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Aturan Main _2

Nilai: A, B, C, E ( >80, >70, >65, 65 and below) Komposisi Nilai:


UTS UAS Tugas : 20% : 20% : 60% (dari 5 laboratorium + isu lingkungan)

Tidak ada perbaikan nilai Tidak ada ujian susulan Kecurangan tidak ditoleransi

PERTANYAAN & DISKUSI

Definisi Teknik Industri


Singgih Saptadi Universitas Diponegoro

LETS WATCH DID YOU KNOW?

Daftar Pustaka
1. Turner et al., Introduction to Industrial And System Engineering, 3 ed., Prentice Hall, 1993. 2. Hicks, Introduction to Industrial Engineering and Management: a New Perspective, 2nd ed., Mc. Graw Hill Inc., 1994 3. Emerson & Naehring, Origins of Industrial Engineering, Institute of Industrial Engineers, 1988 4. Salvendy, Gavriel (Ed.). (2001). Handbook of Industrial Engineering: Technology and Operations Management. New York. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 5. Zandin, Kjell, & Maynard, Harold (Eds.). (2001). Maynard's Industrial Engineering Handbook (5th ed.), McGraw-Hill Professional.

Kerangka Dasar TI
1. Definisi Teknik industri 2. Perbedaan TI dengan bidang teknik lain dan sains 3. Sejarah dan Perkembangan TI
Scientific Management: Sistem Manusia-Mesin Administration & behavior Management: Human-Organization Management Science: Optimization & Modeling Systemic & Integrated: Integrated System Global Approach: Information Era

4. Tugas 1:
Diberikan saat pertemuan 1 Rentang: 1 minggu Perkembangan Teknik Industri

Definisi Teknik Industri


Industrial engineering is concerned with the design, improvement, and installation of integrated systems of men, materials, equipment and energy. It draws upon specialized knowledge and skill in the mathematical, physical and social sciences together with the principles and methods of engineering analysis and design to specify, predict, and evaluate the results to be obtained from such systems
American Institute of Industrial Engineer, 1960

Industrial engineering is concerned with the design, improvement and installation of integrated systems of people, materials, information, equipment and energy. It draws upon specialized knowledge and skill in the mathematical, physical, and social sciences together with the principles and methods of engineering analysis and design, to specify, predict, and evaluate the results to be obtained from such systems
Institute of Industrial Engineer, 1996

Definisi Teknik Industri


People People

Environment

Material

Energy

Material

Integrated System
Energy

Integrated System
Information

Equipment

Information Facilities

1996 - Sekarang

Masa Depan?

Engineering

Science

Industrial Engineering

Science
Object Phenomena Output Performance Validity Start Profession Natural Systems Deterministic Theory/Knowledge Truth Absolute Curiosity Scientist

Engineering
Artificial Systems Det/Probabilistic Product/Service Benefit Relative Need/Problem Engineer

Industrial Engineering
Integrated Systems Prob/Uncertainty Value Added Efficiency Contextual Need/Problem Industrial Engineer

Relationship of Industrial Engineering to Other Engineering and Scientific Disciplines


Logic

Statistics
Electrical Engineering

Quality & Reliability Operation Research Computer & Inf.Sci


Control Theory

Mathematics

Physics

Civil Engineering
Military Engineering

Mechanical Engineering
Psychology and Sociology

Early Industrial Engineering (Scientific Management) Productivity Science Early Management Philosophy

Industrial Engineering

Ergonomics

Manufacturing Engineering
Chemistry

Economics

Chemical Engineering
Dimodifikasi dari Bahagi@

Physiology Material Science Environment

Obyek dan Keilmuan Teknik Industri


Obyek Komponen Keilmuan Kinerja

Work Station
Shop Floor

Man, Machine, Ergonomy, Eng. Material Economy, Psychology


Man, Machine, PPIC, Quality Control, Material Lay Out, OR & Modeling Labor, Facility, Material Management, Leadership, Behavioral Science

Productivity, Efficiency
Quality, Cost, Delivery, Time ROI, IRR, etc.

Company

Industrial System

Labor, Material, Infrastructure

Policy, Systemic Approach

Quality, Welfare

PERTANYAAN & DISKUSI

Sejarah dan Perkembangan Teknik Industri


Singgih Saptadi Universitas Diponegoro

Mengapa Teknik Industri Lahir?


As a Result of Industrial Revolution Need for Technically Trained People Who Could Plan, Organize, and Manage the Operations of Large Complex System Need to Increase Productivity and Efficiency of Operation System

Perkembangan Teknik Industri


Scientific Management: Man-Machine System Administration & Behavior Management: HumanOrganization Management Science: Optimization & Modeling Systemic & Integrated: Solution & Decision Global Approach: Information Era

Chronology of Development In the Evolution of IE


Macro View Micro View
Operation Research Industrial Engineering Scientific Management Industrial & System Engineering

Interchangeable Time Part Accounting Studi

Piece Work

Layout SQC

Net- Optimi- Autowork zation mation

CIM

1494

1750

1890

1900 1915
World War I

1929
Depres sion

1941
World War II

1958
Space Age

1980

1990

2000

Industrial Revolution

High Globalization Technology

IE Thought
Scientific Management Adm & Behavior Management Management Science Systemic & Integrated

Man-Machine System

Human and Organization

Optimization and Modeling

Integrated System

End of 18 Century

End of 18 Century

Beginning of 20 Century

Mid of 20 Century

Obyek dan Keilmuan Teknik Industri


Obyek Komponen Keilmuan Kinerja

Work Station
Shop Floor

Man, Machine, Ergonomy, Eng. Material Economy, Psychology


Man, Machine, PPIC, Quality Control, Material Lay Out, OR & Modeling Labor, Facility, Material Management, Leadership, Behavioral Science

Productivity, Efficiency
Quality, Cost, Delivery, Time ROI, IRR, etc.

Company

Industrial System

Labor, Material, Infrastructure

Policy, Systemic Approach

Quality, Welfare

SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT ERA

Scientific Management Era


Used Science and Engineering Principle in the ManMachine System Replaced the Old Rule of Thumb Method by the Scientific Method Object Integrated System:
Work Station Manufacturing System

Tokoh dan Gagasan


Adam Smith, 1776: Division of Labor Eli Whitney, 1797: Interchangeable parts Charles Babbage, 1832: Labor Specialisation Assignment Henry Towne, 1886: The Engineer as Economist Frederick W. Taylor, 1909: Time Study and Principles of Scientific Management Frank Gilbreth, 1915: Micro-Motion Study Lilian Gilbreth, 1924: Psychology of Management

Tokoh dan Gagasan _2


Extended and Developed the Philosophical Concept of TAYLOR

Developed Graphical Approach


Used In Non Manufacturing Organization Influenced by Human Behavior
Carl BARTH Henry L. GANTT H. EMERSON Morris L. COOKE Dwight V. MERRICK HAWTHORNE 22

Carl BARTH
TAYLORs associate at Midvale Steel A mathematician Developed Slide Rules

Henry L GANTT
TAYLORs associate GANNT Chart:Scheduling Production of Equipment Wage Incentive Plan in 1901
23

Herrington EMERSON
Used TAYLORs approach in analyzing labor effort in the Santa Fe Railroad System, give annual saving $ 1million per year Wrote a book: Twelve Principle of Efficiency

Morris L. COOKE
Employed Scientific Management on the city government. In Cooperation with Phillips MURRAY published: Organized Labor and Production

Dwight V. MERRICK
Performed a Study of Elemental Times Developed a Wage Incentive Plan

HARTHORNE WORK
Study of human performance at Western Electric Co. Relationship between illumination and Productivity There was no difference in productivity between Controlled and Uncontrolled Group
HARTHORNE Effect

Early Modernist
Further Development of TAYLOR Philosophical Concept and Scope

Developed Mathematical Model and Analysis


Design and Operation of Manufacturing System

F.W HARRIS W.A SHEWHART GRANT & IRESON BARNES, NIEBEL & MUNDEL MUTTER & APPLE

F.W HARRIS
Used Mathematical Model To Solve Inventory Problem Introducing Optimization Method

Wilson Formula

W.A SHEWHART
Used Statistical Principle to Control the Quality

Introduce Control Chart Published the first text on Statistical Quality Control in 1931 Eugene GRANT of Stanford in 1946 a Publish a Text on QC

GRANT & IRESON


Used Mathematical Model in Economy 1930 Published: Principles of Engineering Economy

BARNES, NIEBEL &MUNDEL


Extended the Method and Time study Efforts of GILBRETH and TAYLOR Rating Method

MUTHER & APPLE


Used Quantitative Technique and Graphical in Designing Plant Lay-out

Kontribusi Scientific Management Era


Systematic approach to finding easier and better ways to accomplish a task Basic objective is to avoid/eliminate any kind of waste to increase productivity and efficiency Procedures:
Selecting Job Getting and Recording the Fact Questioning Every Detail Developing and Testing a Better Method Installing and Maintaining Improvement

Tools
Operation Process Chart Flow Process Chart Left hand-Right hand Chart Flow Diagram Multiple Activity Chart Gantt Chart

PERTANYAAN & DISKUSI

Adm & Behavior Management Era


Singgih Saptadi Universitas Diponegoro

Daftar Pustaka
Philip E. Hicks. Industrial Engineering and Management: A New Perspective. 1994. McGraw-Hill. Daniel A. Wren, Arthur G. Bedeian , John D. Breeze. The foundations of Henri Fayols administrative theory, Management Decision Journal, 40/9, 2002, 906-918 Carl A. Rodrigues, Fayols 14 Principles of management then and now : a framework for managing todays organization effectively, Management Decision, 2001, 880

ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT

Para Tokoh
Para tokoh yang memiliki jasa besar terhadap perkembangan keilmuan manajemen ini antara lan Henry Fayol, Hugo Munster, Elton Mayo, Mary P. Follet, Oliver Sheldon, Chester Barnard, Kurt Lewin, Abraham Maslow serta Douglas McGregor.

Fayols Organization Model


Planning, Organizing, Commanding, Coordinating, Controlling
Managerial

Finansial

Teknik

Engineering, Production, Manufacturing, Adaptation

The search for optimum use of capita

Aktivitas Organisasi

Akuntansi

Security

Stock taking
Commercial

Protection of assetss and personnel

Buying, Selling, Exchange

Fayols 14 Principles Of Management


1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Division of Labor Authority Discipline Unity of Command Unity of Direction Subordination of Individual 7. Interest to the Common Goal 8. Remuneration 8. Centralization 9. The Hierarchy 10. Order 11. Equity 12. Stability of Staff 13. Initiative 14. Esprit de Corps

37

HUMAN RELATIONS

Intro of Human Relation


Produktivitas dan efisiensi bukan sekedar masalah teknis. Pendekatan klasik tidak mampu mencapai efisiensi produksi yang sempurna dan keharmonisan kerja. Karena itu, manajer harus mempertimbangkan aspek manusia (sosiologi dan psikologi). Scientific Method harus dimanfaatkan dalam mempelajari manusia dalam lingkungan kerja

Tokoh-Tokoh Human Relation

Elton Mayo
Melakukan eksperimen Hawthorne
Hubungan ???

Tingkat Pencahayaan Ruangan Kerja

Efisiensi Kerja Para Karyawan

... Elton Mayo


Ternyata hasil eksperimen tidak

memperlihatkan adanya hubungan antara kedua faktor tersebut.


Pada kenyataannya hasil kerja tetap menunjukkan peningkatan produktivitas walaupun tingkat pencahayaan ruangan diturunkan.

... Elton Mayo


Hasil eksperimen Hawthorne ini

menyimpulkan bahwa ada

faktor-

faktor lain selain kondisi fisik lingkungan


kerja yang bisa mempengaruhi perilaku dan hasil kerja karyawan.

... Elton Mayo


Produktivitas Kerja
!!!!
Hubungan Antar Manusia

Tidak hanya dengan ...

Upah

Kondisi Kerja

Chaster Barnard
Tokoh lainnya adalah Chaster Barnard, dalam bukunya The Function of The Executive (1938) mengatakan bahwa organisasi merupakan sistem kegiatan yang diarahkan pada

tujuan yang hendak dicapai.

... Chaster Barnard


Fungsi utama manajemen yaitu perumusan tujuan dan pengadaan sumber daya yang diperlukan untuk mencapai tujuan. Menurut teorinya yang diberi nama teori penerimaan mengatakan bahwa seorang

bawahan akan menerima perintah hanya bila dia memahami dan mampu serta berkeinginan untuk mencapainya.
Selain itu juga Barnard adalah pelopor penggunaan pendekatan sistem.

Mary Parker Follet


Mary Parker Follet menjembatani antara teori klasik dan hubungan manusiawi, dimana pemikiran Follet pada teori klasik tapi memperkenalkan unsur-unsur hubungan manusiawi, antara lain : 1. Tidak ada seorang pun yang dapat menjadi manusia utuh, kecuali merupakan bagian dari sebuah kelompok 2. Leadership tidaklah ditentukan oleh otoritas secara struktural

Hugo Munsterberg
Dikenal sebagai pionir psikologi industri dan efisiensi
Pencapaian Tujuan Produktivitas

BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Manusia
Komponen sistem integral yang berakal Memiliki kehendak Perilaku sulit diduga
Pandangan manajemen lama: manusia bekerja hanya bermotif ekonomi

Manusia memerlukan perhatian lebih dari manajemen

Kurt Lewin
Teori Force Field A Dynamic Theory of Personality (1935)

Founder psikologi sosial dengan teori force field dan Force Field Analysis. Perilaku dibentuk oleh nature dan nurture, bukan hanya oleh nature atau nurture saja. Lewins equation B = f(P,E) P = Perceptions of the self E = Environment
HELPING Forces

HINDERING
Forces

Abraham Maslow
Teori Hierarchy of Needs Publikasi Motivation and Personality (1954)

Pandangan lama: kenaikan upah sebesar $0,05/jam akan menyelesaikan masalah pekerja

Self Actuali zation

Esteem
Love & Belongingness

Tidak memperhatikan kebutuhan dan motivasi pekerja

Safety Physiological

Abraham Maslow
Manusia akan memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya beranjak dari dasar piramida ke puncak piramida. Tingkat lebih bawah lebih banyak dipenuhi daripada tingkat berikutnya. Sebuah kebutuhan yang sudah dipenuhi tidak lagi mendesak.

Manajer fokus pada kebutuhan manusia yang lebih sedikit pemenuhannya.

Frederick Irving Herzberg dkk.


Teori Motivator-Hygiene The Motivation to Work (1959)

Motivator (Satisfiers) Faktor yang keberadaannya memotivasi pekerja

Hygiene (Dissatisfiers) Faktor yang ketiadaannya menyebabkan ketidakpuasan kerja Company policy & adm Supervision Work condition Gaji Relationship

Achievement Recognition Work itself Responsibility Growth

Frederick Irving Herzberg dkk.

Meminimalkan Dissatisfiers

Efektivitas Satisfiers

Douglas McGregor
Teori X dan Teori Y The Human Side of Enterprises (1960)

Teori X Pendekatan otoritatif dan diasosiasikan organisasi militer. Pandangan:


Manusia tidak suka bekerja Manusia harus diawasi dan dikendalikan Manusia ingin diberi arahan Manusia tidak suka tanggung jawab Manusia ingin keamanan pekerjaan

Douglas McGregor
Teori Y Manajemen lebih longgar, tidak opresif dan pekerja lebih leluasa. Hendaknya tidak dimaknai lepasnya manajemen dari tanggung jawab terhadap lantai kerja. Menjadi sarana pencapaian self-actualization Manajemen partisipatif

Douglas McGregor
Arahan dan pengendalian berkontribusi terbatas dalam memotivasi manusia yang kebutuhan penting bagi mereka adalah kebutuhan sosial dan egoistic. Para pekerja, ketika tidak mendapatkan kesempatan untuk mencapai kepuasan kerja sementara mereka memiliki kebutuhan yang penting menurut mereka, maka mereka akan berperilaku sebagaimana yang kami duga, yaitu malas, bersikap pasif, enggan menerima tanggung jawab, susah berubah ... dan menuntut keuntungan ekonomis yang tidak masuk akal

Kontribusi Adm. & Behavior Management Era


Philip E. Hicks (Industrial Engineering and Management): sebuah sistem produksi akan berjalan efektif dengan 3 hal:
Sistem produksi yang berjalan produktif. Prosedur pengendalian yang optimal. Sistem manajemen yang efektif mengelola sumberdaya operasi.

Mengapa Perlu Manajemen dalam TI?


Sistem fisik terbaik dilengkapi dengan sistem kendali terbaik tidak akan bisa mencapai kondisi terbaiknya, jika para pekerja merasakan ketidakpuasan kerja atau tidak termotivasi oleh manajemen. Perusahaan AS dan Jepang. Jepang menyewa gedung di AS, mempekerjakan orang AS, membeli bahan baku yang sama, menggunakan mesin yang sama, juga menjual produknya di AS kemudian memperoleh keuntungan dan maju pesat. Sementara perusahaan AS tidak. Manajemen diberlakukan dalam organisasi dalam rangka mencapai tujuan organsiasi dan menjaga keseimbangan antara beragam tujuan yang bertentangan.

Management Science Era


Singgih Saptadi Universitas Diponegoro

Mengapa Muncul?
Due to Limited Resources (World War II)

Using Mathematical and Statistical Approach to Solve the Real Problem to Obtained Solution

Management Science Approach

Management Science Approach


System Analysis

Implementation

Problem Formulaton

Model Analysis

Model Formulation

Component of Model
Performance Criteria (Profit/week Decision Variables Number of jackets produced/week Number of slack produced/week Constraints Material : 50 m2/week Sewing : 36 manhours/week Parameter Jacket Profit 10 Usage of material 2 Sewing requirement 4 (manhour/unit) Logical Relationship (Linier) z) x1 x2

Slack 15 ($/unit) 5 (m2/unit) 2

What IE Has To Do?


1. Problem Identification 2. Generate Alternatives 3. Know the Standard Models 4. Decide Performance Criteria 5. Choose the Best Solution (Dalam MS, Solusi = Optimum) 6. Make Decision 7. Anticipate Managerial Implication 8. Action

Systemic & Integrated Approach


Singgih Saptadi Universitas Diponegoro

What Scope IE Do ?
Integrated System Industrial System (Manufacturing System)

Human Activity System

Management Control System

Component of Real Integrated System Man

+
Natural System and/or Artificial System

Schematic Representation
Environment Boundary
Man
Machine

Input
Mat

Out-put

Feed-back

: Interaction

What IE Has To Do?


1. Problem Identification 2. Generate Alternatives 3. Know the Standard Models 4. Decide Performance Criteria 5. Choose the Best Solution 6. Make Decision 7. Anticipate Managerial Implication 8. Action

Makalah yang menjawab


1. Mengapa F.W. Taylor disebut sebagai Bapak Teknik Industri? 2. Mengapa Era Scientific Management disebut menggantikan rule of thumb method dengan scientific method? Berkelompok 3 orang. Dikumpulkan maksimum 3 halaman A4.

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