Euler-Bernoulli Bending Theory (Pure Bending Moment)

z M x

D dw C dx B

neutral axis

uz = w(x) = vertical deflection of the neutral axis

ux

z
u x = z ( x )
dx

dw

If the plane AB remains perpendicular to CD

dw dx

ux = z

dw dx

ux = z

dw dx

u x d 2w = z 2 xx = x dx

If we assume

yy = zz = xy = yz = 0
1 xx ( yy + zz ) E

The stress-strain relations give

xx =

d 2w xx = E z 2 dx

xz = G

u x u z + x z

dw dw = G =0 dx dx

d 2w xx = E z 2 dx
y z

xx
M

M = xx z dA
A

=E

d w 2 z dA dx 2 A

d 2w = EI 2 dx

xx =

Mz I
neutral axis is at centroid cross-section must be symmetric

A
A

xx

dA = 0

zdA = 0
A

xx y dA = 0

y z dA = 0
A

Engineering Beam Theory

qz

M ( x) z = Let xx I V ( x)Q ( z ) xz = I t ( z)

[ Note: we still have u x = z

dw dw = dx dx

so that

xz = 0

(inconsistent) ]

M V

dM 2 = V ( x) d w dx M = EI 2 dx dV = qz ( x ) dx

d 4w EI 4 = qz ( x ) dx

qz applied force/unit length on beam in zdirection

dM = V ( x) dx dV = qz ( x ) dx

How are these internal force and bending moment equilibrium relations related to our local equilibrium equations?

xx xy xz + + =0 x y z
xy x + yy y + yz z =0

xz yz zz + + =0 x y z

 xx xy xz + + =0 x y z
multiply by z and integrate over the cross-section, A

z
A

xx dA + z xy + xz x y z A

dA = 0

or, equivalently

d z dA + z + z ( ) ( ) xx xy xz dA xz dA = 0 y dx z A A A

- M(x) z n
nz ny

- V(x)
f dA = f n y ds y A C

f dA = f nz ds z A C

Gauss theorem (2-D)

dM + z ( n y xy + nz xz ) ds + V ( x ) = 0 dx C
z n y

Tx(

n)

Tx( ) = 0
n

dM = V ( x) dx

Now, consider

xz yz zz + + =0 x y z
integrating over A

yz zz d xz dA + + dx A y z A
-V(x)

dA = 0

dV + ( yz n y + zz nz ) ds = 0 dx C
Tz( n )

Tz( n )

z y
( ) T z ds = qz ( x )
n C

applied force/unit length in zdirection

dV = qz ( x ) dx

Last remaining equilibrium equation is:

xy x

yy y

yz z

=0

Integrating over A gives

 yy yz d dA + + xy dx A y z A
Vy

dA = 0

dVy dx

+ ( yy ny + yz nz ) ds = 0
C

Ty( n )
Ty
( n)

( ) T y ds = q y ( x )
n C

applied force/unit length in ydirection

z y

dVy dx

= q y ( x )

Vy

which is identically satisfied if

Vy = 0, Ty( ) = 0
n

Timoshenko Beam Theory

A

z M x

D dw C dx B

neutral axis

u x = z ( x )
xx = E z
d dx u u xz = G x + z x z

( x)

dw dx

dw
dx

dw = + G x ( ) dx

better than Euler/Bernoulli but still a constant across the cross-section so introduce a form factor 2

 xx = E z

d dx

xz = 2G ( x ) + yy

dw dx = zz = xy = yz = 0

For bending moment and shear force

M = z xx dA = E
A

d dx

2 z dA = EI A

d dx

dw V = xz dA = 2G + dA dx A A dw = 2G + A = xz A dx

Timoshenko Beam theory

Euler-Bernoulli Theory

d M = EI dx V ( x) dw ( x ) = 2 dx GA

d 2w M = EI 2 dx dw = dx
P

Example:

P x

M = - Px L x V=-P

d = Px dx Px 2 + C1 EI = 2 EI

( L) = 0 =
This gives

2 2 P L x

rotation of the beam cross-section

2 EI
(same as ordinary beam theory)

xx =

Pxz I

dw V = 2 + slope of neutral axis GA dx P ( L2 x 2 ) P = 2 + GA 2 EI

Integrating

P ( L2 x x3 / 3) Px + + C2 w= 2 GA 2 EI PL PL3 + + C2 = 0 w( L) = 0 2 GA 3EI

which gives

PL3 PL C2 = w(0) = 2 3EI GA

bending shear

deflection due to:

PL3 w ( 0) = 3EI

3E I + 1 2 2 G AL
I 1 h = AL2 12 L
2

For a rectangular section of base b and height h