Steve Goddard

Contents

Topic Page
Algebra and Partial Functions 2
Logarithms, Exponentials and Hyperbolic 8
Functions
Arithmetic and Geometric Progressions and 13
the binomial series

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 Steve Goddard

Analytical Methods – Assignment 1

Algebraic Methods

Algebra and Partial Functions

1. Solve the following polynomial division

6x 2 + 7x − 5
x −1
2
6x + 7x −
5
x −1

2
x −
1 6x +7x −
5

6x
x −
1 6x 2
+7x −
5
2
6x −
6x
1
3 x −
5
1
3 x −
13
8

6x 2 + 7x − 5
So = 6 x + 13 with a remainder of 8
x −1

Check answer using remainder theorem:

when : x =1
f ( x ) ≡6(1) 2 +7(1) −5 =8

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 Steve Goddard

2. Solve the following equation using the factor theorem:

x 3 − 2x 2 − x + 2 = 0
−
−
+
=

(
(
)
)
(
)
=
−
×
−
+

(
(
)
)
(
)
=
−
×
−
+

=
−

−
−
−
−
−
+
−

−
−
−
+
−
+
−
+

−
−
−
=
−

−
−
=
+
−

−
+
−

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 Steve Goddard

3. Use the remainder theorem to find the remainder for the following:

x 3 − 6x 2 + x − 5
x −3

The remainder theorem states that the remainder, r , of a polynomial, f ( x ) ,

divided by a linear divisor, ( x − a ) , is equal to f (a ) .

So to work out the remainder of the above equation I will use x = 3.

(3) 3 − (6(3) 2 ) + 3 − 5
= 27 − 54 + 3 − 5 = −29
3−3

Checking my answer through long division:

x 2 − 3x − 8
( x − 3) x3 − 6 x2 + x − 5
x 3 − 3 x2
− 3x 2 + x − 5
− 3x 2 + 9 x
− 8x − 5
− 8 x + 24

( −5) −( 24 ) = −29

4. Find the remainder when the following expression is divided by (x+1)

3x 2 − 4 x + 2

3x 2 − 4x + 2
(x + 1)
3x −7
(x + 1) 3 x 2 − 4x +2
3x 2 +3x
−7x +2
−7x −7

I checked this using the remainder theorem:

When x = -1

3 × −12 − 4 × −1 + 2 = 9

2 +7 =9

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 Steve Goddard

5. Resolve the following into partial fractions:

3−x
5.1
( x + 3)( x + 3)
2

3−x Ax + B C
= 2 +
( x + 3)( x + 3) ( x + 3) ( x + 3)
2

3 − x = ( Ax + B )( x + 3) + C ( x 2 + 3)
3 − x = Ax 2 + 3 Ax + Bx + 3B + Cx 2 + 3C
3 − x = Ax 2 + Cx 2 + 3 Ax + Bx + 3B + 3C

Equate co-efficients:

0 = A +C
−1 = 3 A + B
3 = 3B + 3C

By rearranging equation 3:

3 − 3C
B= =1 − C
3

Substituting into 2:

−1 = 3 A +1 − C
− 2 =3A −C

Solve simultaneously:

0 = A +C
−2 =3 A −C

A = 0.5

C = 0.5

3 = 3B +3(0.5) ∴B = 0.5

3 −x −0.5 x +0.5 0.5

= +
( x +3)( x +3)
2
x +3
2
x +3

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 Steve Goddard

4x −3
5.2
( x +1) 2

4x − 3 A B
= +
( x + 1) 2
( x + 1) ( x + 1) 2

I can multiply this equation by the first denominator

4 x − 3 × ( x + 1) 2 A × ( x + 1) 2 B × ( x + 1) 2
= +
( x + 1) 2 ( x + 1) ( x + 1) 2

Simplified this gives me:

4 x − 3 = A( x +1) + B

4 x − 3 = Ax + A + B

Equate co-efficients

4 =A
−3 = A + B
B =7

4x − 3 4 7
= +
( x + 1) 2 ( x + 1) ( x + 1) 2

I checked my calculations by using a partial fraction calculator from the internet

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 Steve Goddard

6x −5
5.3 ( x − 4)( x + 3)

6x −5 A B
= +
( x − 4)( x + 3) ( x − 4) ( x + 3)

6 x − 5 = A( x + 3) + B ( x − 4)
6 x − 5 = Ax + Bx + 3 A − 4 B

Equating the Co-efficients

Equation 1
6 =A +B
− 5 = 3 A − 4B
Equation 2
Multiply equation 1 by 3:

18 = 3 A + 3B

Subtract Equation 2

23 = 7 B
B =32
7

Using this I will solve equation 1

6 = A+ 32
7
A= 25
7

6x − 5 25 32
= 7 + 7
( x − 4)( x + 3) ( x − 4) ( x + 3)

Check:

25 32 2 5 ( x + 3) + 3 2 ( x − 4)
7 + 7 = 7 7
( x − 4) ( x + 3) ( x − 4)( x + 3)

2 5 x + 8 1 + 3 2 x − 13 1 = 6 x − 5
7 7 7 7

Logarithms, Exponentials and Hyperbolic Functions

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 Steve Goddard

4e −0.7
6. Evaluate to 3 significant figures:
5 Ln 0.02

Using e as the approximate value of 2.7183

4e −0.7 1.9863
= = 0.1016
5 Ln 0.02 −19 .5601

7. Solve the following equations correct to 3 significant figures:

7.1 Ln x =5.4

x ≡ e 5.4 = 221 .406

Check:

Ln 221 .406 =5.4

t
−
7.2 5 = 8(1 − e 4
)

t
−
5 = 8(1 −e 4
)

Transpose :

t
5 − t
1− = e 4 = ln 0.375 =
8 4

So :

ln 0.375 ×4 = t

t = 3.92

7.3 4 ( y +1) = 2 ( y −2 )

Log each side

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 Steve Goddard

( y +1) log 10 4 =( y −2) log 10 2

Expand out :

y log 10 4 +log 10 4 = y log 10 2 −2 log 10 2

Equate :

y (0.6021 ) +(0.6021 ) = y (0.301 ) −2(0.301 )

0.6021 +0.6021 =0.3010 y −0.6021 y

Simplify :

1.2041 =−0.3010 y

So :

1.2041
−0.3010
y =−4.00

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 Steve Goddard

−T
8. The voltage across a capacitor at time T is given by: v = 10 (1 − e CR )
Where C = 10μF and R = 20KΩ. Determine:

8.1 The time for the voltage to reach 5v

−t −t

v =10 (1 −e CR ) =10 (1 −e 0.2 )

Transpose :

−t
5
(1 −e 0.2 )
10
−t

= e 0.2 =1 −0.5
t
= 0.5 =
0.2
= ln 0.5

So :

0.2 ×ln 0.5 = t

t = 0.1386 Seconds

8.2 Voltage after 1ms

-t = 0.01

So:

9. Evaluate the following to 4 significant figures

9.1 cosh 2.47

e 2.47 + e −2.47 11 .8224 + 0.0846

=
2 2

cosh 2.47 = 5.953

9.2 sinh 1.385

e1.385 − e −1.385 3.994 − 0.2503

=
2 2

sinh 1.385 = 1.871

10. A telegraph wire hangs so that its shape is described by:
 x 
y = 20 cosh  
 20 

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 Steve Goddard

Evaluate correct to 3 significant figures the value of y when x is 10.

 10 
y = 20 cosh  
 20 

= 20 cosh 0.5

First I will work out cosh 0.5

e 0.5 + e −0.5 1.6487 + 0.60653

= = 1.127615
2 2

Putting this into the original equation will give me

20 ×1.127615 = 22 .5 To 3 significant figures

(4e x − 5e − x ) = A Sinh x + B Cosh x

11. If find values for A and B

e x − e −x e x + e −x
=A +B
2 2

A x A −x B x B − x
= e − e + e + e
2 2 2 2

 A + B  x  B − A  −x
= e +  e
 2   2 

Equating the coefficients gives:

A+B B−A
4= And − 5 =
2 2

So:

A + B =8
− A + B = −10

Adding the two equations together gives me:

2 B = −2 ∴ B = −1
Substituting this into the first equation gives me:

A + −1 =8

A =9
( Pe x − Qe − x ) = 2 Cosh x + 6 Sinh x
12. If find values for P and Q

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 Steve Goddard

( Pe x − Qe −x ) = 2 Cosh x + 6 Sinh x

 e x + e −x   e x − e −x 
= 2
 
 + 6
 

 2   2 

 2e x 2 e −x   6e x 6e −x 
=
 2 +  + 
  2 + 

 2   2 

= 4e x − 2e −x

Equate Coefficients:
−x
( Pe x
−Qe ) = 4e x − 2e −x

∴P = 4, Q = 2

13. Solve the equation 3.52 Cosh x + 8.42 Sinh x = 5.32 correct to 2
decimal places

3.52 Cosh x +8.42 Sinh x = 5.32

 e x +e −x   e x −e −x 
≡ 3.52 
 
 +8.42 
 
 = 5.32
 2   2 

1.76 e x +1.76 e −x + 4.21 e x −4.21 e −x = 5.32

= 5.97 e x −2.45 e −x −5.32 = 0

5.97 (e x ) 2 −5.32 e x −2.45 = 0

ex =
−( −5.32 ) ± [( −5.32 ) 2
−4( 5.97 )( −2.45 ) ]
2( 5.97 )

5.32 ± 86 .8084 5.32 ±9.3171

= =
11 .94 11 .94

Hence e x = 1.22 or e x = -0.33

So x = ln 1.22 or x = ln (-0.33) which has no real solution.

Hence x = 0.20 rounded up correct to 2 decimal places.

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 Steve Goddard

Arithmetic and Geometric Progressions and the Binomial Series

14. Determine the 15th term of the series: 12, 17, 22,
27…

First of all I noticed that the pattern in these numbers were that
it was increasing every time by 5.

Therefore the 15th term in the series is: 82

I checked this using excel: -------------------------------------------->

15. The sum of 10 terms of an arithmetic progression is 200 and the

common difference is 4. Find the first term of the series.

For this I worked out some rough minimum and maximum values and put the first
values into excel. I then filled the values down by 4 and also filled across to get
values for numbers increasing by 1 each time.
From this screen I managed to work out the first value of the sequence that
equated to 200.

The answer was 2

16. An oil company drills a hole 10Km deep. Estimate the cost of drill if
the cost is £20 for drilling the first metre with an increase of £3 per
metre for each succeeding metre.

I worked out the cost using excel, I put in 20 and then filled the numbers down 10000
times going up in stages of 3. I then took the sum of all these numbers to give me an
answer.

= 150215020

17. Determine the 10th term in the series: 2, 6, 18, 54

I worked out that the pattern in these numbers was that it was multiplied by 3
each time. I continued the trend until I had the 10th term which was:

= 39366

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 Steve Goddard

18. Find the sum of the first 12 terms of the series: 1, 4, 16,
64…

The pattern in the sequence is that it is being multiplied by 4 each

time.

I got these values and calculated the combined total of the numbers
as shown on the right.

19. Find the sum to infinity of the series: 4, 2, 1, ½, ¼…..

a 4 4
S∞ = = = =8
1− 1 1− 1 1
2 2 2
20. Use the Binomial Series to expand: (1 + x ) 6

To do this I used the formula for binomial expansion:

n(n −1) n −2 2 n(n −1)( n − 2) n −3 3

( a + x) n = a n + na n−1 x + a x + a x + ....
2! 3!

When a = 1 and n = 6:

( 6)
( 5)
(1 +
x) 6 =
16 + 16 −
6 × 1
x + 16 −
2
x2
( 2)
( 1)
( 6)
( 5)
( 4)
+ (1) 6 −
3
x3
(3)( 2)( 1)
( 6)
( 5)
( 4)
( 3)
+ (1) 6 −4
x4
( 4)
( 3)
( 2)( 1)
( 6)
( 5)
( 4)
( 3)( 2)
+ (1) 6 −
5
x5
(5)( 4)( 3)( 2)( 1)
( 6)
( 5)
( 4)
( 3)( 2) ( 1)
+ (1) 6 −
6
x6
( 6)
( 5)
( 4)
( 3)( 2) ( 1)

I will now simplify the equation:

(1 + x) 6 =1 + 6 +15 x 2 + 20 x 3 +15 x 4 + 6 x 5 + x 6

21. Expand the following ascending powers of x as far as the term in the
x 3 using the binomial series:

1
(4 + x)

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 Steve Goddard

State the limits for which the expansion is valid.

1
1 −
= ( 4 + x) 2
(4 + x)

Using the binomial formula:

1
−  1 −3 
(4 + x) = 0.5 +  − x 4 2 x 
2

 2 
 − 0.5 x − 1.5 x −5 
+ × 4 2 x2 
 2! 
 − 0.5 x − 1.5 x − 2.5 −7 
+ × 4 2 x3 
 3! 

−1 2 3
(4 + x) 2
= 1 − 1x + 3 x − 5x
2 16 256 2048

This is valid for − 4 x 4

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 Steve Goddard

Bibliography

http://www4.ncsu.edu/unity/lockers/users/f/felder/public/kenny/papers/partial.html

Higher Engineering Mathematics 5th Edition – John bird

www.Wikipeida.org

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