk, sugar and butter, cooked meats, or other fruits. The filled fruit can be further cooked so the flavor of the filling permeates the flesh of the breadfruit. The Hawaiian staple food called poi, made of mashed taro root, is easily substituted or augmented with mashed breadfruit. The resulting "breadfruit poi" is called poi ulu. In Puerto Rico, breadfruit is called panapen or pana, for short. Pana is often served boiled with a mixture of sauteed bacalao (salted cod fish), olive oil and onions. It is also served as tostones or mofongo. In the Dominican Republic, it is known by the name buen pan or "good bread". Breadfruit is also found in Indonesia and Malaysia, where it is called sukun. In the South Indian state of Kerala and coastal Karnataka, especially on the sides of Mangalore, where it is widely grown and cooked, it is known as kada chakka or seema chakka and deegujje, respectively. In Belize, the Mayan people call it masapan. Breadfruit is roughly 25% carbohydrates and 70% water. It has an average amount of vitamin [4] C (20 mg/100 g), small amounts of minerals (potassiumand zinc) and thiamin (100 g/100 g). Breadfruit was widely and diversely used among Pacific Islanders. Its lightweight wood (specific gravity of [5] 0.27) is resistant to termites andshipworms, so is used as timber for structures and outrigger [6] [6] canoes. Its wood pulp can also be used to make paper, called breadfruit tapa. It is also used in [6] traditional medicine to treat illnesses that range from sore eyes to sciatica. Native Hawaiians used its [7] sticky latex to trap birds, whose feathers were made into cloaks.

In a 2012 research study published in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, scientists at the Agricultural Research Service (ARS), a division of the USDA, and collaborators at the University of British Columbia in Okanagan, Canada, "identified three breadfruit compounds capric, undecanoic and lauric acids that act as insect repellents ... Capric, undecanoic and lauric acids, which are saturated fatty [9][10] acids, were found to be significantly more effective at repelling mosquitoes than DEET."

[8]

Local names for breadfruit[edit]

Andhra Pradesh: Koora Panasa pandu (panasakai) Nigeria (Ibo): Ukwa Philippines: Kamansi (Tagalog, Kapampangan; also the name for the breadnut); Dalungyan, Rimas, Ogob (Quezon Province, Bikol languages, Visayan languages) Indonesia: Sukun Thailand, Vietnam: Sa Ke () Tonga: Mei Wallis: Mei Futuna (eastern): Mei Vanuatu (Tanna, lnakel language): Nek nem Tahiti: Uru Hawai'i: 'Ulu Samoa: Ulu Fiji: Uto Tamil : Curry Chakkai, Kottai Palaakkaai, Pilaa or Pilaakkaai Puerto Rico: Pana, Panapn Papua New Guinea: Kapiak (Tok Pisin); Unu (Motu) Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands: Lemai Pohnpei: Mahi Nauru: Dem Konkani: Jeevi Halasu, Jeev Kadgi, or Jeegujje (South Canara, Karnataka, India) or Gudgo (Central and South Kerala, Kerala India) Kerala, India: Kada Chakka (Malayalam: ), Cheema Chakka Karnataka, India: divi Halasu Goa, India: Neerphanas Marathi : NeerPhanas ( Sri Lanka: dhel Seychelles, Mauritius: Friyapen Comoros Islands: fruyapa Malaysia: Buah Sukun Maldives: Banbukeyo ( ) ) i.e. (in Sinhala language)

Barbados: Breadfruit Jamaica: Breadfruit Haiti: Lam veritab St. Vincent: Breadfruit Trinidad and Tobago: Breadfruit Martinique: Arbre pain Belize: Breadfruit Guatemala: Mazapan Mexico: Fruta de pan Saint Lucia: bois pain Guadeloupe : Arbre pain Guyana: Breadfruit Tanzania: Sheli sheli Solomon Islands: (Pidgin)-Breadfruit/(Temotu Province: NIMBALO) Marshall Islands: M Dominica: Breadfruit, Penpen, Yanmpen Malyalam : Sheema Chakka ( European Jack Fruit) Cambodia : Knol Somlor Panama : rbol de pan (Cooking Jack Fruit)

Scientific name: Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg Common name(s): breadfruit (English); beta (Vanuatu); bia, bulo, nimbalu (Solomon Islands); kapiak (Papua New Guinea). For more common names, please refer to Description section below. Synonym(s): Artocarpus communis, Artocarpus incisus Conservation status: Not evaluated according to IUCN Red List criteria, but widely cultivated throughout the tropics. Habitat: Riverine swamp forest and lowland evergreen rainforest. Key uses: Food plant in the tropics, timber, medicinal, occasionally planted as an ornamental. Known hazards: None known.

USES
Breadfruit is the staple diet of many people in the Pacific Islands. The fruits contain 70% water and 30% starch and sugars, with significant amounts of vitamin C and small amounts of other vitamins and minerals. The fruit pulp of seedless varieties is preferred for eating. Varieties containing seeds are sometimes referred to as breadnut. The seeds can be boiled, baked or fried and have the flavour of groundnuts (peanuts). The milky latex of the tree can be used for caulking boats. The leaves and latex are used medicinally to treat fungal diseases, to ease sprains or to treat diarrhoea. Herbal tea can be made from the leaves. The inner bark can be woven into a coarse cloth or rope. The timber of breadfruit is resistant to termites and is used for building houses and boats.