Name: _______________________________

UNIT 3: DIGESTION & NUTRITION

THE BIG QUESTIONS:
1) What is digestion? 2) What, exactly, are we digesting? 3) How do we digest our foods? 4) How do nutrients go from our food into our bodies? 5) What is the livers role in all this? 6) And why do we need to know all this, anyways?

TERMS YOURE GONNA HAVE TO KNOW BY THE END OF THIS UNIT (MUAHAHAHAHA!)
Tongue Teeth Salivary Glands Pharynx Esophagus Pyloric Sphincter Stomach Duodenum Appendix Anus Gall Bladder Epiglottis Cardiac Sphincter Small Intestine Large Intestine Rectum Liver Pancreas Uvula Alimentary Canal

Name: _______________________________ Questions & Comments

PART 1: DIGESTION OVERVIEW What is digestion?

1) 2) 3) 4) Objectives: Describe the general organization of the body Develop a definition for digestion Know what the digestive tract looks like Understand difference between mechanical & chemical digestion

There are 5 levels of organization in the body: 1. Cells 2. Tissues 3. Organs 4. Organ Systems 5. Organisms LEVEL 1: CELLS So, according to the _________________________, cells are the basic building blocks of all life. ALL living things are composed of cells. Cells perform many functions, such as: Waste disposal __________________________________ Osmoregulation Thermoregulation __________________________________ LEVEL 2: TISSUES Cells with similar ________________________________________ make up tissues! And there are 4 major types of tissues: Connective Tissue Connects different tissues & organs within body (eg. bone) ____________________________________ Makes up muscles in body (eg. quadricep) Nervous Tissue Make up the nervous system (eg. brain) Epithelial Tissue Cover organ surfaces (eg. surface of skin) LEVEL 3: ORGANS Groups of tissues with similar structures and functions form organs! Examples include the: Brain, Heart, Kidneys, Stomach, Intestines

Name: _______________________________ LEVEL 4: ORGAN SYSTEMS Organs with similar structures and functions combine to form systems! Examples include the: Nervous System, Circulatory System, _______________________________ LEVEL 4: ORGANISMS Organ systems work together to form and support a real, live, organism Examples include: Us, Jellyfish, Mushrooms, Golden Poison Dart Frogs .

Ok, But what is the Digestive system?

Definition: An organ system within the body that is made up of several parts, including the teeth, stomach, intestines, and rectum (to name a few). Also known as the ___________________________________________. Function: Disassembles food into its component molecules so that it may be _______________________________________________. 2 Types of Digestion: __________________________ & Chemical Um, What? Lipids Fatty Acids Proteins Amino Acids Carbs Simple Sugars

Stages Involved in Digestion

There are 5 major stages involved in digestion: 1. Ingestion: We ingest food 2. Mechanical Digestion: As food is moved along the alimentary canal, it is _______________________________________________________. 3. Chemical Digestion: As food continues on its merry way, enzyme action breaks it down into even smaller pieces. 4. _______________________________: Your system absorbs the nutrients from the digested food and distributes them to your cells 5. Elimination: The digestive system poops out ______________________ material as waste (i.e. feces)

Mechanical Digestion
Mechanical Digestion breaks food into smaller pieces so that there is a ___________________________________________ for chemical digestion to occur.

Name: _______________________________ There are 3 types of Mechanical Digestion: 1. ______________________________: Chewing of food by teeth 2. Peristalsis: Involuntary, rhythmic ____________________________________ that push contents of digestive tract forward 3. Emulsification: Breakdown of fat globules into smaller particles There are 4 places where Mechanical Digestion occurs: 1. The Mouth - Mastication 2. The Esophagus - ___________________________________ 3. The Intestines Peristalsis, Emulsification 4. The Stomach _________________________________________ Factors that speed up peristalsis: 1. Eating 2. Specific Diet (Eg. fiber = regularity) 3. ________________________________ 4. Caffeine

Chemical Digestion
Chemical Digestion is the bodys use of __________________________ to break mechanically digested food down into smaller molecules for absorption. There are 3 places where Chemical Digestion occurs: 1. The Mouth 2. The Stomach 3. _________________________________________ Enzymes: Molecules that ______________________________________________ the chemical reactions that turn the food we eat into the nutrients we need. Some Examples: Amylase, Trypsin, Pepsin, Lipase .

PART 2: ENERGY, NUTRIENTS & NUTRITION What, exactly, are we digesting?

1) 2) 3) 4) Objectives: Define what a calorie is Describe each of the 6 basic types of nutrients Identify dietary sources for each type of nutrient Evaluate personal food intake and food decisions

Name: _______________________________ Questions & Comments

Calories
A ____________________________ is the scientific unit of measurement for energy that comes from food to power your body. How does energy get from food into your body? Digestion, of course! When the food we eat is broken down, ____________________________________ during cellular respirationthis energy is either broken down to form __________. This process is called ___________________________________. We require energy for 2 major reasons: 1. Basal Metabolism: The ________________________________________ needed by a ____________________________ to perform basic bodily functions (eg. respiration, circulation, cellular metabolism, etc.) 2. ________________________: The amount of calories needed for physical activity depends on the intensity and duration SO, the amount of calories we need depends on: 1. Our Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) Which depends on our age, gender, height, and body mass 2. Level of physical activity So, how many calories do we actually need? Average = moderately active, average weight and height According to WEBmd The average 14-18 year old female: __________________ calories The average 14-18 year old male: _________________________ calories Bottom Line: Your body needs calories to survive but Consuming too many results in ______________________________ (because extra energy is stored as fat)! Consuming too few results in _______________________________ (because the extra energy stored as fat is being used) This is why it is important to know the relative amount of calories within the foods you eat. Check nutrition labels Note: Energy on nutrition labels is sometimes measured in kcal (_______________________________) 1 kcal = 1000 calories Visit calorie-counter websites like fitday or myfitnesspal

Name: _______________________________ Questions & Comments

Nutrients
A ______________________ is a chemical that an organism needs to live, grow, or use in their metabolism! Nutrients must be taken from the _____________________________ Nutrients are digested into a form that can be used to ____________________________________________. SO, literally, you are what you eat! There are 6 Basic Types of Nutrients found in food: 1. ___________________________________ 2. ___________________________________ 3. ___________________________________ 4. ___________________________________ 5. ___________________________________ 6. ___________________________________ 1. Nutrients: Carbohydrates Function: Provide _________________________ for the body Is the bodys second-used source of energy Different Types: 3 Classes 1. __________________ (simple carbohydrates) Monosaccharides, Disaccharides 2. Starches (_____________________ carbohydrates) Polysaccharides 3. __________________ (indigestible complex carbohydrate) Calories: 1 gram = _____________________ % of Calorie Intake: __________________ Dietary Sources: Sugars: ________________________________________________________________________ Starches: ______________________________________________________________________ Fibers: _________________________________________________________________________ 2. Nutrients: Proteins Functions: Basic ___________________________ of the body (eg. skin, hair, enzymes) Synthesize hormones Provide energy for the body Is the bodys first-used source of energy Calories: 1 gram = _________________________ % of Calorie Intake: _______________________ Dietary Sources: ______________________________________________________________

Name: _______________________________ 3. Nutrients: Lipids (Fats) Functions: Make up the ______________________________ Synthesize hormones _____________________ the body from cold Protect organs against injury Provide energy for the body Is the bodys third-used source of energy Calories: 1 gram = __________________________ % of Calorie Intake: _______________________ Bad Fats: _______________________________________________________________________ Good Fats: ______________________________________________________________________ 4. Nutrients: Minerals Functions: Minerals are _________________________ substances that: Serve as _______________________ Takes part in chemical reactions within the body DO NOT _____________________ for the body Types of Minerals: 1. Macro-Minerals: Needed in __________________ quantities 2. Trace Minerals: Needed in __________________ quantities Where: Mostly found in your _____________________________ Amount: Make up approx. ___________ of total body weight Types of Macro-Minerals: Calcium (forms teeth and bones, clots blood) Dietary Sources: ______________________________________________ Phosphorus (forms teeth and bones, enzymes, and DNA) Dietary Sources: ______________________________________________ Potassium (regulates nerve & muscle activity) Dietary Sources: ______________________________________________ Sodium (regulates nerve activity & pH) Dietary Sources: ______________________________________________ Types of Trace Minerals: Iron (forms hemoglobin) Dietary Sources: ______________________________________________ Iodine (forms and maintains thyroid) Dietary Sources: ______________________________________________ Zinc (builds and maintains immune system) Dietary Sources: ______________________________________________ Fluorine (reduces dental cavities) Dietary Sources: ______________________________________________

Name: _______________________________ 5. Nutrients: Vitamins Functions: Vitamins are ____________________________ substances that 1. _________________________________________ 2. Maintain metabolism Types of Vitamins: 1. Water Soluble: __________________________, must be used immediately 2. _________________: Can be stored in the liver, then used when needed Where: Bloodstream (__________________) or fat and liver (__________________) Amount: There are ___________ essential vitamins Fat Soluble Vitamins (A, D, E, K) Vitamin A (maintains teeth, bones, and vision) Dietary Sources: Carrots, dark fruits and leafy greens Vitamin D (helps body absorb calcium) Dietary Sources: Sunlight, fatty fish Vitamin K (coagulates blood) Dietary Sources: Cabbage, cauliflower, leafy greens Water Soluble Vitamins (C, B1, B2, B3, B6, B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, Folic Acid) Vitamin B12 (regulated metabolism, forms red blood cells) Dietary Sources: Red meat, chicken, eggs Vitamin C (promotes healthy teeth & gums, heals wounds) Dietary Sources: Citrus fruits, cabbage, tomatoes Folic Acid (forms red blood cells, produces DNA) Dietary Source: Asparagus, leafy greens, beets, beans 6. Nutrients: Water Water is, perhaps, the most important nutrient of all After all, you would die within __________________ without water. Functions: Facilitates chemical reactions Composes many important body organs Eg. lungs = 90% water, brains = 70% water ______________________ joints and sensory organs Regulates ________________________________________ Dissolves vitamins and minerals ____________________________________________________ Amount: Approx. ___________________ of the body is made up of water! To maintain this, the average human must drink 8 cups of water per day (we lose approx. 2.5 litres of water per day) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Name: _______________________________

PART 3: THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS How do we digest our food?

Objectives: 1) Identify major structures & functions of human digestive system 2) Describe the processes of mechanical digestion that occur along the alimentary canal 3) Describe sites of chemical digestion along the alimentary canal 4) Explain the role of enzymes in chemical digestion 5) Identify various enzymes and the nutrients they digest ITS TIME FOR THE CONCEPT MAP! But whyyyyyy do we need to do this? Because: 1. We will be adding to it as we move along 2. The digestive system can be confusing 3. It makes a great study guide 4. You will have to turn it into a big, fancy, good copy and hand it in!

Enzymes
Enzymes & Metabolic Reactions: For metabolic reactions to occur, _______________________ is required to initiate the reaction (in the form of ATP, remember?) _______________________ is dangerous, because it could destroy the cell Enzymes permit low-temperature reactions by reducing the reactions activation energy (__________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________) Understanding Enzymes Composition: ____________________________ Linguistics: End in __________ or __________ Function: Catalyze (_______________________________________________) chemical reactions during digestion Cool Factor: Unlike the nutrients they break down during chemical digestion, enzymes _____________________________________ during and after a chemical reaction so they can be used over and over, again. They are like little robots working on an assembly line

Name: _______________________________

During a chemical reaction, a _______________________________ (the substance before the reaction) is broken down into a ____________________ (the altered substance after the reaction). Eg. In the context of digestion: Reactant = Carbohydrate Product = Simple Sugar How Enzymes Work: The Lock & Key Concept Each _____________________ fits together with only a specific type of ______________________ just like a lock fits with a specific cut of key 1) The substrate binds to the enzymes _____________________________ 2) The enzyme breaks the substrate down 3) The smaller, altered products are released from the active site

Name: _______________________________ Questions & Comments There are 4 major factors that affect Enzymes: 1. _________________________of Enzyme 2. Concentration of Substrate 3. pH Level 4. _____________________________________ Concentration of Enzyme enzyme = ___ rate of reaction =___ product Concentration of Substrate substrate = ___ rate of reaction = ___ product The more molecules there are, the more collisions But the reaction ___________________ at a certain point when the number of substrate molecules _________________ the number of enzyme molecules pH Level Each enzyme functions best within a specific pH range If pH increases or decreases too much, the enzyme ______________! Denature: A change in an enzymes ________________ due to exposure to unnatural circumstances. Because of this change, __________________________ ___________________________________ (like a bent key no longer fits in its lock) Temperature temperature =____ rate of reaction = ____ product But enzymes have an optimal temperature (usually __________ ) When temperature ___________ this measure, the enzyme denatures Question: How would a fever of >40 degrees affect chemical reactions within the body? Question: What would happen if we had no digestive enzymes?

How would a fever of >40 degrees affect chemical reactions within the body?

The Digestive Process: The Mouth

What would happen if we had no digestive enzymes?

Essential Structures & Functions: Teeth: Mastication (__________________________) Tongue: Muscle with several digestive functions 1) _________________________________________________ 2) Mixes food with saliva 3) _________________________________________________ 4) Home to taste buds (sensory receptors) 5) Moves food to back of mouth (for swallowing) Uvula: Aids in ____________________________________, otherwise useless

Name: _______________________________ Salivary Glands: Releases amylase enzyme (______________________________) Mechanical Digestion in the Mouth Process Location

Enzyme

Chemical Digestion in the Mouth Location Nutrient Digested

End Product

The Digestive Process: The Esophagus

Essential Structures & Functions: Pharynx: Where the ________________________________________ come together Epiglottis: Closes opening to respiratory passage (trachea) when swallowing (______________________________________________________) Esophagus: Connects the pharynx to the stomach and moves bolus down the tract via peristalsis (__________________________________) Secretion Alert! The inside of the esophagus is coated with a thick film of ______________________ Esophageal Sphincter: Ring of ____________________ at the junction of the _________________________________, which acts like a drawstring on a bag to present contents of stomach from reversing into the esophagus Mechanical Digestion in the Esophagus Process Location

The Digestive Process: The Stomach

Essential Structures & Functions: Stomach: Muscular, pouch-like enlargement of digestive tract (______________________________________) Secretion Alert! The stomach produces ____________________________ (pepsin enzyme + hydrochloric acid) ____________________________________ keeps the stomachs pH very low (acidic), because pepsin works best under acidic conditions Secretion Alert! The inside of the stomach is coated with a thick film of slippery mucus

Name: _______________________________ Pyloric Sphincter: Sphincter ____________________________________________ ______________________________ that gradually releases digested material Chyme: The thick, semi-fluid mass of partly digested food that exits the stomach and enters the small intestine Mechanical Digestion in the Stomach Process Location

What stops us from digesting our own stomachs?

Enzyme

Chemical Digestion in the Stomach Location Nutrient Digested

End Product

Fun Fact: It actually IS possible for the stomach to digest itself If there happens to be a weakness or hole in the mucus lining, an ____________________ will form! So, what weakens the mucus lining? ____________________________________________ Excessive alcohol consumption Overuse of painkillers Extreme stress

The Digestive Process: The Small Intestine

Essential Structures & Functions: Small Intestine: _________ long (but only _________ wide) tube where _________________________ is completed, and ______________________ occurs Muscular walls of the small intestine contract and relax to push food through the intestine (_________________________________) Several enzymes further digest nutrients in the small intestine (__________________________________) Duodenum: The first 25-30cm of the small intestine, where _____________ ______________________________________ occurs Mesentery: Thin _________________________ which attaches the small intestine to the rear wall of the abdomen. It has 2 functions: 1) Prevents intestine from becoming a tangled mess 2) Carries blood (which supplies oxygen) to the small intestine

Name: _______________________________ Mechanical Digestion in the Stomach Process Location

Enzyme

Chemical Digestion in the Stomach Location Nutrient Digested

End Product

The Digestive Process: The Small Intestine

Essential Structures & Functions: Pancreas: An triangular organ located between the stomach and small intestine that aids in _________________________________ Secretion Alert! The pancreas produces _________________________, a hormone that is important for carbohydrate metabolism and blood sugar maintenance Secretion Alert! The pancreas produces ______________________ that: 1) Neutralizes the acidic chyme coming from the stomach 1) Adds several digestive enzymes to the small intestine Liver: Large, ________________________________ gland located beneath the diaphragm, and above the stomach. Secretion Alert! ______________________ emulsifies fats in order to increase the surface area of the molecules for enzyme action (________________________________). Gallbladder: Small organ where ______________________________ before being released into the small intestine

Name: _______________________________ Negative Feedback Loop: Release of bile into the small intestine is regulated by a __________________ _______________________________________, which is a control system designed to prevent chemical imbalances in the body by responding to changes in the environment. Once the effect is detected, the response is inhibited to maintain homeostasis. Remember: Food does not actually travel through the pancreas and the liver (hence, why they are called accessory organs). These organs simply _________________________, by _____________________________ that aid in mechanical and chemical digestion. Mechanical Digestion in the Accessory Organs Process Location

Chemical Digestion in the Accessory Organs Enzyme Location Nutrient Digested End Product

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PART 4: ABSORPTION How do nutrients go from our food into our bodies?
1) Describe the process of absorption 2) Describe the specific processes of absorption that take place at various sites along the alimentary canal Most absorption occurs in the __________________________________! In order to maximize the absorption of nutrients, the small intestine is lined with finger-like _____________________ to increase surface area. And there are also microvilli on these microvilli.

Name: _______________________________ Fun Fact: Without villi, the small intestine would have to be _________ long in order to absorb enough nutrients!

ABSORPTION: THE LARGE INTESTINE

Essential Structures & Functions: Large Intestine: The _______m-long, _______m-wide tube into which the contents of the small intestine flow in order for _____________________________ _______________________________ to be absorbed The colon is also home to a host of vitamin (B & K)-fixing bacteria It takes about 18-24 hours for the remaining (indigestible material) to move through the colon Rectum: The final section of the digestive tract. When the rectum is full, nerve endings send out messages which create discomfort signaling that its time for _____________________. Anus: The _______________________ at the end of the digestive tract that opens into the outside world. Feces: The compacted ___________________________________ (the parts of food that cannot be digested or absorbed) of digestion

ABSORPTION: THE ACCESSORY ORGANS

Nonessential Structures & Functions: Caecum: A pouch near the junction between the small and large _________________________ Appendix: A smaller, finger-like pouch attached to the caecum ___________________________ = Inflammation of the appendix (this occurs because food can get stuck there, creating a perfect habitat for a bacterial infection) What functions do these structures possess? _________________. Though it is thought that in the evolutionary past, they may have been used for cellulose digestion (monkeys are big on leaves).

Name: _______________________________

PART 5: THE LIVER & HOMEOSTASIS What is the livers role in all this?
Objectives: 1) Describe the homeostatic role of the liver in regulating nutrient levels in the blood 2) Describe the homeostatic role of the liver in nutrient storage In addition to secreting bile, which______________________________ in the small intestine, the liver has many other important functions: 1. _______________________: Glycogen to glucose, fatty acids to glucose Remember: Glucose is used to provide energy for the body Glycogen is the stored form of glucose 2. _______________________: Of glycogen, vitamins, & minerals 3. Production: Important chemicals & proteins 4. _______________________: Removes chemicals such as alcohol & drugs 5. Deactivation: Of hormones when no longer needed 6. _______________________: Of pigments, salts, cholesterol, etc. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PART 6: DIGESTIVE DISORDERS Why do we need to know all this, anyways?

Objectives: 1) Investigate and describe conditions/disorders that affect the digestive process 2) Understand that scientific inquiry is used as a problem-solving tool Some disorders you can choose from: Malnutrition/Starvation Anorexia Bulimia Appendicitis Ulcers Dysentery Crohns Disease or Celiac Disease Cancer Liver Cirrhosis Hemorrhoids Lactose Intolerance Gallstones Diverticulosis Constipation Diabetes (Type I or II)

Name: _______________________________ Chemical Digestion: A Summary Location Nutrient Digested

Enzyme

End Product

Mechanical Digestion: A Summary Process Location

Process Absorption Absorption

Absorption: A Summary Location Small Intestine Large Intestine

What is Absorbed

Name: _______________________________