Frequency Scaling and Transformations: C Dr. Hongjiang Song, Arizona State University 1

EEE598 Fall 2013
c Dr. Hongjiang Song, Arizona State University

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13

Frequency Scaling and Transformations

EEE598 Fall 2013
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Contents
Frequency Scaling and Transformation
Introduction
Lowpass Prototype Filters
Frequency Scaling
Frequency Transformations

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Introduction
Frequency scaling and frequency transformation are
two important filter design techniques that allow to
reuse numerous existing filter tables and filter
circuits
Frequency scaling provides a way to design an
desired filter from its prototype
Frequency transformation provides a way to
transform among different filter types
Both techniques can be used to significantly simplify
your filter design processes
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Lowpass Prototype Filter
It is a normalized filter:
Pass band 0 < O < 1
Stop band 1 < O

|H(jO)|
1
1
O
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Frequency Scaling
A lowpass filter with cutoff frequency e
s
can be
built from its prototype lowpass filter

1
|H(jO)|
O
|H(je)|
e
e
s

R
n

C
n

L
n

R
C
L
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Frequency Scaling
We may scale the values of RLC from its
prototype RLC as:

n
s
s
s s
n
n s
L
R
L
R
C
C
R R R
e
e
=
=
=
Arbitrary resistor scaling factor
Frequency scaling factor
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Frequency Scaling
Location of pole and zero of the transfer function
after scaling:

z z
p p
s
s
e
e
Original location
New location
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Frequency Scaling: Active-RC Filters
For active-RC filters, frequency scaling rules can
be expressed as

MOS-C Filter will be scaled similar to active-RC
filters
s s
n
n s
R
C
C
R R R
e
=
=
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Frequency Scaling: Gm-C Filters
For Gm-C filters, frequency scaling rules can be
expressed as

n
s
s
n s
C
K
C
Gm K Gm
e
=
= ) (
Arbitrary gm scaling factor
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Frequency Scaling: SC Filters
For SC filters, frequency scaling rules are slightly
different for the two types of capacitors
(switched- and conventional capacitors):

s s
n
n
switch
s
switch
R
C
C
C
T
R
C
T
e
=
= ) ( ) (
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Example: Frequency Scaling

R
n
= 1
C
n
= 1
v
i

v
o

S
S H
n
+
=
1
1
) (
|H(jO)|
1
O
1
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Example: Frequency Scaling (I)
Select R
s
= 1k, e
s
/2t = 10kHz, we have

R = 1kO
C = 0.016uF
v
i

v
o

|H(je)|
1
f 10k
uF
R
C
C
k R R R
s s
n
n s
016 . 0
1
= =
O = =
e
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Example: Frequency Scaling (II)
If select R
s
= 100k, e
s
/2t = 10kHz, we have

R = 100kO
C = 160pF
v
i

v
o

|H(je)|
1
f 10k
pF
R
C
C
k R R R
s s
n
n s
160
100
= =
O = =
e
The solution is not unique!!
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Typical Component Values in VLSI
Tolerances: 10 ~ 50% absolute
0.1 ~ 1% for ratio
Resistor: 50 ~ 100kO
Capacitor: 0.1pf ~ 100pf
Inductor: <10nH (lossy)
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Frequency Transformations
LP-to-HP transformation
LP-to-BP transformation
LP-to-BS transformation
LP-to-multiband transformation
Hilbert transformation

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Lowpass-to-Highpass Transformation

s
S or
o o
e
e
e
= = O
|H(jO)|
1
O 1
|H(je)|
1
e e
o

A) Lowpass prototype
B) Highpass normalized
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Lowpass-to-Highpass Transformation
Location of poles of the transfer function

Original pole location
New pole location
PL
e
p p
p
p
LP LP o
HP
LP
u
e

= =
1 1
1
1
A
A
Unit circle
New zero location
o
HP
p
e
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Example: LP-to-HP Transformation
LP filter:

Transformation

HP filter

S
s H
L
+
=
1
1
) (
s
S
1
s
s
s
S H s H
s S L H
+
=
+
= =
=
1 / 1 1
1
| ) ( ) (
/ 1
1
1/S
1
s
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|H
L
(je)|
1
e 1
A) Lowpass filter
|H
H
(je)|
1
e 1
B) Highpass filter
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LP filter:

Transformation

HP filter

1
1
1
) (
2
+ +
=
S
Q
S
s H
L
s
S
1
1
1
| ) ( ) (
2
2
/ 1
+ +
= =
=
s
Q
s
s
S H s H
s S L H
1/Q
1/S
1
s
S
1/s
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|H
L
(je)|
1
e 1
A) Lowpass filter
|H
H
(je)|
1
e 1
B) Highpass filter
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Lowpass-to-Bandpass Transformation

) (
1
2 2
s
s
Q S or
B
o
o
o
e
e e
e e
+ =
= O
A) Lowpass prototype B) bandpass
|H(jO)|
1
O
1
|H(je)|
1
e e
o
e
o

B
B
Q
o
e
=
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Pole Locations
For the first-order lowpass prototype:

) )
2
( 1
2
(
0 1
0 ) ( 0
2
2
Q
p
j
Q
p p
s
Q
p
s
p
s
s
Q p s
LP LP
o
BP
o
Lp
o
Lp
o
o
Lp
=
= +
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
= + =
e
e e
e
e
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Pole Locations

Original pole
New pole location
p
LP

o
BP
p
e
o
BP
p
e New zero location
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Pole Locations
For the second-order lowpass prototype:

o
LP LP
o
BP
LP LP
o
BP
Lp
o
o
Lp
o
o
LP LP
LP
Q
p
Q
p p
Q
p
Q
p p
p
s
s
Q p
s
s
Q
p s p s
Q
s
s
1 )
2
(
2
1 )
2
(
2
{
0 ) ) ( )( ) ( (
0 ) )( ( 1
2
2 2 2
2
1 1 1
2 1
2 1
2
=
=
= + +
= = + +
e
e
e
e
e
e
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Pole Locations:

New pole location
p
LP1

o
BP
p
e
2
o
BP
p
e
1
p
LP2

New pole location
original pole location
New zero location (2x)
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Example: LP-to-BP Transformation
LP filter:

Transformation

BP filter

S
s H
L
+
=
1
1
) (
s
s
Q S
2
1+
2 2
1
/ 1
/
1
1
1
| ) ( ) (
2
s Q s
Q s
s
s
Q
S H s H
s
s
Q S
L BP
+ +
=
+
+
= =
+
=
1
1/S
Q
s
1/s
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Lowpass-to-Bandstop Transformation

) (
1 1
2 2
s
s
Q
S or B
o
o
o
e
e
e e
e
+
=
= O
A) Lowpass prototype B) bandpass
|H(jO)|
1
O
1
|H(je)|
1
e e
o
e
o

B
B
Q
o
e
=
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Pole Location
For first-order lowpass prototype

) )
2
1
( 1
2
1
(
0 1
1
0
) (
1
0
2
2
LP LP o
BP
o Lp o
Lp
o
o
Lp
Qp
j
Qp
p
s
Qp
s
p
s
s
Q
p s
=
= +
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
+
=
e
e e
e
e
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Pole Location

Original pole
New pole location
p
LP

o
BP
p
e
o
BP
p
e New zero location
o
BP
z
e
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Pole Locations
For the second-order lowpass prototype:

o
LP LP o
BP
LP LP o
BP
Lp
o
o
Lp
o
o
LP LP
LP
Qp Qp
p
Qp Qp
p
p
s
s
Q
p
s
s
Q
p s p s
Q
s
s
1 )
2
1
(
2
1
1 )
2
1
(
2
1
{
0 )
) (
1
)(
) (
1
(
0 ) )( ( 1
2
2 2
2
2
1 1
1
2 1
2 1
2
=
=
=
+
= = + +
e
e
e
e
e
e
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Pole Locations:

New pole location
p
LP1

o
BP
p
e
2
o
BP
p
e
1
p
LP2

New pole location
New zero location (2x)
o
BP
z
e
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Lowpass-To-MultiBand Transformation

n
k
k
k
n
k
k
k
s
s
s
K
S
K
1
) 2 ( 0
2 2
) 1 2 ( 0
2 2
1
) 2 ( 0
2 2
) 1 2 ( 0
2 2
) (
) (
) (
) (
=
+
+
=
= O
e
e
e e
e e
e
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Hilbert Transformation
Transfer a real filter to a complex filter
(See ployphase filter topic)

o
o
j s S e
e e
=
= O

Frequency Scaling and Transformations: C Dr. Hongjiang Song, Arizona State University 1

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c Dr. Hongjiang Song, Arizona State University

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