Insect-Plant Diseases Interaction

Kusuma Darma A362090031 Hachib M. Tusar A351108061

Group Family Genus G Species Synonym Distribution

: Group II (ssDNA) : Geminiviridae : Begomovirus B i : Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus : Tomato Leaf Curl Virus : World wide

 On

tomato, tomato symptoms develop on young plants after 10 to 14 days after plants are infected Plants Pl t are severely l stunted t t d with ith shoots h t b becoming i erect. t Leaflets are reduced in size and pucker. Leaflets curl upwards, d become b distorted, di d and dh have prominent i yellowing ll i along margins and/or interveinal regions. Flowers wither, often drop or fail to set fruit. Plants infected before flowering stage will produce extremely low yields. The appearance of the fruit is unaffected

 Tomato

is the main host Natural infections also occur on lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum), jimsonweed (Datura stramonium), black nightshade (Solanum nigrum), pepper (Capsicum) and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) Little mallow (Malva parviflora) and tobacco can also be infected f but symptomsless y p

 The

virus is not seed-borne seed borne Transmitted mechanically (?) Transmitted T itt d b by th the whitefly, hit fl Bemisia B i i tabaci, t b i which hi h iis commonly found in tropical and sub-tropical regions and in greenhouses in temperate areas regions, The whitefly vector has a very wide host range and f d by feeds b sucking ki plant l t jjuices i f from th the underside d id of f leaves of crops such as tomato, tobacco, cucumber, sweet potato potato, as well as some weeds

 Persistent Trans

stadial but not trans ovarial Acquisition period : 30 minutes Incubation period : about 24 hours Inoculation period : 15 minutes Retention period : 20 days Virus does not transmit to its progeny

One-day-old insects were reared on eggplants. G f iinsects were collected ll d after f various i Groups of periods of time for a 48 h acquisition access period, then caged with tomato test plants for a 24 h inoculation access period

 Disease

incidence varies with location rather than with season. Disease incidence increases rapidly and can reach 100% infection at harvest. harvest Hot and dry conditions favor the whitefly, and therefore, h l th help the spread d of f TYLCV Whitefly populations decrease after heavy rain showers. U d normall conditions Under di i whiteflies hi fli h hover above b the h crop during the day or they are passively wind-driven over long di t distances During the night they settle on the lower leaf surfaces

Cultural practices Chemical control Resistant R i t t variety i t Biological control

 Prevent

early infection of seedlings by whitefly feeding : Insect-proof nethouse (50 mesh size or finer) (50-mesh Greenhouse Insecticides Pull out diseased seedlings dli

 Use

about 30 days old of tomato plants at the time of transplanting Avoid A id overlapping l i t tomato t crops th that t allow ll th the vector to subsist and develop new populations. P ti crop rotation Practice t ti by b planting l ti crops th that t are not susceptible to whitefly Rouging R i of f volunteer l t t tomato t and d tobacco t b plants l t and weed control to reduce sources of virus i inoculum l

 Spray

infected plants with an insecticide before rouging to prevent migration of whitefly vectors to neighboring plants Rouge infected seedlings in the seedbed or i f t d plants infected l t in i th the fi field ld t to reduce d spread d of f the disease by whiteflies Rouged plants should be placed in plastic bags and tied shut to prevent spread of whiteflies

 Mulch

the seedbeds Mulch tomato fields with sawdust or straw Sanitation S : Infected plants Alternative host of virus and vector Plant debris after harvest

Border crop crop, such as maize maize, around the tomato crop. These crops should be sown a month or two before transplanting of tomato tomato. Inter-planting of tomato with bait plants such as cucumber The bait cucumber. bait plants are then sprayed with an insecticide Use mulches of straw straw, yellow plastic or UV UVreflective material to reduce landing of whiteflies

Application of systemic insecticides as soil drenches Regular R l sprays ( (at t7d days i interval) t l) of fi insecticide ti id like Cypermethrin (0.01%) or Dimethoate (0.1%) during the seedling stage to reduce the population of the whitefly vector A second d application li ti may b be necessary t to control t l adults that have emerged from the egg and nymph stage since the application of the first spray

Spray of 1% soap solution to the leaf undersurface to control the adult vector. Oil sprays may also l b be effective ff ti i in reducing d i l levels l of infestation Neem N t tree seed d extracts t t control t l young nymphs, h inhibit the growth and development of older adults, and d reduce d egg-laying l i b by adults d lt Whey protein fractions : lactoferrin, l t lb i lactalbumine, and d -lactoglobulin. l t l b li

Antiviral activity of -lactalbumin (ALA) on infected tomato plants treated with: A) native Lactalbumin, B) modified -Lactalbumin. 1) Before treatment (zero time), 2) 7 DAT, 3) 15 DAT, 4) Positive P iti control t l (without ( ith t treatment), t t t) 5) negative ti control t l (Healthy (H lth plants), l t ) 6) iinfected f t d plants l t sprayed with water.

 The

antiviral effect of the used whey protein fractions can be arranged in descending order as follows: lactoferrin (native or modified form) > native -lactalbumine lactalbumine > modified -lactoglobulin > modified -lactalbumin = native -lactoglobulin lactoglobulin inhibition of TYLCV may be related to the degree of cationisation of esterified whey proteins as well as to the size of the backbone protein.

The

 Mechanism

1. 2. 3 3. 4 4.

of inhibition : Saturating binding to viral DNA by purely coulombic interactions inhibiting its replication and transcription; interactions, Hydrophobic interactions with viral capsid proteins; Perturbation of viral DNA-protein DNA protein interactions, interactions hence inhibition of the translation of viral proteins; Interference with/saturation of viral entry sites on the cellular membranes.

 Afrika

: Amareto, Amareto Peto 86, 86 Fiona F1 F1, Perlina, Perlina Denise, Cheyenne (E448), Rover Florida : Tygress (Seminis), (Seminis) HA-3068, HA 3068 HA-3073, HA 3073 HA-3074, HA-3371, TY02-1155, TY02-1184, TY021276 TY02-1298, 1276, TY02 1298 TY02 TY02-1314 1314 (Hazera) Transgenic tomato plants with the capsid protein of TYLCV are resistant to the virus (Kunik et al., 1994)

Gilreath P, , et. al. 2000. TYLCV resistant tomato variety y trial. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 113: 190-193

Abdelbacki AM et. al. 2010. Inhibition of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV) using whey proteins. Virology Journal 2010, 7:26. Ajlan AM et. al. 2007. TYLCV in Saudi Arabia: Identification, partial characterization and virusvector relationship. Arab J. Biotech., Vol. 10(1): 179-192 Central Science Laboratory. y Tomato y yellow leaf curl virus EC listed disease. Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ. Gilreath P, et. al. 2000. TYLCV resistant tomato variety trial. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 113: 190193 Polston, J. 2003. Disease management : tomato yellow leaf curl. University of Florida. Ray Cerkauskas. 2004. Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV). AVRDC Publication 04-610. www avrdc org www.avrdc.org. Rubinstein G and Czosnek H. 1997. Long-term association of TYLCV with its whitefly vector Bemisia tabaci: effect on the insect transmission capacity, longevity and fecundity. Journal of General Virology 78: 2683-2689 Tesoriero L and Azzopardi S. 2006. TYLCV in Australia. Primefact 220, NSW Department of Primary industries State of New South Wales.