PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN ENGINEERING

UNIT I ENGINEERING ETHICS 2 MARKS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 1. Define Ethics? * Study of right or wrong. * Good and evil. * Obligations & rights. * Justice. * Social & olitical deals. !. Define Engineering Ethics? * Study of the "oral issues and decisions confronting individuals and organi#ations engaged in engineering $ %rofession. * Study of related &uestions about the "oral ideals' character' %olicies and relationshi%s of %eo%le and cor%orations involved in technological activity. * (oral standards $ values and syste" of "orals. ). *hat is the need to study Ethics? * +o res%onsibly confront "oral issues raised by technological activity. * +o recogni#e and resolve "oral dile""a. * +o achieve "oral autono"y. ,. Differentiate (oral and Ethics? (O-./0 1 -efers only to %ersonal behavior. 1 -efers to any as%ect of hu"an action. 1 Social conventions about right or wrong conduct. E+234S0 1 3nvolves defining' analy#ing' evaluating and resolving "oral %roble"s and develo%ing "oral criteria to guide hu"an behavior. 1 4ritical reflection on what one does and why one does it. 1 -efers only to %rofessional behavior. 5. *hat is the "ethod used to solve an Ethical %roble"? -ecogni#ing a %roble" or its need. Gathering infor"ation and defining the %roble" to be solved or goal to be achieved. Generating alternative solutions or "ethods to achieve the goal. Evaluate benefits and costs of alternate solutions. Decision "a6ing & o%ti"i#ation. 3"%le"enting the best solution.

7. *hat are the Senses of Engineering Ethics? .n activity and area of in&uiry. Ethical %roble"s' issues and controversies. articular set of beliefs' attitudes and habits. (orally correct. 8. Differentiate (icro9ethics and (acro9ethics? (icro9ethics 0 Deals about so"e ty%ical and everyday %roble"s which %lay an i"%ortant role in the field of engineering and in the %rofession of an engineer. (acro9ethics 0 Deals with all the societal %roble"s which are un6nown and suddenly burst out on a regional or national level. :. *hat are the three ty%es of 3n&uiry? ;or"ative 3n&uiry < =ased on values. 4once%tual 3n&uiry < =ased on "eaning. >actual 3n&uiry < =ased in facts. ?. *hat are the sorts of co"%le@ity and "ur6iness that "ay be involved in "oral situations? Aagueness 4onflicting reasons Disagree"ent 1B. *hat are the ste%s in confronting (oral Dile""as? 3dentify the relevant "oral factors and reasons. Gather all available facts that are %ertinent to the "oral factors involved. -an6 the "oral considerations in order of i"%ortance as they a%%ly to the situation. 4onsider alternative courses of actions as ways of resolving dile""a' tracing the full i"%lications of each. Get suggestions and alternative %ers%ectives on the dile""a. =y weighing all the relevant "oral factors and reasons in light of the facts' %roduce a reasoned Cudg"ent. 11. Define (oral .utono"y? Self9deter"ining 3nde%endent ersonal 3nvolve"ent E@ercised based on the "oral concern for other %eo%le and recognition of good "oral reasons 1!. Give the i"%ortance of /awrence DohlbergEs and 4arol GilliganEs theory? Dohlberg gives greater e"%hasis to recogni#ing rights and abstract universal rules. Gilligan stresses the i"%ortance of "aintaining %ersonal relationshi%s based on "utual caring.

1). Give the need for .uthority? .uthority %rovides the fra"ewor6 in which learning can ta6e %lace. 1,. *hat are the criteria re&uired for a rofession? Dnowledge Organi#ation ublic Good 15. Give the general criteria to beco"e a rofessional engineer? .ttaining standards of achieve"ent in education' Cob %erfor"ance or creativity in engineering that distinguish engineers fro" engineering technicians and technologists. .cce%ting as %art of their %rofessional obligations as least the "ost basic "oral res%onsibilities to the %ublic as well as to their e"%loyers' clients' colleagues and subordinates. 17. Define 3ntegrity? 3ntegrity is the bridge between res%onsibility in %rivate and %rofessional life. 18. Define 4o"%ro"ise? 3n a negative sense it "eans to undeter"ined integrity by violating oneEs funda"ental "oral %rinci%les. 3n a %ositive sense' however' it "eans to settle differences by "utual concessions or to reconcile conflicts through adCust"ents in attitude and conduct. 1:. Give the two as%ects of 2onesty? +ruthfulness < "eeting res%onsibilities concerning truth9telling. +rustworthiness < (eeting res%onsibilities concerning trust. 1?. Differentiate Self9res%ect and Self9estee"? Self9res%ect0 3t is a "oral conce%tF refers to the virtue %ro%erly valuing oneself. Self9estee"0 3t is a %sychological conce%tF "eans having a %ositive attitude toward oneself' even if the attitude is e@cessive or otherwise unwarranted.

!B. *hat are the two for"s of Self9res%ect? -ecognition self9res%ect .%%raisal self9res%ect !1. *hat are the senses of -es%onsibility? virtue obligations general "oral ca%acities of %eo%le liabilities and accountability for actions

bla"eworthiness or %raiseworthiness

!!. *hen will you tell an .ct as an involuntary one? .ct done in ignorance .ct %erfor"ed under co"%ulsion !). *hat are the ty%es of +heories about (orality? Airtue ethics < Airtues and vices Gtilitarianis" < (ost good for the "ost %eo%le Duty ethics < Duties to res%ect %eo%le -ights ethics < 2u"an rights !,. Differentiate 2y%othetical i"%eratives and (oral i"%eratives? 2y%othetical i"%eratives are based on so"e conditions whereas (oral i"%eratives wont based on so"e condition. !5. State -awlEs %rinci%les? H1I Each %erson is entitled to the "ost e@tensive a"ount of liberty co"%atible with an e&ual a"ount for others. H!I Differences in social %ower and econo"ic benefits are Custified only when they are li6ely to benefit everyone' including "e"bers of the "ost disadvantaged grou%s. !7. Give the various tests re&uired to evaluate the Ethical +heories? +heory "ust be clear' and for"ulated with conce%ts that are coherent and a%%licable. 3t "ust be internally consistent in that none of its tenets contradicts any other. ;either the theory nor its defense can rely u%on false infor"ation. 3t "ust be sufficiently co"%rehensive to %rovide guidance in s%ecific situations of interests to us. 3t "ust be co"%atible with our "ost carefully considered "oral convictions about concrete situations. !8. Give the drawbac6s of Gtilitarianis"? So"eti"es what is best for the co""unity as a whole is bad for certain individuals in the co""unity. 3t is often i"%ossible to 6now in advance which decision will lead to the "ost good. !:. Give the drawbac6 of Duty Ethics? 1 Duty ethics does not always lead to a solution which "a@i"i#es the %ublic good. !?. Give the drawbac6s of -ights Ethics? 1 2ow do we %rioriti#e the rights of different individuals? 1 3t often %ro"otes the rights of individuals at the e@%ense of large grou%s $ society. )B. Differentiate Ethical -elativis" and Ethical Egois"? Ethical egois" < the view that right action consist in %roducing oneEs own good.

Ethical relativis" < the view that right action is "erely what the law and custo"s of oneEs society re&uire. )1. Define Ethical luralis"? Ethical %luralis" is the view that there "ay be alternative "oral %ers%ectives that are reasonable' but no one of which "ust be acce%ted co"%letely by all rational and "orally concerned %ersons. )!. Define -eligion? . religion is any set of articles of faith together with the observances' attitudes' obligations and feelings tied u% therewith' which' in so far as it is influential in a %erson' tends to %erfor" two functions' one social and the other %ersonal. )). Give the uses of Ethical +heories? 3n understanding "oral dile""as Justifying %rofessional obligations and ideals -elating ordinary and %rofessional "orality ),. *hat are %ersonal ethics and business ethics? ersonal ethics deals with how we treat others in our day9 to9 day lives. b=usiness ethics deals with the desired nor"s of behavior that %ertain to co""ercial transactions. )5. *hat do you "ean by nor"ative ethics? ;or"ative ethics deals with the %rofessional codes of ethics that s%ecify role nor"s or obligations that %rofessions atte"%t to enforce. 3t is the reco""endations of standards and guidelines for "orally right or good behavior. )7. *hat is descri%tive ethics or non9nor"ative ethics? Descri%tive ethics deals with the factual investigation of "oral behavior and beliefs ie.' the study not of what %eo%le ought to do but how they reason and how they act. )8. (ention so"e universally acce%ted ethical %rinci%les. 1 2onesty 1 3ntegrity 1 >ulfilling co""it"ents 1 .biding by agree"ents in both letter and s%irit 1 *illing to ad"it "ista6es 1 =eing caring and co"%assionate 1 2aving res%ect for hu"an dignity ):. *hat do you "ean by ethical subCectivis"? Ethical subCectivis" argues that what is ethically right or wrong for the individual de%ends on the ethical %rinci%les he$she has chosen. 3n other words' for %eo%le who subscribe to ethical subCectivis" what is ethically right or wrong is entirely a %ersonnel

"atter.

)?. *hat are the ste%s in confronting "oral dile""as? *3dentify the relevant "oral factors and reasons *Gather all available facts that are %ertinent to the "oral factors involved. *-an6 the "oral considerations in order of i"%ortance as they a%%ly to the situation. *4onsider alternative course of action as ways of resolving the dile""a' tracing the full i"%lications of each. *+al6 with the colleagues see6ing their suggestions and alternative %ers%ectives on the dile""a. *.rrive at a carefully reasoned Cudg"ent by weighing all the relevant factors and reasons in light of the facts. ,B. *hat is tacit9ethic and (eta 9ethics? 1 +acit ethic deals with the unsaid or uns%o6en rule of %ractice. 1 (eta9ethics deals with theories about ethics. ,1. *hat is "oral autono"y? (oral autono"y can be viewed as the s6ill and habit of thin6ing rationally about ethical issues on the basis of "oral concern. ,!. *hat do you "ean by a socio%ath? Socio%ath lac6 a sense of "oral concern and guilt' and can never be "orally autono"ous no "atter how inde%endent their intellectual reasoning about ethics "aybe. ,). *hat are the attributes to a %rofession? +he attributes to a %rofession are0 *Dnowledge *Organi#ation * ublic good ,,. *hat are the two "odels of a %rofessional society? +he two "odels of a %rofessional society are0 *Social contract "odel *=usiness "odel 16 Marks: 1. *hat are the ethical theories? 2ow can you classify the"? !. *hat is "eant by virtues? Do engineers need virtues? ). *hat is "eant by %rofessional res%onsibility? .lso discuss the theories about virtues. ,. E@%lain the various ty%es of virtues. 5. 3llustrate the interconnectedness a"ong the virtues of integrity and self res%ect.

7. iI E@%lain GilliganJs theory of "oral develo%"ent. iiIE@%lain DohlbergJs "odel of "oral develo%"ent. 8. HiI. Give the ste%s in confronting "oral dile""as. HiiI E@%lain the s6ills needed to handle %roble"s about issues in engineering ethics :. *hat are the different ethical theories available for right action' self interest and duty ethics? ?. E@%lain how Gilligan view the three levels of "oral develo%"ent initiated by 6ohlberg. *hat is "oral autono"y? 1B. E@%lain the sco%e of engineering ethics 11. Discuss the i"%ortance of duty ethics and virtue in engineering %rofession 1!. E@%lain the ethical theories and how these theories are useful in Custifying "oral obligation to engineers. 1). =ring out the relationshi% between "oral autono"y and res%ect of autono"y. 1,. *ho is a %rofessional? E@%lain whether engineering is a %rofession. UNIT II ENGINEERING AS SOCIAL EXPERIMENTATION 2 MARKS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 1. *hat are the conditions re&uired to define a valid consent? 1 +he consent was given voluntarily. 1 +he consent was based on the infor"ation that rational %erson would want' together with any other infor"ation re&uested' %resented to the" in understandable for". 1 +he consenter was co"%etent to %rocess the infor"ation and "a6e rational decisions. 1 !. *hat are the two "ain ele"ents which are included to understand infor"ed consent? 3nfor"ed 4onsent is understood as including two "ain ele"ents0 i. Dnowledge KSubCects should be given not only the infor"ation they re&uest' but all the infor"ation needed to "a6e a reasonable decisionL. ii. Aoluntariness KSubCects "ust enter into the e@%eri"ent without being subCected to force' fraud' or dece%tionL. ). *hat are the general features of "orally res%onsible engineers? 1 4onscientiousness. 1 4o"%rehensive %ers%ective. 1 .utono"y. 1 .ccountability. ,. *hat is the %ur%ose of various ty%es of standards? 1 .ccuracy in "easure"ent' interchangeability' ease of handling. 1 revention of inCury' death and loss of inco"e or %ro%erty. 1 >air value of %rice. 1 4o"%etence in carrying out tas6s. 1 Sound design' ease of co""unications. 1 >reedo" fro" interference.

5. Define 4ode? 4ode is a set of standards and laws. 7. Enu"erate the roles of codes? 1 3ns%iration and Guidance 1 Su%%ort 1 Deterrence and Disci%line 1 Education and (utual Gnderstanding 1 4ontributing to the rofessionEs ublic 3"age 1 rotecting the Status Muo 1 ro"oting =usiness 3nterests 8. Give the li"itations of codes? N 4odes are restricted to general and vague wording. N 4odes canEt give a solution or "ethod for solving the internal conflicts. N 4odes cannot serve as the final "oral authority for %rofessional conduct. N 4odes can be re%roduced in a very ra%id "anner. :. *hat are the %roble"s with the law in engineering? 1 (ini"al co"%liance 1 (any laws are without enforceable sanctions. ?. *hat is the need to view engineering %roCects as e@%eri"ents? 1 .ny %roCect is carried out in %artial ignorance. 1 +he final outco"es of engineering %roCects' li6e those of e@%eri"ents' are generally uncertain. 1 Effective engineering relies u%on 6nowledge gained about %roducts before and after they leave the factory < 6nowledge needed for i"%roving current %roducts and creating better ones. 1B. Differentiate scientific e@%eri"ents and engineering %roCects? Scientific e@%eri"ents are conducted to gain new 6nowledge' while Oengineering %roCects are e@%eri"ents that are not necessarily designed to %roduce very "uch 6nowledgeP. 11. *hat are the uncertainties occur in the "odel designs? 1 (odel used for the design calculations. 1 E@act characteristics of the "aterials %urchased. 1 4onstancies of "aterials used for %rocessing and fabrication. 1 ;ature of the %ressure' the finished %roduct will encounter. 12 4o""ent on the i"%ortance of learning fro" the %ast' using +itanic disaster' as an e@a"%le! +he Titanic lac6ed a sufficient nu"ber of lifeboats. 1). 4o""ent on the i"%ortance of learning fro" the %ast' using the nuclear reactor accident at +hree (ile 3sland' as an e@a"%le?

Aalues are notorious for being a"ong the least reliable co"%onents of hydraulic syste"s.3t was a %ressure relief valve' and lac6 of definitive infor"ation regarding its o%en or shut state. Si"ilar (alfunctions had occurred with the identical values on nuclear reactors because of the sa"e reasons at other locations' but no attention had been given to the". 1,. Give any two %ro"inent features of conte"%orary engineering %ractice that differentiate casual influence and "oral accountability in engineering? 1 /arge9scale engineering %roCects involve frag"entation of wor6. 1 Due to the frag"entation of the wor6' the accountability will s%read widely within an organi#ation. 1 +here is fre&uently %ressure to "ove on to a new %roCect before the current one has been o%erating long enough to be observed carefully. 1 +he contagion of "al%ractice suits currently afflicting the "edical %rofession is carrying over into engineering. 1 15. .re S-=s inherently too dangerous to use on "anned s%acecraft? 3f so' why are they %art of the design? Qes' since they have the disadvantage that once the fuel is lit' there is no way to turn the booster off or even to control the a"ount of thrust %roduced. S-=s were used instead of safer li&uid fueled boosters because they re&uired a "uch s"aller research9and9develo%"ent effort. ;u"erous other design changes were "ade to reduce the level of research and develo%"ent re&uired. 17. Gnder what conditions would you say it is safe to launch a shuttle without an esca%e "echanis" for the crew? 1 Design s%ecifications R )1B> 1 2ave given valid consent 1 3nstead of rubber' steel billets for O9rings 1 /i&uid fueled boosters instead of Solid roc6et boosters 18. 3n your o%inion' was the S-ight for infor"ed consentE of the astronauts of S%ace Shuttle 4hallenger res%ected? ;o. 1:. Define Ethical 4onventionalis"? Ethical conventionalis" is the view that a %articular set of conventions' custo"s' or laws is self9 certifying and not to be &uestioned as long as it is the set in force at a given ti"e or for a given %lace. 1?. State =abylonEs =uilding 4ode? 3f a builder has built a house for a "an and has not "ade his wor6 sound' and the house which he has built has fallen down and so caused the death of the householder' that builder shall be %ut to death. 3f it causes the death of the householderEs son' they shall %ut the builderEs son to death. 3f it causes the death of the householderEs slave' he shall give slave for slave to the householder. 3f it destroys %ro%erty he shall re%lace anything it has destroyedF and because he has not "ade

sound the house which he has built and it has fallen down' he shall rebuild the house which has fallen down fro" his own %ro%erty. 3f a builder has built a house for a "an and does not "a6e this wor6 %erfect and the wall bulges' that builder shall %ut that wall into sound condition at his own cost. 17 (ar6s 1. E@%lain in detail the challenger accident. *hat are the ethical %roble" involved in this? !. 2ow can engineer beco"e a res%onsible e@%eri"enter? ). 2ighlight the code of ethics for engineers ,. State the si"ilarities to view engineering %roCect as e@%eri"ents. 5. 2ow engineering %roCect differs fro" %roCect e@%eri"entation? 7. Discuss on the roles %layed by the codes of ethics set by %rofessional societies? 8. Give the Custification on how the challenger disaster could have been avoided by the engineers. :. 4o"%are and contrast engineering e@%eri"ents with standard e@%eri"ents ?. *hat is the i"%ortance of code of ethics? Give a brief account on codes of ethics &uoted by international standard or association?

UNIT I" ENGINEER#S RESPONSI$IIT% FOR SAFET% 2 MARKS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 1. Define -is6? . ris6 is the %otential that so"ething unwanted and har"ful "ay occur. -is6 T robability U 4onse&uences. !. Define a Disaster? . D3S.S+E- T . seriously disru%tive event V . state of un%re%ared ness. ). Give the criteria which hel%s to ensure a safety design? 1 +he "ini"u" re&uire"ent is that a design "ust co"%ly with the a%%licable laws. 1 .n acce%table design "ust "eet the standard of Oacce%ted engineering %ractice.P 1 .lternative designs that are %otentially safer "ust be e@%lored. 1 Engineer "ust atte"%t to foresee %otential "isuses of the %roduct by the consu"er and "ust design to avoid these %roble"s. 1 Once the %roduct is designed' both the %rototy%es and finished devices "ust be rigorously tested. ,. *hat are the factors for safety and ris6? 1 Aoluntary and 3nvoluntary ris6 1 Short9ter" and /ong9ter" ris6 1 E@%ected %robability 1 -eversible effects 1 +hreshold levels to ris6

1 Delayed or 3""ediate ris6 etc 1 5. *hat are the drawbac6s in the definition of /awrence? 1 Gnderesti"ation of ris6s 1 Overesti"ation of ris6s 1 ;o esti"ation of ris6s 1 5. Give the categories of -is6? /ow conse&uence' /ow %robability Hwhich can be ignoredI /ow conse&uence' 2igh %robability 2igh conse&uence' /ow %robability 2igh conse&uence' 2igh %robability 7. *hat are the factors that affect -is6 .cce%tability? Aoluntaris" and control Effect of infor"ation on ris6 assess"ent Job related %ressures (agnitude and %ro@i"ity of the %eo%le facing ris6 8. *hat is the 6nowledge re&uired to assess the ris6? Data in design Gncertainties in design +esting for safety .nalytical testing -is69benefit analysis :. *hat are the analytical "ethods? Scenario analysis >ailure "odes & effect analysis >ault tree analysis Event tree analysis etc. ?. *hat are the three conditions referred as safe e@it? .ssure when a %roduct fails it will fail safely. .ssure that the %roduct can be abandoned safely. .ssure that the user can safely esca%e the %roduct. 1B. 2ow will an engineer assess the safety? +he ris6s connected to a %roCect or %roduct "ust be identified. +he %ur%oses of the %roCect or %roduct "ust be identified and ran6ed in i"%ortance. 4osts of reducing ris6s "ust be esti"ated. +he costs "ust be weighed against both organi#ational goals and degrees of acce%tability of ris6s to clients and the %ublic. +he %roCect or %roduct "ust be tested and then either carried out or "anufactured. 11. *hat are the reasons for -is69=enefit .nalysis?

1!. .re the engineers res%onsible to educate the %ublic for safe o%eration of the e&ui%"ent? 2ow? Qes' as %er the engineers are concerned with they should have their duty as to %rotect for the safety and well being of the general %ublic. .naly#ing the ris6 and safety as%ects of their designs can do this. 1). Define Safety? 3n the definition stated by *illia" *. /awrence safety is defined' as a thing is safe if its ris6s are acce%table. . thing is safe with res%ect to a given %erson or grou%' at a given ti"e' if its ris6 is fully 6nown' if those ris6s would be Cudged acce%table' in light of settled value %rinci%les. 3n the view of obCective' safety is a "atter of how %eo%le would find ris6s acce%table or unacce%table. 1,. *hat is the definition of ris6s? . ris6 is the %otential that so"ething unwanted and har"ful "ay occur. -is6 is the %ossibility of suffering har" or loss. 3t is also defined as the %robability of a s%ecified level of ha#ardous conse&uences' being reali#ed. 2ence -is6 H-I is the %roduct of robability H I and conse&uenceH4I Hi.eI - T * 4 15. Define .cce%tability of ris6s? . ris6 is acce%table when those affected are generally no longer a%%rehensive about it. Doubtfulness de%ends "ainly on how the %eo%le ta6e the ris6 or how %eo%le %erceive it. 17. *hat are the safety "easures an engineer "ust 6now before assessing a ris6 of any %roduct? +he factors are0 Does the engineer have the right data? 3s he satisfied with the %resent design? 2ow does he test the safety of a %roduct? 2ow does he "easure and weigh the ris6s with benefits for a %roduct. 18. *hat is the use of 6nowledge of ris6 acce%tance to engineers? +hough %ast e@%erience and historical data give better infor"ation about safety of %roducts designing there are still inade&uate. +he reasons are +he infor"ation is not freely shared a"ong industries +here also new a%%lications of old technologies that %rovides available data' which are less useful. So' in order to access the ris6 of a %roduct' the engineers "ust share their 6nowledge and infor"ation with others in a free "anner.

-is69benefit analysis is concerned with the advisability of underta6ing a %roCect. 3t hel%s in deciding which design has greater advantages. 3t assists the engineers to identify a %articular design scores higher with that of the another one.

1:. *hat is "eant by Disaster? Give an e@a"%le. . disaster does not ta6e %lace until a seriously disru%tive event coincides with a state of insufficient %re%aration. E@a"%le0 +he +itanic collision with an iceberg constituted an e"ergency' which turned into a disaster because there were too few lifeboats. 1?. *hat are the %ositive uncertainties in deter"ining ris6s? +here are three %ositive uncertainties. +hey are0 ur%ose of designing .%%lication of the %roduct (aterials and the s6ill used for %roducing the %roduct. !B. *hat is the use of -is69.nalysis? *hat are the three factors involved here? -is6 .nalysis is used for the assess"ent of the ha#ardous associated with an industrial or co""ercial activity. 3t involves identifying the causes of unwanted ha#ardous events and esti"ating the conse&uences and li6elihood of these events. +hree factors involved in this are0 2a#ard 3dentification 4onse&uences analysis robability esti"ation. !1. Define -is69=enefit .nalysis? -is6 benefit analysis is a "ethod that hel%s the engineers to analy#e the ris6 in a %roCect and to deter"ine whether a %roCect should be i"%le"ented or not. 3n ris6 benefit analysis' the ris6s and benefits of a %roduct are allotted to "oney a"ounts' and the "ost benefit able ratio between ris6s and benefits is calculated. !!. E@%lain the two ty%es of -is6? i. ersonal -is60 .n individual' who is given sufficient infor"ation' will be in a %osition to decide whether to ta6e %art in a ris6y activity or not. +hey are "ore ready to ta6e on voluntary ris6s than involuntary ris6s. ii. ublic -is6s0 -is6s and benefits to the %ublic are "ore easily deter"ined than to individuals' as larger nu"ber of %eo%le is ta6en into account. 3nvoluntary ris6s are found here. !). *hat does Strict /iability "ean? Strict liability "eans if the sold %roduct is defectiveF the "anufacturer concerned is liable for any har" that results to users. ;egligible is not at all an issue based.

!,. Give the reasons for the +hree (ile 3sland disaster? i. 3nade&uate training to the o%erators. ii. Gse of = & * reactors. !5. *hat is the "ain barrier to educational atte"%ts?

.n i"%ortant barrier to educational atte"%t is that %eo%le belief change slow and are e@traordinarily resistant to new infor"ation. !7. *hat ha%%ens to the %roducts that are not safe? roducts that are not safe incur secondary costs to the "anufacturer beyond the %ri"ary costs that "ust also be ta6en into account costs associated with warranty e@%enses' loss of custo"er will and even loss of custo"ers and so. !8. *hat does O%en9"indedness refer to? O%en9"indedness refers once again not allowing a %reoccu%ation with rules to %revent close e@a"ination of safety %roble"s that "ay not be covered by rules. !:. *hat was the %roble" in the 4hernobyl reactor? +he %roble" was that' +he out%ut was "aintained to satisfy an une@%ected de"and. +he control device was not %ro%erly re%rogra""ed to "aintain %ower at the re&uired level. 3nstead of leaving fifteen control rods as re&uired' the o%erators raised al"ost all control rods because at the low %ower level' the fuel had beco"e %oisoned. 16 MARKS 1. !. ). ,. 5. 7. Describe in detail the conce%t of ris6 benefit analysis? E@%lain in detail the effect of infor"ation on ris6 assess"ent Give a detailed discussion on safety and ris6. Discuss the conce%t of safety e@ists in the 4hernobyl case studies. 2ow will assess and reduce ris6. O. nuclear accident anywhere is a nuclear accident everywhereP. E@%lain this with res%ect to three "ile island case study 8. *hat are the safety lessons you have learnt fro" =ho%al and 4hernobyl case studies? :. E@%lain in detail the ele"ents of ris6 %erce%tion ?. E@%lain the %rocess of deter"ination of ris6 1B. E@%lain in detail the ty%es of accidents. 11. E@%lain in detail about the effect of infor"ation on ris6 assess"ents 1!. 2ow to account %ublicly for benefits and ris6s? 1). Give a detailed discussion on safety and ris6. 1,. Discuss on safety. E@%lain what safety "easures are to be ta6en to establish a nuclear %ower %lant in ) country 15. *rite short notes on aI%ersonal ris6 bI%ublic ris6 17. Describe the conce%t of ris6 benefit analysis 18. Discuss on safety. E@%lain what safety "easures to be ta6en by an engineer wor6ing in dee% ground rnine 1:. E@%lain various "easures for assessing and reducing ris6 1?. Discuss the conce%t of safety e@ists in the 4hernobyl case studies !B. . nuclear accident anywhere is a nuclear accident everywhereJ. E@%lain this with res%ect to three "ile island case study

!1. *hat is ris69benefit analysis? E@%lain the different analytical "ethods used when testing is ina%%ro%riateJ

UNIT I" RESPONSI$ILITIES AND RIGHTS 2 MARKS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 1. Define 4ollegiality? 4ollegiality is a 6ind of connectedness grounded in res%ect for %rofessional e@%ertise and in a co""it"ent to the goals and values of the %rofession and collegiality includes a dis%osition to su%%ort and coo%erate with oneEs colleagues. !. *hat are the central ele"ents of collegiality? i. -es%ect ii. 4o""it"ent iii. 4onnectedness iv. 4oo%eration ). *hat are the two senses of /oyalty? i. .gency /oyalty < .cting to fulfill oneEs contractual duties to an e"%loyer. 3tEs a "atter of actions' whatever its "otives. ii. 3dentification /oyalty < 2as as "uch as to do with attitudes' e"otions' and a sense of %ersonal identity as it does with actions. ,. *hen "ay an 3dentification /oyalty be said as obligatory? i. E"%loyees "ust see so"e of their own i"%ortant goals as "et by and through a grou% in which they %artici%ate. ii. E"%loyees "ust be treated fairly' each receiving his or her share of benefits and burdens. 5. *hat is the relationshi% between the /oyalty to the co"%any and rofessional res%onsibility to the %ublic? i. .cting on %rofessional co""it"ents to the %ublic can be a "ore effective way to serve a co"%any than a "ere willingness to follow co"%any orders. ii. /oyalty to co"%anies or their current owners should not be e&uated with "erely obeying oneEs i""ediate su%ervisor. iii. .n engineer "ight have %rofessional obligations to both an e"%loyer and to the %ublic that reinforce rather than contradict each other. 7. . Define 3nstitutional .uthority? 3nstitutional .uthority is ac&uired' e@ercised and defined within organi#ations. 3t "ay

be defined as the institutional right given to a %erson to e@ercise %ower based on the resources of the institution. 8. Define E@%ert .uthority? E@%ert authority is the %ossession of s%ecial 6nowledge' s6ill or co"%etence to %erfor" tas6 or give sound advice. :. *hat is the basic "oral tas6 of salaried engineers? +he basic "oral tas6 of salaried engineers is to be aware of their obligations to obey e"%loyers on one hand and to %rotect and serve the %ublic and clients of the other. ?. *hat are the guidelines to reach an agree"ent? i. .ttac6 %roble" and not %eo%le. ii. =uild trust. iii. Start with a discussion and analysis of interests' concerns' needs. 3t begin with interests' not %ositions or solutions. iv. /isten. v. =rainstor"F suggesting an idea does not "ean one aggress with it. Develo% "ulti%le o%tions. vi. Gse obCective criteria whenever %ossible. .gree on how so"ething will be "easured. 1B. Define confidential infor"ation? 4onfidential infor"ation is infor"ation dee"ed desirable to 6ee% secret. 11. *hat are the criteria for identifying that infor"ation is OlabeledP confidential at the wor6%lace? * Engineers shall treat infor"ation co"ing to the" in the course of their as confidential. * 3dentify any infor"ation which if it beca"e 6nown would cause har" to the cor%oration or client. * 4onfidential infor"ation is any infor"ation that the e"%loyer or client would li6e to have 6e%t secret in order to co"%ete effectively against business rivals. 1!. *hat are the ter"s associated with 4onfidentiality? i. rivileged 3nfor"ation ii. ro%rietary 3nfor"ation iii. atents iv. +rade secrets 1). 2ow will you Custify the obligation of confidentiality? +he obligation of confidentiality can be Custified at two levels. >3-S+ /evel 0 (oral 4onsiderations -es%ect for autono"y -es%ect for %ro"ises -egard for %ublic well9being

SE4O;D /evel 0 (aCor Ethical +heories -ights Ethicists Duty Ethicists -ule9utilitarians .ct9utilitarians

1,. Define 4onflicts of 3nterest? 4onflict of interests is a situation in which two or "ore interests are not si"ultaneously reali#able. 3t is the disagree"ent between %ublic obligation and self9interest of an official. 15. *hy does a conflict of interests arise? a. >inancial 3nvest"ents b. 3nsider +rading c. =ribe d. Gifts e. Dic6bac6s 17. *hat is a =ribe? . =ribe is a substantial a"ount of "oney or goods offered beyond a stated business contract with the ai" of winning an advantage in gaining or 6ee%ing the contract. 18. *hat is a Gift? Gifts are not bribes as long as they are s"all gratuities offered in the nor"al conduct of business. 1:. *hat is called Dic6bac6s? rearranged %ay"ents "ade by contractors to co"%anies or their re%resentatives in e@change for contracts actually granted are called 6ic6bac6s. 1?. *hat are the ty%es of 4onflicts of interest? i. .ctual conflict of interest ii. otential conflict of interest iii. .%%arent conflict of interest !B. *hat are the for"s of 4onflicts of interest? i. 3nterest in other co"%anies ii. (oonlighting iii. 3nsider infor"ation !1. 2ow will you solve the 4onflict %roble"s? i. >inding the creative "iddle way. ii. E"%loying /ower9level considerations.

iii. (a6ing the hard choice. !!. *hat is called S*hite9collar cri"eE? Occu%ational cri"es are illegal acts "ade %ossible through oneEs lawful e"%loy"ent. 3t is the secret violation of laws regulating wor6 activities. *hen co""itted by office wor6ers of %rofessionals' occu%ational cri"e is called Swhite9collar cri"eE. !). *hat are the essential ele"ents of 3 -? i. atents ii. 4o%yrights iii. +rade"ar6s iv. +rade secrets !,.*hat are the i"%ortant for"s of 4onflicts? 4onflicts based on schedules 4onflicts which arises in evolving the i"%ortance of %roCects and the de%art"ent. 4onflicts based on the availability of %ersonal for a %roCect. 4onflicts over technical "atters. 4onflicts arise due to ad"inistrative %rocedure. 4onflicts of %ersonality. 4onflicts over cost or e@%enditure or "oney. !5. *hat are the rinci%les of 4onflicts of interest? Se%arate %eo%le fro" the %roble". >ocus on interest and not on %ositions. Generate a variety of %ossibilities before deciding what to do. 3nsist that the result be based on so"e obCective standard. !7. *hat are the nor"ative "odels to be used to avoid conflicts? 1 2ired Guns 1 Aalue9neutral .nalysts 1 Aalue9guided .dvocates !8. *hat are the characteristics of an engineer as e@%ert advisers in %ublic %lanning and %olicy "a6ing? 2onesty 4o"%etence Diligence /oyalty !:. 2ow can Dece%tive advertising be done? =y outright lies. =y half9truths.

+hrough e@aggeration. =y "a6ing false innuendos' suggestions or i"%lications. +hrough obfuscation created by a"biguity' vagueness or incoherence. +hrough subli"inal "ani%ulation of the unconscious.

!?. Give the usage of the code of conduct? +he code of conduct will hel% the engineers to have a set of standards of behavior. +hey act as guidelines for their behavior. 3t hel%s to create wor6%laces where e"%loyees are encouraged to "a6e ethical i"%lications. )B. *hat are %rofessional issues of using co"%uters? a. 4o"%uters failures b. 4o"%uter i"%le"entation c. 2ealth conditions )1. *hat are the re&uire"ents of atents? roble" of invention 4urrent re%ort of the %roble"s to address Solution or %rocedure to the %roble" E@tent of novelty or inventive .%%lication or uses Details of the inventor -esources of funds )!. *hat are the ty%es of atents? Gtility %atents Design %atents lant %atents )). *hat is the need for rotection to 3 -? revent %lagiaris". revent others using it. revent using it for financial gain. >ulfill as an obligation to funding agency. Su%%ort inco"e generation strategy. ),. *hat is the 3"%ortance of 3 -? Give the inventors e@clusive rights of dealing. er"it avoiding %f co"%etitors and raise entry barriers. er"it entry to a technical "ar6et.

Generate steady inco"e by issuing license.

)5. *hat is a +rade secret? . trade secret is a secret for"ula' %attern' or device that is used in a business and %rovides a co""ercial advantage.

)7. Define *histle =lowing? *histle9blowing is alerting relevant %ersons to so"e "oral or legal corru%tion' where Orelevant %ersonsP are those in a %osition to act in res%onse' if only by registering %rotest. i.e. the e"%loyee disclosure of an e"%loyerEs illegal or illegiti"ate %ractices to %ersons or organi#ations that "ay be able to ta6e corrective actions. +he conditions to be "et for whistle9blowing are a. ;eed b. ro@i"ity c. 4a%ability d. /ast resort )8. *hat are the "ain features of *histle =lowing? a. .ct of disclosure b. +o%ic c. .gent d. -eci%ient ):. Differentiate E@ternal *histle =lowing and 3nternal *histle =lowing? E@ternal *histle =lowing < 3nfor"ation is %assed outside the organi#ation. 3nternal *histle =lowing < 3nfor"ation is conveyed to so"eone within the organi#ation. )?. Differentiate O%en *histle =lowing and .nony"ous *histle =lowing? O%en *histle =lowing < 3ndividuals o%enly reveal their identity as they convey the infor"ation. .nony"ous *histle =lowing < 3nvolves concealing oneEs identity. ,B. *hen *histle =lowing is "orally %er"itted and "orally obligated? *histle blowing is "orally %er"itted when i. 3f the har" that will be done by the %roduct to the %ublic is serious and considerable. ii. 3f they "a6e their concerns 6nown to their su%eriors. iii. 3f getting no satisfaction fro" their i""ediate su%ervisors' they e@haust the channels available within the cor%oration' including going to the board of directors. *histle is "orally obligated when 2e or she "ust have docu"ented evidence that would convince a reasonable'

i"%artial observer that his Kor herL view of the situation is correct and the co"%any %olicy wrong. ii. +here "ust be strong evidence that "a6ing the infor"ation %ublic will in fact %revent the threatened serious har". ,1. *hat are the two general ways to a%%ly ethical theories to Custify the basic right of %rofessional conscience? i. roceed %iece"eal by reiterating the Custifications given for the s%ecific %rofessional duties. ii. Justify the right of %rofessional conscience' which involves grounding it "ore directly in the ethical theories. ,!. Define E"%loyee -ights? E"%loyee rights are rights' "oral or legal' that involve the status of being an e"%loyee. +hey include so"e %rofessional rights that a%%ly to the e"%loyer9e"%loyee relationshi%.

,). Define Se@ual 2arass"ent? Se@ual 2arass"ent "eans continuous annoying and attac6s on "en or wo"en on the basis of se@ual considerations. 3t also covers the harass"ent by fe"ale su%eriors on the "ale e"%loyees and se@ual harass"ent of e"%loyees by su%eriors of the sa"e se@. 3t includes %hysical and %sychological attac6s' coercion' "isuse of authority and a variety of undesirable and indecent actions. ,,. Define Discri"ination? Discri"ination "eans "orally unCustified treat"ent of %eo%le on arbitrary or irrelevant grounds. ,5. *hat are the general %rocedures for i"%le"enting the right to due %rocess? i. *ritten e@%lanations should be established that is available to all e"%loyees who believe their rights have been violated. ii. .n a%%eals %rocedure should be established that is available to all e"%loyees who believe their rights have been violated. ,7. Differentiate 2u"an -ights and rofessional -ights? 2u"an -ights < ossessed by virtue of being %eo%le or "oral agents. rofessional -ights < ossessed by virtue of being %rofessional having s%cial "oral res%onsibilities. ,8. Differentiate *ea6 referential +reat"ent and Strong referential +reat"ent? *ea6 %referential treat"ent involves giving an advantage to "e"bers of traditionally discri"inated9against grou%s over e&ually &ualified a%%licants who are "e"bers of other

grou%s.Strong %referential treat"ent involves giving %reference to "inority a%%licants or wo"en over better &ualified a%%licants fro" other grou%s.

16 Marks: 1. Define collective bargaining. E@%lain the role of collective bargaining in wor6 %lace rights and res%onsibilities !. 2ow will you a%%ly confidentiality for avoiding har"ful conflicts of interest in wor6 %lace? ). *hat is the i"%ortance of loyalty and collegiality in tea" wor6? ,. Discuss the ways and "eans of reducing occu%ational cri"e in industries? 5. Define S*histle9=lowingE and na"e its different ty%es? 7. *hich are the conditions that "ust be "et for *histle9=lowing to be "orally acce%table? 8. i *hat is an 3ntellectual ro%erty -ight? iiI Discuss briefly the various for"s of 3ntellectual ro%erty -ights? :. E@%lain res%ect for authority in an organi#ation. ?. *hat are the ty%es of confidential infor"ation? *hat are the Custification and li"it of confidentiality? 1B. *hat is conflict of interest? *hat are the ty%es of conflicts of interest? 11. Discuss in detail rofessional rights. 1!. Discuss in detail E"%loyee rights. 1). *hat is 3 -? *hat are the ele"ents of 3 -? 1,. *hat are the different ways of discri"ination in wor6%lace?

UNIT " GLO$AL ISSUES 2 MARKS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 1. *hat is "eant by "oral leadershi%? W *henever the goals of a leader beco"e %er"issible and also "orally valuable' it is 6nown as "oral leadershi%. W (oral leadershi% also "eans that e"%loying "orally acce%table ways to "otivate the grou%s to "ove towards "orally desirable ways. +he ways are de%ending on the situations. !. *hat are the &uestions that arise while considering the voluntary service in the field of Engineering? +he following &uestions arise0 should engineering %rofession encourage rendering voluntary services with out fees or at "oderate fees? Do the engineering %rofessional societies really need this? ). *hat is code of ethics? 4ode of ethics is a fra"e wor6 for arriving at good ethical choices. +he code of ethics establishes a fra"e wor6 for ethical Cudg"ent for any %rofession. . code of ethics does not develo% new "oral %rinci%les. ,. *hat are the co""on features involved in the code of ethics for Engineers? Engineers shall hold %ara"ount the safety' health and welfare of the %ublic in the %erfor"ance of their %rofessional duties. Engineers shall %erfor" services only in the areas of their co"%etence. Engineers shall issue %ublic state"ents only in an obCective and truthful "anner. Engineers shall act in %rofessional "atters for each e"%loyer or client as faithful agents or trustees. Engineers shall avoid dece%tive acts in the solicitation of %rofessional e"%loy"ent. 5. Differentiate eyewitness and e@%ert witness? Eye *itnesses Eyewitnesses give evidences in the court about what they have seen actually.

E@%ert witnesses are allowed larger freedo" in giving evidence on facts in there areas of e@%ertise on e@%laining facts in co""enting on the views of the e@%ert witnesses of the o%%osite side and also in re%orting on the %rofessional standards 7.*hat is the need for 2onesty? 2onesty is necessary to avoid deceiving and to be fran6 in giving all the relevant facts. 3t is also necessary to be truthful in inter%reting the facts. 2onesty in technical data is essential to be honest in engineerEs role and for the values guiding his studies.

8. *hat is "eant by 4o"%etence? 4o"%etence "eans being well trained and having %ro%er e@%erience in the relevant field and also having the re&uired additional s6ills %lanning and %olicy "a6ing. :. *hat does Diligence "ean? Diligence "eans carrying out the given Cob carefully and in a %ro"%t way. ?. Define /oyalty? /oyalty refers to serving the interests of the clients. 3t includes avoiding conflicts of interests "aintaining confidentiality and e@%ressing concern for the interest of the clients. 1B. *hat is the basic ethical and "oral res%onsibility of a "anager9engineer? Ethical res%onsibility0 +he basic ethical res%onsibilities of "anagers are to %roduce a good %roduct or valuable service' only after ta6ing into consideration "aintaining res%ect for hu"an beings' which includes custo"ers' e"%loyees and the general %ublic. (oral res%onsibility0 .s "anagers' engineerEs "oral res%onsibility is to %roduce safe and useful %roducts that are also %rofitable. 11. .*hat are the different ways to create an ethical cli"ate? +he following are the ways to create an ethical cli"ate0 1 Ethical values "ust be acce%ted and a%%reciated by the "anagers and e"%loyees with its full co"%licated features. 1 +he sincere use of ethical language has to be recogni#ed as a Custifiable %art of the co"%any. 1 +he "anage"ent has to create a strong confidence a"ong the e"%loyees that the "anage"ent is "ore serious about ethics by establishing "oral tone in words' in %olicies and also by %ersonal e@a"%le. 1 +he "anage"ent has to establish so"e %rocedures for resolving conflicts.

1!. *hat are the i"%ortant for"s of conflicts that "ay arise for an engineering %roCect "anager?

+he i"%ortant for"s of conflicts that "ay arise for an engineering %roCect "anager are' 4onflicts based on schedules. 4onflicts which arises in evolving the i"%ortance of %roCects and the de%art"ent. 4onflicts based on availability of %ersonal for a %roCect 4onflicts over technical "atters. 4onflicts which arises due to ad"inistrative %rocedure. 4onflicts of %ersonality. 4onflicts over cost or e@%enditure.

1). *hat are the %rinci%les for conflict resolution? +he following are the %rinci%les for conflict resolution0 eo%le "ust be se%arated fro" the %roble" >ocus "ust be only on interest and not on %ositions Aarious o%tions "ust be generated .n evolution criteria should be established 1,. *ho are referred as consulting engineers? 4onsulting engineers are those involved in %rivate %ractice. >or the services rendered by the"' they will be %aid so"e fees. +hey wonEt be co"%ensated by salaries fro" e"%loyers. +hey are the sole e"%loyer of their %ractice. So they have greater freedo" to ta6e decisions on the tas6s underta6en by the". 15. *hat are the rules fra"ed by ;S E in case of %rofessional advertise"ents? +he rules fra"ed by ;S E H;ational Society of rofessional EngineersI in case of %rofessional advertise"ents are as follows0 +he use of state"ents containing a "aterial "isre%resentation of fact or o"itting a "aterial fact necessary to 6ee% the state"ent fro" being "isleading. State"ents intended or li6ely to create an unCustified e@%ectation. State"ents containing %rediction of future success. State"ents containing an o%inion as to the &uality of the engineerEs services. State"ents intended or li6ely to attract clients by the use of slogans' Cingles or sensational language for"at. 17. *hat do you "ean by a%%ro%riate technology? .%%ro%riate technology "eans identification' transfor"ation and i"%le"entation of the "ost suitable technology for a new set of conditions.

18. *hat are the ill effects of acid rain?

=acteriaEs that are essential for life syste"s to be active are 6illed. 2igh acidity results in reduced growth and 6illing of fishes. Aanishing of greenery and destruction of forests. Ger"ination of seeds is affected affecting the growth of trees. 1:. *hat do you "ean by technology transfer? +echnology transfer is a %rocess of changing the technology to a new setting and i"%le"enting it. +echnology includes hardware such as "achines and installations as well as techni&ues such as technical' organi#ational and "anagerial s6ills and %rocedures. !B. Muote so"e e@a"%les of %ollution that s%oiled the environ"ent? So"e e@a"%les of %ollution that affected the environ"ent are =ho%al gas tragedy' 4hernobyl nuclear %lant e@%losion' .rtificial rains' (euse valley disaster at =elgiu"' Oleu" gas lea6 in Delhi' 2 4/ disaster in Ai#ag' Donova HGS.I steel and che"ical %lant Disaster' +ehri Da" in G. . state' etc. !1. *hat is co"%uter ethics? 4o"%uters contribute to a variety of "oral %roble"s. 3n order to evaluate and act a%%ro%riately with such %roble"s' a new field of a%%lied ethics ter"ed as Sco"%uter ethicsE has been develo%ed. !!. Give any ten co""and"ents of co"%uter ethics? a. DonEt use a co"%uter to har" other %eo%le. b. DonEt interfere with other %eo%leEs co"%uter wor6s. c. DonEt snoo% around in other %eo%leEs co"%uter files. d. DonEt use a co"%uter to steal. e. DonEt use a co"%uter to bear false witness. !). *hat is hac6ing? *hen co"%uters are the "ain obCects of an unethical act' it will create so"e ethical issues. +his 6ind of act is called hac6ing. !,. *hat is autono"ous co"%uter? +he autono"y of co"%uters "eans the ability of co"%uter to "a6e decisions without the interference of hu"an beings. +his autono"ous function of co"%uters creates a lot of i"%lication. !5. *hat are the three versions of -elativis"? i. Ethical -elativis" ii. Descri%tive -elativis" iii. (oral -elativis"

!7. *hat are the "oral di"ensions of an Engineer9"anager? 3nfor"ation rights and obligation ro%erty rights .ccountability and control Syste" &uality Muality of life !8. Give any ten 3nternational rights suggested by Donaldson? 3. +he right to freedo" of %hysical "ove"ent. 33. +he right to ownershi% of %ro%erty. 333. +he right to freedo" fro" torture. 3A. +he right to a fair trial. A. +he right to nondiscri"inatory treat"ent. A3. +he right to %hysical security. A33. +he right to freedo" of s%eech and association. A333. +he right to "ini"al education. 3U. +he right to %olitical %artici%ation. U. +he right to subsistence. !:. *hat are the reasons for the disaster at =ho%al? +he tan6s used to store (ethyl 3so9cyanate were overloaded to a tune of 85X. +he e"ergency %lant was also filled with a large a"ount of che"icals. +he entire refrigeration unit had been shutdown as a "easure to reduce the cost and this led to increase of te"%eratures to a higher level. One of the disa%%ointed wor6ers unscrewed a %ressure gauge on a tan6 and inserted a hose%i%e into it' 6nowing that it would cause da"age' but not to this e@tent. Scrubber has also been shut down. >lare tower was also not in an o%erating condition. Gnfortunately there were no e"ergency drills or evacuation %lants available. !?. Give so"e of the Environ"ental issues of concern to engineers? a. -eleasing har"ful substance into air and water. b. Gsing to@ic substance in food %rocessing. c. Disturbing land and water balances. )B. *hat are the issues in 4o"%uter ethics? ower -elationshi% Job Eli"ination 4usto"er -elations =iased Software Stoc6 +rading Gnrealistic E@%ectations olitical ower (ilitary *ea%ons

ro%erty E"be##le"ent Data and Software rivacy 4yber cri"es 4o"%uter Airus +echno stress 4yber Sca"s and >rauds 3nternet Defa"ation Software iracy 4yber S&uatting 3na%%ro%riate .ccess Data =an6 Errors 2ac6ers /egal -es%onses rofessional 3ssues 4o"%uter >ailures 4o"%uter 3"%le"entation 2ealth conditions )1. *hat are the %roble"s of Defense industry? roble" of waste and huge cost in i"%le"enting and "aintaining a wea%ons syste". roble" of +echnology cree%. roble"s in "aintaining secrecy. Every country allocates large a"ount of its resources to defense sector K3ndia s%ent Y of its resource for defense )!. *hat are ways to %ro"ote an Ethical cli"ate? Ethical values in their full co"%le@ity are widely ac6nowledged and a%%reciated by "anagers and e"%loyees ali6e. +he sincere use of ethical language has to be recogni#ed as a legiti"ate %art of cor%orate dialogue. +he to% level "anage"ent "ust establish a "oral tone in words' in %olicies' by %ersonal e@a"%le etc. +he "anage"ent has to establish so"e %rocedures for resolving conflicts.

16 Marks: 1I *hat are the %hiloso%hical views of nature? E@%lain !I *rite briefly a. Engineer as e@%ert witness. b. Engineer as good "anager.

c. c IEngineers as consulting engineersJ d. Engineer as advisor. )I 3s there any relationshi% between Engineering' Ecology and econo"ics? Discuss ,I E@%lain the issues related to co"%uter ethics and internet with your %ersonal e@%erience 5I Describe the conce%t of environ"ental ethics with a case study 7I Discuss on three senses of relative values 8I E@%lain the "eaning of environ"ental ethics :I *hat are the %roble"s faced by the defense industry in the develo%"ent of wea%ons? ?I Discuss in detail the i"%ortant issues connected with co"%uter ethics 1BI *rite down the highlights of code of ethics in .S(E guidelines. 11I write down the highlights of code of ethics in .S4E guidelinesJ 1!I write down the highlights of code of ethics in .4( guidelines 1)I 3ndicate should have behave when as 6ed to be an Je@%ert witnessJ 1,I Discuss =ho%al disaster case study