Standards: HSS 7.6.

4 Demonstrate an understanding of the conflict and cooperation between the Papacy and European monarchs (e.g., Charlemagne, Gregory VII, Emperor Henry IV)

Essential Questions: What factors contributed to the increasing power of the Catholic Church? How did the conflict between Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV reflect the churchs increasing authority?

During the early middle ages, nobles and knights held a lot of power. Power began to shift at time passed to two types of leaders: Popes-great spiritual power Kings- political power Together they controlled most of European society

Head of the Christian church in Western Europe Viewed as Gods representative on earth Looked to him for guidance about how to live and pray The pope determined what was taught Wrote letters, called bulls, to explain a religious teaching or outline a church policy Punished people who acted out against the church

Excommunication was used for serious offenses Christians held the belief that excommunicated people who died could not go to heaven

Popes gained a lot of political power after the Roman Empire fell.

They lived like royalty, became rich, and built huge palaces

About 1000 AD Europe was divided into small states. *See map on page 261 These states were ruled by kings England, France, and the Holy Roman Empire were ruled by the most powerful kings. In France and England thrones were inherited through bloodline. Kings maintained order through alliances and warfare

This empire grew out of Charlemagnes empire built in the 700s. In the mid 900s another emperor took the throne with the approval of the pope. This was viewed as a rebirth of the Roman Empire and became known as the Holy Roman Empire. The throne was not inherited, but elected by the empires nobles. The pope was called to settle disagreements over elections.

Western Europe
Believed the pope was the head of the church In 1000s popes sought to increase their power over the bishops They believed all religious officials should answer to them Pope Leo IX-argued that the first pope was the head of the whole Christian church , therefore ALL popes should be as well

Eastern Europe
Bishops controlled matters with little or no guidance from the pope Bishops did not recognize Leos authority Constantinople-excommunicated in 1054 for

Result: Created a permanent split within the church

Roman Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox Church

What did they fight about? And Why?

Who could select bishops Fought for power Pope Gregory VII Disapproved of a bishop chosen by Henry IV Excommunicated Henry Forgave Henry and allowed him back in the church Proven to be more powerful than the emperor Emperor Henry IV Convinced Germanys bishops they should remove Gregory as pope Apologized to Gregory and asked for forgiveness after spending 3 days barefoot in the snow outside his castle

Result of conflict: Compromise reached. Church officials would choose bishops and abbots, but they still had to obey the emperor (kings).