ABCD

CONTENTS: INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS (CTs & PTs) DIFFERENT TYPES OF BUSBAR LAYOUTS VOLTAGE SELECTION SCHEME ON-LOAD BYPASS ARRANGEMENT

CHAPTER-5 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS CURRENT AND VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS.

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS ARE COMMONLY USED ITEMS IN POWER SYSTEM. CURRENT & VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS INSULATE THE SECONDARY (RELAY, INSTRUMENTS & METERS) CIRCUITS FROM THE PRIMARY (POWER) CIRCUIT AND PROVIDE QUANTITIES IN THE SECONDARY WHICH ARE PROPORTIONAL TO THOSE IN THE PRIMARY. 1, CURRENT TRANSFORMER THEORY. 2, BASIC FORMULAE. 3, MAGNETISATION CURVE. 4, EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT. 5, ACCURACY REQUIREMENTS. 6, CHOICE OF C.T. CURRENT TRANFORMER FUNCTION. TWO BASIC GROUPS OF C.T. 1, MEASUREMENT C.TS-- LIMITS WELL DEFINED. 2, PROTECTION C.TS --OPERATION OVER WIDE RANGE OF CURRENTS.

CURRENT TRANSFORMER CONSTRUCTION BAR PRIMARY. MANY CURRENT TRANSFORMERS HAVE A RING SHAPED CORE. THE SECONDARY WINDING FORMS A TOROID WHICH SHOULD OCCUPY THE WHOLE PERIMETER OF THE CORE,A SMALL GAP BEING LEFT BETWEEN START AND FINISH FOR INSULATION.

SUCH CURRENT TRANSFORMERS NORMALLY HAVE A SINGLE CONCENTRICALLY PLACED PRIMARY CONDUCTOR PERMANENTLY BUILT INTO THE C.T. AND PROVIDED WITH THE NECESSARY PRIMARY INSULATION.
WOUND PRIMARY A C.T. HAS BEEN TREATED ABOVE AS BEING OF CONVENTIONAL CONTRUCTION. THIS IS TRUE FOR AUXILIARY CURRENT TRANSFORMERS AND FOR MANY LOW OR MODERATE RATIO CURRENT TRANSFORMERS FOR USE IN SWITHGEAR OF UPTO 11KV RATING. BASIC THEORY 1 PRIMARY TURN & T SECONDARY TURNS. FOR AN IDEAL TRANSFORMER :-PRIMARY AMPERE TURNS =SECONDARY AMPERE TURNS. 1X Ip =T X 1 FOR Is TO FLOW THROUGH R THERE MUST BE SOME POTENTIAL. Es =THE E.M.F. Es =Is X R

Es IS PRODUCED BY AN ALTERNATING FLUX IN THE CORE. Es PROPORTIONAL TO - d/dt PHASOR DIAGRAM CURRENT TRANSFORMER ERROR

BASIC FORMULAE
MAXIMUM SECONDARY WINDING VOLTAGE: E k =4.44 X B A f N Volts..1 Where :-E k =SECONDARY INDUCED VOLTS ( KNEE--POINT VOLTAGE ) B =FLUX DENSITY (TESLA) A =CORE CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA (Square Metres) f =SYSTEM FREQUENCY (HERTZ) N = NUMBER OF TURNS. CIRCUIT VOLTAGE REQUIRED: ES = Is (Zb+Zs +Zl ) VOLTS.2 WHERE:Is =SECONDARY CURRENT OF C.T.(Amperes) Zb =CONNECTED EXTERNAL BURDEN (OHMS) ZS =C.T.WINDING IMPEDANCE (OHMS) Zl =LEAD LOOP RESISTANCE (OHMS)

REQUIRE EK > ES

MAGNETISATION CHARACTERISTIC
C . T. EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

CURRENT TRANSFORMER RATINGS

RATED DYNAMIC CURRENT. RATIO OF :-I PEAK =I RATED ( I PEAK =MAXIMUM CURRENT C.T. CAN WITHSTAND WITHOUT SUFFERING ANY DAMAGE.)

ACCURACY LIMIT FACTOR :-- A.L.F. (OR SATURATION FACTOR )

RATIO OF:-I PRIMARY : I RATED UP TO WHICH THE C.T. RATED ACCURACY IS MAINTAINED. e.g. 200/1A C.T. WITH AN A.L.F =5 WILL MAINTAIN ITS ACCURACY FOR

IPRIMARY < 5 X 200 =1000 Amp.

CURRENT TRANSFORMER DESIGNATION

CLASS

SPECIFIED IN TERMS OF:-i, RATED BURDEN ii, CLASS (5P OR 10P) iii, ACCURACY LIMIT FACTOR (A.L.F.) EXAMPLE:-15VA 10P 20 TO CONVERT VA AND A.L.F. INTO USEFUL VOLTS VK =VA/In X ALF CHOICE OF CURRENT TRANSFORMER PRIMARY RATING C.T PRIMARY RATING > FULL LOAD CURRENT. PRACTICAL MAX. RATIO 3000/1 FOR GREATER RATIOS INTERPOSING C.T.

POLARITY

VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS ARE OF TWO TYPES :-i, ELECTROMAGNETIC VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER. ii, CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER.
IN ITS MAIN FEATURES OF CONSTRUCTION, THE TRADITIONAL TYPE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC VT RESEMBLES THE POWER TRANSFORMER.

AIR COOLED VTS ARE AVAILABLE UPTO 11KV AND ABOVE THIS VOLTAGE OIL COOLED VTS ARE USED.
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS MAY EITHER THREE PHASE, OR SINGLE PHASE CONNECTED FROM LINE TO EARTH. THREE PHASE UNITS ARE COMMON UPTO AND INCLUDING 33KV. HOWEVER FOR ECONOMICAL REASONS, ABOVE THIS SYSTEM VOLTAGE , THREE SINGLE PHASE UNITS CONNECTED AS A THREE PHASE STAR/STAR BANK ARE MORE POPULAR. CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS (CVT)

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC VT IS A HIGHLY EFFICIENT AND RELIABLE EQUIPMENT. THE COST HOWEVER INCREASES STEEPLY AS THE SYSTEM VOLTAGE INCREASES A MORE ECONOMICAL MEANS OF OBTAINING AN ACCURATE VOLTAGE REFERENCE IS THE CVT.

A SUITABLE NUMBER OF CAPACITORS ARE COUPLED IN SERIES BETWEEN LINE AND EARTH.THEY ARE TAPPED AT A CONVENIENT VOLTAGE, KNOWN AS THE INTERMEDIATE VOLTAGE, AND SUPPLY A TRANSFORMER CIRCUIT THE INDUCTIVE REACTANCE OF WHICH BALANCES THE CAPACITIVE REACTANCE OF THE COUPLER AT RATED FREQUENCY.

IT IS NECESSARY THAT SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS ARE TAKEN IN THE DESIGN OF CVT TO MINIMISE THE EFFECT OF ANY FERRO RESONANCE AND TRANSIENT RESPONSE PROBLEMS UPON THE TRUE SECONDARY OUTPUT OF THE UNIT.
ALL FORMS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS SATIS FY THE STEADY STATE AND TRANSIENT RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS NECESSARY FOR MODERN PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS. VTS HAVE TWO OR THREE WINDINGS FOR PROTECTION & METERING. METERING CORES WILL HAVE A HIGH ACCURACY OF 1 OR 0.5 WHERE AS THE PROTECTION VTS WILL HAVE AN ACCURACY OF 3. IN SOME CASES THE 3RD WINDING WILL BE USED FOR DERIVING OPEN DELTA VOLTAGE FOR DIRECTIONAL E/FRELAYS OR FOR CONNECTING NUETRAL DISPLACEMENT RELAY VDG14.

CHAPTER-6 DIFFERENT TYPES OF BUSBAR LAYOUTS

BUSBAR IS A MAIN CONNECTING LINK BETWEEN THE SUPPLY PLANT AND TRANSFORMER/ DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM. THE FOLLOWING ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTORS IN THE CHOICE OF BUSBAR CONFIGURATION. a , SYSTEM SECURITY. b , OPERATIONAL FLEXIBILITY. c , SIMPLICITY OF PROTECTION. d , EASE OF MAINTENANCE. e , EASE OF EXTENSION . f , COST. THE FOLLOWING ARE THE COMMONLY USED LAYOUTS. SINGLE BUSBAR LAYOUT (FIG.1) THIS IS THE SIMPLEST AND CHEAPEST BUSBAR LAYOUT. MAINTENANCE AND EXTENSIONS OF BUSBARS ARE NOT POSSIBLE WITHOUT SHUTDOWN. OPERATION & MAINTENANCE OF BUSBAR IS EASY.

2 , SINGLE BUSBAR LAYOUT WITH SECTIONALISER (FIG.2) THIS IS SIMILAR TO THE SINGLE BUSBAR LAYOUT EXCEPT FOR THE SECTIONALISING BREAKER OR ISOLATOR. BY KEEPING THE SECTIONALISER OPEN ONE SECTION CAN BE IN SERVICE AND THE OTHER CAN BE TAKEN FOR MAINTENANCE OR EXTENSION. IF A BUS SECTION BREAKER IS PROVIDED BUSBAR PROTECTION CAN DETECT FAULT ON ANY SECTION AND TRIP THE BREAKERS CONNECTED TO THAT SECTION AND ISOLATE IT. 3, SINGLE BUSBAR MAIN AND TRANSFER BUS ARRANGEMENT (FIG.3) IN THIS BUS LAYOUT THE INDIVIDUAL CIRCUIT BREAKER CAN BE TAKEN OUT FOR MAINTENANCE ON LOAD ONE AT A TIME. THE TRANSFER BUS COUPLER ACTS AS THE BREAKER FOR THE CIRCUIT UNDER BYPASS. THE INDIVIDUAL CIRCUIT WILL HAVE A BYPASS ISOLATOR TO CONNECT TO THE TRANSFER BUS AND THIS ISOLATOR WILL BE CLOSED DURING BYPASS OPERATION OF THAT PARTICULAR CRCUIT.

C.TS WILL NORMALLY BE OUTSIDE THE BYPASS ZONE AND THE PROTECTION WILL CONTINUE TO BE IN SERVICE . THE TRIP COMMAND HAS TO BE TRANSFERRED TO TBC BREAKER THROUGH TRIP TRANSFER SWITCH. ( TTS ) HAVING LOCKING FACILITY. TRIP TRANSFER SWITCH CAN BE TWO POSITION ONE HAVING POSITION NORMAL/ TRANSFER. OR THREE POSITION ONE HAVING POSITION NORMAL/INTER/TRANSFER. IF THE C.TS ARE IN THE BYPASS ZONE , DURING BYPASS OF A CIRCUIT EVEN THE PROTECTION WILL BE OUT OF SERVICE & TBC WILL HAVE SEPARATE PROTECTION & METERING FOR THE BYPASSED CIRCUIT. PLCC EQUIPMENT IS LINE BASED AND HENCE CARRIER HAS TO BE CONNECTED TO LINE PROTECTION UNDER NORMAL CONDITION AND TO TBC BREAKER DURING BYPASS OF THAT LINE. 4, DOUBLE BUSBAR LAYOUT.(FIG.4) THIS IS A COMMONLY USED BUS LAYOUT. NORMALLY LOAD WILL BE DISTRIBUTED ON BOTH THE BUSES AND THE BUS COUPLER WILL KEPT CLOSED. FOR MAINTENANCE & EXTENSION OF ANY ONE OF THE BUSES THE ENTIRE LOAD WILL BE TRANSFERRED TO THE OTHER BUS .

ON LOAD TRANSFER OF A CIRCUIT FROM ONE BUS TO THE OTHER IS POSSIBLE THROUGH BUS ISOLATORS PROVIDED THE BUS COUPLER IS CLOSED AND THEREBY TWO BUSES ARE AT THE SAME POTENTIAL. IN THIS BUS LAYOUT ON LOAD BYPASSING OF ANY CIRCUIT FOR BREAKER MAINTENANCE IS NOT POSSIBLE.

WHEN BUS CONNECTED V.TS ARE USED FOR PROTECTION & METERING DEPENDING ON THE BUS TO WHICH THE CIRCUIT IS CONNECTED THE CORRESPONDING BUS VOLTAGE HAS TO BE SELECTED FOR PROTN. & METERING. THIS IS ACHIEVED BY A VOLTAGE SELECTION RELAY ENERGISED BY THE BUS ISOLATOR AUXILIARY CONTACTS. IN DOUBLE BUSBAR LAYOUT FOR HIGH IMPEDANCE BUS BAR PROTECTION C.T. SWITCHING RELAYS ARE REQUIRED TO CONNECT THE C.T. TO THE CONCERNED ZONE DEPENDING UPON THE BUS TO WHICH THE CIRCUIT IS CONNECTED.
5A,DOUBLE BUSBAR CUM TRANSFER BUS LAYOUT (FIG.5A)

THIS BUS ARRANGEMENT PROVIDES THE FACILITIES OF A DOUBLE BUS ARRANGEMENT & A MAIN AND TRANSFER BUS ARRANGEMENT. THE BUS TO WHICH THE TRANSFER BUS ISOLATOR IS CONNECTED CAN BE USED AS A TRANSFER BUS ALSO. DURING THETIME A CIRCUIT IS UNDER BYPASS , THE BUS COUPLER BREAKER WILL ACT AS THE BREAKER FOR THE BYPASSED CIRCUIT.

HERE ALSO THE CTS WILL BE OUTSIDE THE BYPASS ZONE NORMALLY AND TTS AS DESCRIBED UNDER SINGLE BUS WITH TRANSFER ARRANGEMENT,WILLTRANSFER THE TRIP IMPULSE TO BUS COUPLER BREAKER. IF THE CTS ARE IN THE BYPASS ZONE, SEPARATE PROTECTION WILL BE REQUIRED ON BUS COUPLER PANEL LIKE MAIN & TRANSFER BUS ARRANGEMENT.

5B, DOUBLE BUSBAR CUM TRANSFER BUS LAYOUT (Fig-5b)

IN THIS ARRANGEMENT THE BYPASS ISOLATOR IS CONNECTED BETWEEN THE JOINING POINT OF BUS ISOLATOR AND LINE ISOLATOR. HENCE IN THIS ARRANGEMENT BOTH BUSES CAN BE USED AS MAIN BUSES AND ANY ONE CAN BE USED AS TRANSFER BUS. OTHER FEATURES SIMILAR TO ONE DESCRIBED ABOVE. 6,DOUBLE BUSBAR LAYOUT WITH TRANSFER BUS ARRANGEMENT. (Fig-6) IN THIS LAYOUT IN ADDITION TO THE MAIN BUSES THERE WILL BE A SEPARATE TRANSFER BUS ALSO. SINCE SEPARATE TRANFER BUS IS AVAILABLE THERE IS NO NEED OF TRANSFERRING THE LOAD FROM ONE BUS TO THE OTHER BUS UNLIKE IN A TWO MAIN CUM TRANSFER BUS ARRANGEMENT. OTHER FEATURES ARE SIMILAR TO THE ONE DESCRIBED ABOVE.

7, DOUBLE BUSBAR LAYOUT WITH BREAKER & HALF ARRANGEMENT (FIG.7) IN THIS LAYOUT TWO CIRCUITS WILL HAVE THREE BREAKERS. THE MIDDLE BREAKER TIES THE TWO CIRCUITS AND HENCE CALLED THE TIE BREAKER. THE PROTECTION OF EACH CIRCUIT MUST TRIP THE TIE BREAKER IN ADDITION TO ITS OWN BREAKER. THE COMBINATION OF THREE BREAKERS IS CALLED A DIAMETER. PARALLEL FEEDERS FROM THE SAME SOURCE WILL NOT BE CONNECTED TO THE SAME DIAMETER. ONE GREAT ADVANTAGE OF BREAKER AND HALF SCHEME IS THAT EVEN WHEN BOTH THE BUSES ARE OUT OF SERVICE, POWER CAN BE TRANSFERRED.

IN THIS SCHEME THERE ARE DIFFERENT WAYS OF C.T. ARRANGEMENT.

a , 3 C.T. ARRANGEMENT. b, 4 C.T. ARRANGEMENT c , 5 C.T. ARRANGEMENT. SYNCHRONISING SCHEME IS SLIGHTLY COMPLICATED FOR THIS BUS LAYOUT. AUTO RECLOSING EQUIPMENT IS BREAKER BASED. WITH THE ADVENT OF NUMERICAL RELAYS WITH BUILT IN AUTO RECLOSE SCHEME THIS PHILOSOPHY HAS TO BE REVIEWED. 8,DOUBLE BUSBAR LAYOUT WITH DOUBLE BREAKER ARRANGEMENT (FIG.8) THIS ARRANGEMENT IS VERY EXPENSIVE ONE AND HENCE FOLLOWED IN VERY IMPORTANT CIRCUITS.

IN DOUBLE BUSBAR LAYOUT MAINTENANCE OF BREAKER WITHOUT OUTAGE IS NOT POSSIBLE. IN THIS LAYOUT BREAKER MAINTENANCE FOR EACH CIRCUIT IS POSSIBLE. FOR HIGH IMPEDANCE BUSBAR PROTECTION C.T. SWITCHING IS NOT REQUIRED AS THE C.TS ON EITHER SIDE OF THE BREAKER WILL BE CONNECTED TO THE RESPECTIVE ZONES DIRECTLY. 9, MESH BUSBAR LAYOUT ( FIG.9) THIS SCHEME IS ALSO KNOWN AS RING BUS. THIS LAYOUT IS NOT VERY POPULAR. AS LONG AS THE MESH IS CLOSED LOAD HAS TWO SOURCES OF SUPPLY AND ANY CIRCUIT BREAKER MAY BE TAKEN OUT OF SERVICE WITHOUT AFFECTING THE SUPPLY. EXTENSION OF MESH STATION IS ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE. AS THE C.TS ARE CROSS CONNECTED FOR PROTECTION OF EACH CIRCUIT , NO SEPARATE BUSBAR PROTECTION IS REQUIRED.

CHAPTER-7 BUS V.T. VOLTAGE SELECTION SCHEME.

FOR LINE PROTECTION & METERING EITHER DEDICATED LINE V.T.SUPPLY OR COMMON BUS V.T. SUPPLY IS USED. IN DOUBLE BUSBAR LAYOUT SELECTED BUS VOLTAGE IS FED TO THE PROTECTION & METERING. FOR VOLTAGE SELECTION SCHEME SELF RESET RELAYS TYPE VAA51, VAA21 ARE COMMONLY USED . SOMETIMES ELECTRICALLY RESET RELAYS TYPE VAJC11 ARE ALSO USED. AS A GENERAL RULE V.TS ARE NOT TO BE PARALLELED DUE THE FACT THAT ANY DIFFERENCE IN SECONDARY VOLTAGE CAN CAUSE CIRCULATING CURRENT BETWEEN V.TS LEADING TO OVER HEATING OF WINDING. IN OUR VOLTAGE SELECTION SCHEME FOR DISTANCE PROTECTION MOMENTARY PARALLELING OF VTS IS ALLOWED. THIS IS DUE TO FOLLOWING REASONS. 1, BUS CHANGE OVER IS TAKING PLACE WITH THE BUS COUPLER CLOSED. HENCE THE DIFFERENCE IN V.T. SEC. VOLTAGE IS NEGLIGIBLE. 2, DISTANCE PROTECTION IS PRONE FOR MAL-OPERATION DUE TO LOSS OF POTENTIAL.

VOLTAGE SELECTION RELAY TYPE VAA51 IS REQUIRED FOR DISTANCE PROTECTION. SCHEMES LIKE PYTS, PYTC, PD521 WHERE VAPM31 RELAY IS USED FOR DISTANCE PROTN. V.T. FUSE FAILURE SCHEME. 2 SETS OF FUSED LEADS PER PHASE ARE TO BE BROUGHT TO THE VOL. SEL. RELAY. THE V.T SUPPLY TO THE RELAY IS EXTENDED THROUGH CONTACTS HAVING TIME DELAY ON PICK UP ( 75C ELEMENT). THIS IS DONE TO AVOID POSSIBLE MALOPERATION OF VAPM31 RELAY DUE TO POSSIBLE CONTACT RACE DURING RESTORATION OF D.C.SUPPLY. FOR DISTANCE PROTECTION LIKE MICROMHO, QUADRAMHO,OPTIMHO ,EPAC ETC. VAA21 VOLTAGE SELECTION RELAY IS SUFFICIENT, SINCE THESE RELAYS HAVE BUILT IN V.T. FUSE FAILURE SCHEME. WHEN MAIN1 & MAIN 2 DISTANCE PROTECTIONS ARE INVOLVED IT IS PREFERABLE TO HAVE SEPARATE VOLTAGE SELECTION RELAYS FOR EACH PROTECTION FOR D.C. SUPPLY REDUNDANCY.

FOR BACK UP PROTN. & METERING WHEN VOLTAGE SELECTION RELAYS ARE USED N/C CONTACT OF EACH RELAY COIL SHOULD BE INTRODUCED IN THE OTHER COIL CIRCUIT SO THAT PARALLELING OF V.TS IS AVOIDED.
SOME CUSTOMERS PREFER A ELECTRICALLY RESET RELAY FOR VOLTAGE SELECTION SO THAT THE RELAY WILL NOT RESET UNDER D.C SUPPLY FAIL CONDITION.

SOMETIME MANUAL VOLTAGE CHANGE OVER IS DONE THROUGH SWITCH. SOME CUSTOMERS PREFER TO HAVE LINE P.T. FOR PROTECTION & METERING UNDER NORMAL CONDITION & IN THE EVENT OF LINE P.T. FAILURE THE PROTECTION & METERING ARE SWITCHED OVER TO BUS P.T. SUPPLY THROUGH A LINE / BUS P.T. SUPPLY SELECTOR SWITCH. THE APPROPRIATE BUS V.T. IS SELECTED THROUGH THE VOLTAGE SELECTION RELAY. IN SUMMATION METERING OF TWO PARALLEL LINES THE P.T.SUPPLY FOR METERING IS TAKEN FROM ONE OF THE LINE P.TS THROUGH THE N/O CONTACTS OF A VOLTAGE SELECTION RELAY CONNECTED TO THE LINE P.T. OF THE CIRCUIT. IN THE EVENT OF P.T. FAILURE OR LINE OUT OF SERVICE CONDITION THE VOLTAGE SELECTION RELAY WILL DROP OUT AND THROUGH THE N/C CONTACT OF VSR THE OTHER LINE P.T.SUPPLY IS EXTENDED. WHEN SUMMATION METERING IS APPLIED TO MORE THAN TWO CIRCUITS THEN AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE SELECTION IS DIFFICULT . ONLY MANUAL VOLTAGE SELECTION THROUGH A SWITCH IS POSSIBLE.

CHAPTER-8 ONLOAD BYPASS ARRANGEMENT MAIN AND TRANSFER BUS ARRANGEMENT 1, CTS OUTSIDE THE BYPASS ZONE.

A, TRIP IMPULSE TO OWN BREAKER UNDER NORMAL OPERATION.

B, TRIP IMPULSE TO TRANSFER BUS COUPLER BREAKER UNDER BYPASS CONDITION. C, NO SEPARATE PROTECTION & METERING IS REQUIRED ON TRANSFER BUS COUPLER PANEL. D, TRIP IMPULSE TO TRANSFER BUS COUPLER BREAKER IS THROUGH A TRIP TRANSFER SWITCH. E, FOR MAINTENANCE OF C.TS, SHUT DOWN OF CIRCUIT IS REQUIRED.

2, C.TS INSIDE THE BYPASS ZONE

A, DURING BYPASS OF A CIRCUIT PROTECTION IS ALSO BYPASSED.

B, NO TRANSFERRING OF TRIP IMPULSE AND HENCE NO TRIP TRANSFER SWITCH.

C, SEPARATE PROTECTION & METERING ARE REQUIRED ON TRANFER BUS COUPLER PANEL.
D, FOR MAINTENANCE OF C.TS SHUT DOWN OF CIRCUIT IS NOT REQUIRED. E,SINCE PLCC EQUIPMENT IS CIRCUIT BASED, THE CARRIER SELECTOR SWITCH ON LINE PANELS WILL HAVE THREE POSITION HAVING INSCRIPTION CARRIER ON LINE/OFF /CARRIER ONBUS COUPLER. F ,IN DOUBLE BUS BAR CUM TRANSFER ARRANGEMENT WHEN THE CTS ARE IN THE BYPASS ZONE, DURING BYPASS OF A CIRCUIT THE BUSBAR PROTN. CTS ALSO WILL GET BYPASSED. HENCE THE CTS IN THE BUS COUPLER CIRCUIT HAVE TO ACT AS THE CTS FOR THE BYPASSED CIRCUIT.C.T. CONNECTION IN BUS COUPLER CIRCUIT WILL HAVE TO BE MODIFIED. ORIGINALLY THE CTS WERE CONNECTED TO THE DISCRIMINATING ZONES & DURING BYPASS THE CTS WILL BE

Fig-1

Fig-2

Fig-3

Fig-4

Fig-6

Fig-5a

Fig-5b

Fig-7

Fig-8

Fig-9

POLARITY
Polarity is the instantaneous current direction in the secondary side with respect to primary. Assume that the current is flowing from P1 to P2 terminal in the primary circuit. Then in the secondary current flow will be from S2 to S1 inside the CT and from S1 to S2 in the external circuit. Flick Test Connect a battery(6V) + ve to P1 and AVO + ve lead to S1. On application of voltage there will be a forward kick of the AVO and a reverse kick on removal of the test lead from P1.

P1

BAR PRIMARY

S1 VVv V V S2

P2

WOUND PRIMARY

Is

BASIC THEORY

1Primary Turn T Secondary Turns. For an ideal transformer:PRIMARY AMPERE TURNS= SECONDARY AMPERE TURNS 1x Ip= T x I

Ip

Es

R R

For Is to flow through R there must be some potential

Es = the E.M.F.
Ip

Is

Es= Is x R
Es Es is produced by an alternating flux in the core. Es Proportional to d/ dt R

PHASOR DIAGRAM
Ip Ie Ie Is Ep Ic Is Ep= Primary Voltage Es = Secondary Voltage = Flux. Ic = Iron losses(Hysteresis & eddy currents) Im Es

Im= Magnetising current. Ie= Excitation current. Ip= Primary current & Is= Secondary current.

CURRENT TRANSFORMER ERROR

Transformer Error VS Primary Current

Error

Current Error-Phase Error -Primary current. Rated Current.

Errors can be reduced by :-1, Using better quality magnetic material. 2, Shortening the mean magnetic path. 3, Reducing the flux density in the core.

MAGNETISATION CHARACTERISTIC
Typica l Ma gnetisa tion Cha ra cteristic

Knee Point.

Flux Density(Tesla)

MMF- ampere-turns per metre.

C.T. EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

Is Zs

Ip

Ip/ N

Ie Es N Ze Zb Vt

Ip = Primary rating of C.T. N = Zb = Zs = Ze = Ie = Is = Es = Vt = C.T. ratio Burden of relays in ohms (r+ jx) C.T. secondary winding impedance in ohms (r+ jx) Secondary excitation impedance in ohms (r+ jx) Secondary excitation current. Secondary Current Secondary excitation voltage. Secondary terminal voltage across the C.T. terminals.

ON-LOAD BYPASS ARRANGEMENT - CTs OUTSIDE BYPASS ZONE

MAIN BUS TRAN SFER BUS 89B 89T 89T 89B

52 52

89L

89LE PROTECTION CTS OUTSIDE THE BYPASS ZON E

METERIN G

ON-LOAD BYPASS ARRANGEMENT - CTs INSIDE BYPASS ZONE

MAIN BUS TRAN SFER BUS

89B

89T

89B

89T

52 52

PROTECTION CTS IN THE BYPASS ZON E. METERIN G

89L