Chapter #30: The War to End War Big Picture Themes 1.

. President Wilson outlined the wars objectives with his Fourteen Points. They set the goals of free seas, self-determination after the war, and establishing a body to prevent future wars. 2. A military draft was instituted, the first since the Civil War. 3. Women went to work more than theyd ever done and black soldiers were drafted into the military into segregated units. 4. The Americans focussed their military effort in protecting Paris from the Germans. 5. At the Treaty of Versailles, Wilson agreed to allow England and France to punish Germany for the war. In return, they agreed to start Wilsons League of Nations. 6. However, the US Senate rejected the Treaty/League. They didnt wish to turn over Americas decisionmaking to a foreign body like the League of Nations. Chapter #30 Identifications George Creel: He was a young, outspoken journalist that was the head of the "Committee on Pubic Information". His job was to "sell" Americans on Wilson's war aims. He had over 150,000 workers who spread American propaganda at home and abroad. Bernard Baruch: Head of the short-lived War Industries board. Henry Cabot Lodge: He was a political foe of Wilsons. Wilson declined to take Republican Senator Lodge with him to the Paris conference. This greatly angered republicans. He eventually fought to amend the Treaty of Versaille with fourteen formal reservations to it. James M. Cox: The Democrat nominee who ran and lost against Warren Harding. Self-Determination: Literal: A principle that explains that all people have the right to freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social, and cultural development Interpretive: This was part of the progressive ideology in the early 20th century. Collective security: In international affairs, reliance on a group of nations or an international organization as protection against aggressors, rather than on national self-defense alone Normalcy: Literal: After a long reign of high morality, outrageous idealism, and "bothersome dogoodism", people longed for the "normalcy" of the old America, and were ready to accept a lower quality president who would not force them to be so involved. Interpretive: Harding coined the phrase a "return to normalcy". Zimmerman Note: German foreign secretary that secretly proposed a German-Mexican alliance, with promise to Mexico of taking back Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. His proposal was uncovered and made American angry. Fourteen Points: This was a speech Wilson gave to Congress on Jan. 8,1918 to keep America confident, inspire the Allies to keep fighting. These are the first 5 points: a proposal to abolish secret treaties, a freedom of the seas, a removal of economic barriers, a reduction of armament burdens, and an adjustment of colonial claims. League of Nations: This was Wilsons ideal of a world parliament that would oversee the colonization efforts after the war of the conquered territories. Committee on Public Information: This was formed to get Americans and the Allies mentally ready for the war effort. Espionage and Sedition Acts: These laws made any criticism of American government a crime that could be punished. These were a direct result of America's fears about German-Americans and anti- war Americans. Industrial Workers of the World: The IWW did not support the war effort and partcipated in sabotaging work efforts in may war industries. War Industries Board: It was formed to bring some order and some economic control to the war industries. Nineteenth Amendment: This amendment gave women the right to vote.

Food Administration: This was a government agency led by Herbert Hoover to ensure food for the US soldiers and Allies. Irreconcilables: This was the term referring to a group of militant, isolationist senators that did not support Wilson and did not approve of the League of Nations. Treaty of Versailles: This was supposed to be based on Wilson's 14 points, but only about four of Wilson's original principles were included. The treaty was supposed to be a Peace treaty, but it was compromise of lesser evils among the Allies. Chapter #30 Guided Reading Questions War by Act of Germany Know: "Peace without Victory," Unlimited Submarine Warfare, Arthur Zimmermann 1. What events led Woodrow Wilson to ask Congress to declare war? The Germans started sinking American U-boats and then a Russian revolution toppled tsars, so that America could join the Allies without having to be on the same side as the Russians. Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned Know: Jeannette Rankin 2. Name Wilsons twin war aims. How did these set America apart from the other combatants? To make the world safe for democracy and to prevent a hyper-destructive war. It gave America an idealism, because the other combatants were after territories or riches. Wilsons Fourteen Potent Points Know: Fourteen Points 3. List several of Wilsons Fourteen Points. A proposal to abolish secret treaties, a freedom of the seas, a removal of economic barriers, a reduction of armament burdens, and an adjustment of colonial claims and League of Nations. Creel Manipulates Minds Know: Committee on Public Information, George Creel, Four-minute Men, The Hun, Over There 4. How were Americans motivated to help in the war effort? They became passionate about defending democracy for America and the world. Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling Dissent Know: Liberty Cabbage, Espionage Act, Sedition Act, Eugene V. Debs, William D. Haywood 5. How was loyalty forced during WWI? If you voiced any opposition to the American war effort, you could be convicted and sent to prison. The Nations Factories Go to War Know: Bernard Baruch, War Industries Board 6. Why was it difficult to mobilize industry for the war effort? Americans were not fully prepared, there was ignorance of how to build weapons and machinery for a war effort, and states did not want economic control by the federal govt. Workers in Wartime Know: "Work or Fight," National War Labor Board, Wobblies 7. How did the war affect the labor movement? It stifled the labor movement and led to violent and bloody confrontations Suffering Until Suffrage Know: NAWSA, 19th Amendment, Womens Bureau 8. How did the war affect women? It gave women a chance to enter the the workforce and redefine their traditional roles. Forging a War Economy Know: Food Administration, Herbert Hoover, Meatless Tuesdays, Eighteenth Amendment, Heatless Mondays, Liberty Bonds

9. Did government become too intrusive in peoples lives during the war? Give examples to support your answer. Yes, the government called for voluntary measures but the war propaganda was so strong that people were pressured into conforming. Making Plowboys into Doughboys 10. Was the governments effort to raise an army fair and effective? The government let soldiers have a say in decisions but also started work-out sessions to stay in shape. The drafts were however unfair even though they were effective. Fighting in France--Belatedly 11. How were American troops used in Russia? American troops were used to fight with the Russians so that Russian ammunitions wouldn't fall into German hands. America Helps Hammer the Hun Know: Marshal Foch, John J. Pershing, Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Alvin York 12. Describe the effect of the American troops on the fighting. The Americans provided thousands of young fresh, patriotic soldiers to fight in the war. The Fourteen Points Disarm Germany Know: Armistice 13. What role did America play in bringing Germany to surrender? America made Germany think that the US had unlimited reserves of soldiers to help the Allies conitue fighting against them. Wilson Steps Down from Olympus Know: Henry Cabot Lodge 14. What political mistakes hurt Wilson in the months following the armistice? Wilson broke his promise of "Politics Adjourned" by backing Democrats in the congressional elections. The Idealist Battles the Imperialists in Paris Know: Vittorio Orlando, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, League of Nations 15. How did Wilsons desire for the League of Nations affect his bargaining at the peace conference? He bargained with the idea that the Allies would not take the conquered colonies, but the league of Nations would appoint countries to be "trustees" of these territories. Hammering Out the Treaty Know: William Borah, Hiram Johnson, Irreconcilables 16. What compromises did Wilson make at the peace conference? Wilson agreed to the "Security Treaty" which promised France that both America and Britain would come to its aid if Germany attacked, Wilson angered the Italians by giving a valuable seaport to Yugoslavia instead of Italy, Wilson angered China, by bowing to Japanese pressure and giving Japan temporary ownership of China's Shandong Peninsula. The Peace Treaty That Bred a New War Know: Treaty of Versailles 17. For what reasons did Wilson compromise his 14 Points? He compromised to save his League of Nations and to keep Imperialism in check in Europe. The Domestic Parade of Prejudice 18. Why was the treaty criticized back in America? Isolationists criticized it because they did not want to be "entangled" with foreign countries. Some Americans were upset because it either wasn't harsh enough on Germany or wasn't favorable enough to their native lands. Wilsons Tour and Collapse (1919)

19. What was the purpose and result of Wilsons trip around the country when he returned to America? He wanted to rally support for his League of Nations. Defeat Through Deadlock 20. Why was the treaty finally rejected? It was deadlocked and Wilson had hatred for Lodge and refused to let it pass. The "Solemn Referendum" of 1920 Know: Warren Harding, James M. Cox, Normalcy 21. What did the results of the 1920 election indicate? The country was more interested in isolating themselves than in world peace. The Betrayal of Great Expectations 22. How much should the U.S. be blamed for the failure of the Treaty of Versailles? It was the country that spearheaded the treaty and abandonded it. Varying Viewpoints: Woodrow Wilson: Realist or Idealist? Know: Realism, Idealism, Wilsonianism 23. To what extent was Wilson realistic when he called for a world of cooperation, equality and justice among nations? Wilson was realistic when he realized that the striving of cooperation, equality, and justice amog nations was the only thing that would prevent future wars.