Some Useful Numbers on the Engineering Properties of Materials (Geologic and Otherwise) GEOL 615 Coefficient of sliding friction

() For most rocks, varies between !" and !5! # val$e of !6 wo$ld be a good n$mber for general $se! Glass on glass !% &$bber on concrete !'5 (teel on steel !55 #ngle of internal friction () &ock ) (and ) *% Gravel )5 (ilt )% Cla+ , Loose sand ) *)5 -edi$m sand % .ense sand )5*%5 Gravel wit/ some sand )%*%" (ilt ,6*)5 0eca$se t/e angle of internal friction, , is t+1icall+ aro$nd ,5*)5, t/e coefficient of internal friction (tan) is !5 to !' Co/esive strengt/ ( ) &ock 1 , k2a (ilt '5 k2a Cla+ 1 *, k2a 3er+ soft cla+ * %" k2a (oft cla+ %"*46 k2a -edi$m cla+ 46*14, k2a (tiff cla+ 14,*)"% k2a 3er+ stiff cla+ )"%*'66 k2a 5ard cla+ 6'66 k2a .ensit+ () (and+ soil Gravel soil (ilt+ soil Cla+ soil -afic igneo$s rocks Felsic igneo$s rocks -etamor1/ic rocks kg7m) kg7m) kg7m) kg7m) kg7m) kg7m) kg7m)

1" , ,1 14 ) ,' ,'

, (edimentar+ rocks ,6 kg7m) Granite ,' kg7m) (/ale ,5 kg7m) Limestone ,' kg7m) C/alk ,1 kg7m) (andstone , kg7m) (teel " kg7m) Concrete 16" *) kg7m) ) 8ater 1 kg7m 9nit weig/t () (recall t/at = g) :&ock; ,6!5 k/m) Gravel soil 14 k/m) (and+ soil 16 k/m) (ilt+ soil , k/m) Cla+ soil 1" k/m) 8ater 4!" k/m) Concrete ,) k/m) (teel '" k/m) 2orosit+ Gravel (and (ilt Cla+ (and and gravel, mi=ed Glacial till (andstone Limestone (/ale Fract$red igneo$s rock Granite .iabase Gabbro 0asalt Gneiss -arble (late >$art?ite ) *% < , *)5 < )5*5 < ))*6 < , *)5 < 1 *, < 5*) < 5*) < 1 *) < 1 *% < !5*1!5 < !1* !5 < !1* !, < !1*1! < !5*1!5 < !5*, < !1* !5 < !1* !5 <

***** (9nfract$red) ****

1 1 1 1 1
*, *)

2ermeabilit+ 8ell*sorted gravel 8ell*sorted sands, glacial o$twas/ (ilt+ sands, fine sands (ilt, sand+ silts, cla+e+ sands, till Cla+

to 1 cm7sec to 1 *1 cm7sec *5 to 1 *) cm7sec *6 to 1 *% cm7sec *4 to 1 *6 cm7sec

) (oil (ensitivit+ @nsensitive cla+s Low sensitive cla+s -edi$m sensitive cla+s (ensitive cla+s E=tra sensitive cla+s >$ick cla+ Com1ressibilit+ (Cc) (oft cla+ 6 !) Cla+ !)* !15 (ilt+ cla+ !15* ! '5 (and+ cla+ A ! '5 2oissonBs ratio () (and+ (oil !,5* !% Gravel soil !15* !)5 Granite !1* !) (andstone !,1* !)" (/ale !,* !% Limestone !1"* !)) C/alk !)5 -arble ! 6* !,, (teel !) Co$ngBs -od$l$s (E) Cla+ soil 1 *, -2a (soft to stiff) (and+ soil 1 *5 -2a (loose to com1act) Gravel soil ' *1' -2a (loose to com1act (oft cla+ 1*) -2a 5ard cla+ 6*1% -2a Loose sand 1 *," -2a .ense sand )5*64 -2a Granite 1 *' G2a (andstone 1*, G2a (/ale 1*' G2a Limestone 15*55 G2a -arble 5 *' G2a (teel , G2a Glass %5 G2a 8ood 6, *15, -2a 0$lk mod$l$s (D) Granite 5 G2a (/ale 1 G2a Limestone 65 G2a C/alk 4 G2a (andstone !' G2a A1 1*, ,*% %*" "*16 616

% -od$l$s of rigidit+ () Granite ,% G2a (/ale 1!6 G2a Limestone ,% G2a C/alk )!, G2a (andstone !% G2a (teel " G2a 8ood % G2a Glass 14 G2a Lit/ostatic 1ress$re gradient ,6!%6 -2a7km (for E ,!' ) 5+drostatic 1ress$re gradient 4!" -2a7km 9nconfined com1ressive strengt/ Granite 1 *,5 -2a 0asalt 1 *) -2a >$art?ite 15 *) -2a (andstone , *1' -2a (/ale 5*1 -2a Limestone ) *,5 -2a -arble )5*6 -2a (late 1 *, -2a >$art?ite 15 *) -2a Concrete 1%*%, -2a 5ig/ strengt/ concrete ' -2a (teel ,5 -2a 8ood 5 -2a Field test for com1ressive strengt/ of soils and rocks Term Diagnostic features Undrained compressive strength 3er+ soft soil E=$des between fingers w/en sF$ee?ed A,5 k2a (oft soil Easil+ indented b+ fingers ,5*5 k2a Firm soil @ndented onl+ b+ strong finger 1ress$re 5 *1 k2a (tiff soil @ndented b+ t/$mb 1ress$re 1 *, k2a 3er+ stiff soil @ndented b+ t/$mb nail , *% k2a 5ard soil .iffic$lt to indent b+ t/$mbnail % *1 k2a 3er+ strong rock 3er+ /ard rock, reF$ires re1eated /ammer blows 61 -2a (trong rock 5and s1ecimen can be broken wit/ single blow 5 *1 -2a -od! strong rock 5 mm indentations wit/ /ammer 1ick end 1,!5*5 -2a -od! weak rock Goo /ard to c$t b+ /and 5*1,!5 -2a 8eak rock Cr$mbles wit/ blows of 1ick end of /ammer 1!,5*5 -2a

5 (/ear strengt/ Granite .iabase 0asalt (late >$art?ite (andstone (/ale Limestone Gravel (and 3er+ soft cla+ (oft cla+ -edi$m cla+ (tiff cla+ 3er+ (tiff cla+ 5ard cla+ 8ood Concrete (teel 1%*5 -2a ,5*6 -2a , *6 -2a 15*) -2a , *6 -2a "*% -2a )*) -2a 1 *5 -2a , *6 k2a 1 *) k2a *,5 k2a ,5*5 k2a 5 *1 k2a 1 *, k2a , *% k2a 6% k2a 1 -2a , -2a ,) -2a '*,5 -2a 1 *) -2a 5*, -2a 1 *) -2a %*,5 -2a ,*1 -2a 5*,5 -2a 15 -2a % -2a '5 -2a 1' -2a %5 -2a 5 -2a 15 -2a

Gensile strengt/ Granite 0asalt Gneiss >$art?ite (andstone (/ale Limestone -arble (teel 5ig/ strengt/ steel Cast iron #l$min$m Concrete &$bber

2*wave velocit+ (oil 1 *5 m7sec Glacier ice ) *% m7sec Cla+ (dr+) , *1% m7sec Cla+ (wet) 1, *,, m7sec #ll$vi$m ) *5 m7sec 8ater 1%5 *15 m7sec (and % *,) m7sec Oil 1) m7sec #ir ), *)% m7sec Granite ) *54 m7sec 0asalt %5 *65 m7sec

6 >$art?ite (andstone (/ale Limestone -arble (alt 5 1% 1% ,5 )5 %5 *65 m7sec *% m7sec *) m7sec *6 m7sec *6 m7sec m7sec

(*wave velocit+ Cla+ (dr+) %1 m7sec Cla+ (sat$rated) )4 m7sec #ll$vi$m 14 m7sec 8ater m7sec (beca$se no s/ear strengt/) Oil m7sec (beca$se no s/ear strengt/) #ir m7sec (beca$se no s/ear strengt/) Limestone )1 m7sec (andstone ,% m7sec .olomite ) m7sec (/ale ,6 m7sec Granite )% *)6 m7sec .olerite )5 *)6 m7sec (alt ,' m7sec &esistivit+ -arble -ica >$art? (late 2etrole$m .istilled water (altwater , 11m (altwater 1 11m (altwater , 11m (altwater 1 11m 5 = 1 '*1 4 O/m*m 1 11*1 1% O/m*m 1 1,*1 1% O/m*m 1*, = 1 6 O/m*m , =1 1% O/m*m 5 O/m*m )!% O/m*m !', O/m*m !)" O/m*m ! 4 O/m*m