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R JIPYP EGIWXE, /ERX JEGI W MRXIVZMR KRHMVIE R MRXYM'MI #M TVIKXI#XI EWXJIP
XIVIRYP GSRJY^MIM MVIQIHMEFMPI HMRXVI GYRSE#XIVIE MRXYMXMZ #M GYRSE#XIVIE
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PYEX R WMRI, RY EVI RMGM YRYP HMR GEVEGXIVIPI R'IPIKIVMM, G IWXI TYV WIRWMFMP,
TVMR YVQEVI RXVY XSXYP TEWMZ #M G IWXI RIETVEX RIGIWEV KRHMVIE
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QIR'MRI GSRJY^MEPIX HMRXVI VITVI^IRXEVIE MRXYMXMZ #M VITVI^IRXEVIE
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G TIRXVY /ERX RWY#M EGIWX SFMIGX EP MRXIPIGXYPYM GSVIWTYRHI YRIM RS'MYRM.
RXVY XSXYP TVIGMWI #M GY EHIZVEX GPEVI: ZSM HIQSRWXVE EGYQ IJIGXMZ. ' RY,
MRZSGRH GSRXVEHMG'ME IRSVQ GEVI WI TVIPYRKI#XI R XSEB 0SKMGE
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WY5WERXW, GET. 2!
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---
--
4.69; IH.5, T.94 T.68; IH.5,93 T.69: IH.5, 94 T.89; GH.5, T.122 T.91;
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T.79; IH.5, T.105 T.94: IH.5: T. P26 IH.5, T. 127 IH.5; T. 128
0YQIE GE ZSMR', HI EGIEWXE, GIZE MRXYMXMZ, GY XSXYP R EJEVE EFWXVEG'MIM.
1EM HITEVXI2, MRXIPIGXYP IWXI HI3RMX GE JEGYPXEXIE HI E YRM E TVMSVM #M HI E
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4 IH.5; T, 143
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163,165 IH.5: T. 168 T. P89-211; IH.5, T.232,265
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EFWSPYX. 'I EV 3 RXV-EHIZV YR SFMIGX EFWSPYX GSRXMRKIRX# 2Y EV 3 GY RMGM YR
EPX SFMIGX R VIPE'MI HI GSRWIGMR' HMR TVMRGMTMY. *ETXYP HI E RY TYXIE GSRGITI
S GSRXMRKIR' HI VE'MYRI I\TVMQEX RIKEXMZ; #M EV RWIQRE W ZMSPI^M EGIWX
TVMRGMTMY GE W KRHI#XM YR SFMIGX GE EFWSPYX GSRXMRKIRX; HMR EGIWX QSQIRX
GSRXMRKIR'E RW#M RY EV QEM EZIE ZVIYR WIRW, HISEVIGI GSRGITXYP HI
GSRXMRKIRX RY RWIEQR GIZE HIGX R VETSVX XY TVMRGMTMYP VE'MYRMM. 'MRI WTYRI
RXV-EHIZV GSRXMRKIRX, WTYRI HSY SFMIGXI GEVI RY WYRX RXVI IPI R VETSVXNHI
PE GEY^ PE IJIGX.
R REXYV, R QWYVE R GEVI IE IWXI VITVI^IRXEVI MRXYMXMZ, XSX GI WI
RXQTP IWXI RIGIWEV; GGM 3IGEVI PYGVY GEVI WI RXQTP EVI S GEY^. (EV
HEG PYQ R GSRWMHIVEVI YR PYGVY TEVXMGYPEV R VETSVX GY GIIE GI RY IWXI
GEY^E WE, RI HQ WIEQE G IP IWXI GSRXMRKIRX; #M EGIEWXE RWIEQR HINE W
ETIPQ PE KRHMVIE EFWXVEGX. 4YXIQ EGYQ, 3MRH HEX YR SFMIGX R REXYV, W
JEGIQ GSQTPIX EFWXVEG'MI HI VIPE'MMPI WEPI GEY^EPI, TS^MXMZ #M RIKEXMZ, EHMG
HI RIGIWMXEXIE #M GSRXMRKIR'E WE; KIRYP HI GYRSE#XIVI GEVI VI^YPX HI EMGM
IWXI GYTVMRW WYF GSRGITXYP HI VIEP; EGIEWX GYRSE#XIVI WI QVKMRI#XI PE E
GSRWMHIVE IJIGXYP JV E GIVGIXE GEY^E; SV EFME R VETSVX GY EGIEWXE HMR YVQ
IJIGXYP EV TYXIE 3 GEPM3GEX GE RIGIWEV #M R VETSVX GY XSX VIWXYP IP EV TYXIE 3
GEPM3GEX HVITX GSRXMRKIRX. 8SEXI EGIWXIE 'MR, R YPXMQ MRWXER', HI JETXYP G
QSHEPMXEXIE NYHIG'MM I\TVMQ VETSVXYP GYRSE#XIVMM RSEWXVI GY PYGVYVMPI QEM
HIKVEF HIGX GY REXYVE SFMIGXMZ E PYGVYVMPSV RWI#M. R VIWX, GYQ R REXYV
SVMGI PYGVY TYVGIHI HMRXV-S GEY^, XSX GI IWXI VIEP IWXI R EGIPE#M XMQT
RIGIWEV. (EV W RI R'IPIKIQ, RIGIWEV R EGIWX QSQIRX HMR XMQT, R EGIWX
TYRGX HMR WTE'MY; GGM PE EGIEWXE WI PMQMXIE^
'ETMXSPYP 49
HIXIVQMREVIE STIVEX HI PIKIE GEY^EPMX'MM. 7 EFSVHQ EGYQ REXYVE
MRXYMXMZ TIRXVY E XVIGI -E KRHMVIE EFWXVEGX; TYXIQ, I\IVWRHY-RI VI4IG'ME,
W RI VITVI^IRXQ XSEXI PIKMPI REXYVMM, GEVI RI WYRX GYRSWGYXI, YRIPI E TVMSVM,
EPXIPI E TSWXIVMSVM; #M EGIEWX VITVI^IRXEVI EFWXVEGX GSR'MRI XSX GI I\MWX R
REXYV RXV-YR QSQIRX SEVIGEVI, RXV-YR PSG SEVIGEVI, EFWXVEG'MI JGRH HI
SVMGI PSG #M HI SVMGI QSQIRX HIXIVQMREX. (MR EGIWX QSQIRX #M TVMRXV-S EWXJIP
HI VI4IG'MI, RSM MRXVQ R ZEWXYP HSQIRMY EP TSWMFMPMX'MM. 'X HIWTVI GIIE GI
RY WI KWI#XI R RMGM YR PSG R EGIWX HSQIRMY, EGIWXE IWXI MQTSWMFMPYP. )WXI
IZMHIRX G TSWMFMPMXEXIE #M MQTSWMFMPMXEXIE RY I\MWX HIGX GY TVMZMVI PE
VI4IG'MI, PE GYRSE#XIVIE EFWXVEGX E VE'MYRMM #M RY GY TVMZMVI PE GYRSE#XIVIE
MRXYMXMZ; XSXY#M HI PE JSVQIPI TYVI EPI EGIWXIME HMR YVQ QTVYQYX VE'MYRIE
HIXIVQMREVIE TSWMFMPYPYM #M E MQTSWMFMPYPYM. R VIWX, PIKMPI REXYVMM, GEVI RI
WIVZIWG GE TYRGX HI TPIGEVI R HIXIVQMREVIE TSWMFMPYPYM #M E MQTSWMFMPYPYM,
3MRH GYRSWGYXI YRIPI E TVMSVM, EPXIPI E TSWXIVMSVM, VI^YPX G TSWMFMPMXEXIE #M
MQTSWMFMPMXEXIE WYRX GRH QIXE3^MGI, GRH TYV 3^MGI.
%GIEWX I\TYRIVI RY EZIE RIZSMI HI RMGM S HSZEH, GGM IE WI WTVMNMR
HMVIGX TI GYRSE#XIVIE TVMRGMTMYPYM VE'MYRMM #M TI HIWJ#YVEVIE GSRGITXIPSV HI
RIGIWEV, HI VIEP #M HI TSWMFMP; HI EPXJIP, IE EVEX WY3GMIRX HI GI /ERX RY EZIE
RMGM YR QSXMZ W MRZIRXI^I XVIM JSVQI WTIGMEPI EPI MRXIPIGXYPYM TIRXVY 3IGEVI
HMR GIPI XVIM GSRGITXI; RMGM EMGM RY E I\MWXEX ZVIYR GSRWMHIVIRX GEVI W P
STVIEWG HMR HIWJ#YVEVIE WMQIXVMIM WEPI EVLMXIGXSRMGI.
0E EGIEWXE WI QEM EHEYK S KVI#IEP JSEVXI KVEZ. 9VQVMRH TVSFEFMP
I\IQTPYP 3PSWS3IM ERXIVMSEVI, IP E GSRJYRHEX GSRGITXIPI HI RIGIWEV #M
GSRXMRKIRX. RXV-EHIZV, EWYTVE EGIWXYM TYRGX, 3PSWS3E ERXIVMSEV E
RXVIFYMR'EX KVI#MX EFWXVEG'ME. -EX GYQ: IVE IZMHIRX G HMR QSQIRX GI IWXI
HEX VE'MYRIE YRYM PYGVY, EGIP PYGVY YVQIE^ MRIZMXEFMPYP, EHMG RY TSEXI W
RY 3I #M IWXI RIGIWEV. (EV VITVI^IRXER'MM EGIWXIM 3PSWS3M W-EY PMQMXEX RYQEM PE
EGIEWX YPXMQ HIXIVQMREVI #M EY WTYW: IWXI RIGIWEV SVMGI PYGVY GEVI RY TSEXI
3 EPXJIP HIGX IWXI #M EP GVYM GSRXVEVMY IWXI MQTSWMFMP. (MR EGIWX QSQIRX IM EY
TMIVHYX HMR ZIHIVI VE'MYRIE #M VHGMRE YRIM EWIQIRIE RIGIWMX'M #M RY EY PYEX
EQMRXI G SVMGI RIGIWMXEXI IWXI, GLMEV R ZMVXYXIE EGIWXIM VHGMRM, VIPEXMZ #M
EY GVIEX EWXJIP 3G'MYRIE GY XSXYP MQTSWMFMP HI KRHMX E YRIM RIGIWMX'M
EFWSPYXI, EHMG E YRYM PYGVY GEVI, TI HI S TEVXI EV I\MWXE R QSH -E JIP HI
RIGIWEV GX GSRWIGMR'E HIGYVKI HMR TVMRGMTMY, HEV GEVI, TI HI EPX TEVXI, RY EV
HIGYVKI IE RW#M HMR ZVIS VE'MYRI, RY EV HITMRHI HI RMQMG; GIIE GI IWXI S
EFWYVH TIXM'MI HI TVMRGMTMY, R
0YQIE GE ZSMR' #M VITVI^IRXEQ N %VXLYV 7GP[TIRLEYIV GSRXVEHMG'MI GY
TVMRGMTMYP HI VE'MYRI. %TSM, TPIGRH HI PE EGIEWX 3G'MYRI #M PYRH I\EGX TI
HSW EHIZVYP, EY PYEX HVITX GSRXMRKIRX XSX GI IWXI HIXIVQMREX HI S GEY^;
EGIEWXE, TIRXVY G, R EGIWX KIR HI RIGIWMXEXI, EY EZYX R ZIHIVI QEM EPIW
GEVEGXIVYP IM VIPEXMZ #M G EY GSQTEVEX-S GY RIGIWMXEXIE EFWSPYX, EGIEWX
MRZIR'MI R KSP, EGIWX GSRGITX GSRXVEHMGXSVMY1. /ERX #M IP, EHSTX EGIEWX
HIXIVQMREVI EFWYVH E GSRXMRKIRXYPYM #M S H GY XMXPY HI HI3RM'MI2. )P GEHI
GLMEV, ETVSTS HI EGIWX WYFMIGX, R GSRXVEHMG'MMPI GIPI QEM IZMHIRXI; IP ^MGI, PE
TEKMRE 301: 8SX GI IWXI GSRXMRKIRX EVI S GEY^ #M EHEYK: )WXI GSRXMRKIRX
EGIP GIZE E GVYM RI3MR' IWXI TSWMFMP. (EV GIIE GI EVI S GEY^ RY TSEXI W
RY 3I, TVMR YVQEVI IWXI RIGIWEV.
(I EPXJIP, SVMKMRIE EGIWXIM JEPWI HI3RMVM E RIGIWMX'MM GSRXMRKIR'IM WI
KWI#XI HINE PE %VMWXSXIP; IP HI3RI#XI RIGIWEVYP GE TI EGIP GIZE E GVYM
RI3MR' IWXI MQTSWMFMP; IP STYRI RIGIWEVYPYM EGIP GIZE E GVYM 3MR' IWXI
MQTSWMFMP; #M, RXVI EQFIPI, IP TPEWIE^ GIIE GI TSEXI 3 GE #M GIIE GI RY
TSEXI 3, EHMG GIIE GI WI RE#XI #M GIIE GI QSEVI; EGIWXE IWXI TIRXVY IP
GSRXMRKIRXYP. (MR GIPI TVIGIHIRXI, VIMIWI GPEV G EGIEWX HI3RM'MI -GE EXXIE
EPXIPI PE %VMWXSXIP -I HEX HI YR WTMVMX GEVI W-E PMQMXEX PE GSRGITXI, R PSG W
QIEVK WTVI GSRGVIX, WTVI MRXYMXMZ; EMGM WX XSXY#M WYVWE XYXYVSV GSRGITXIPSV
EFWXVEGXI, EMGM, TVMR YVQEVI, IWXI TMEXVE PSV HI XIQIPMI. 'IZE E GVYM RI3MR'
IWXI MQTSWMFMP, EGIWX PYGVY TSEXI 3 KRHMX, PE PMQMX, EFWXVEGX; HEV HEG
XVIGIQ PE GSRGVIX, PE VIEP, PE MRXYMXMZ, WYRXIQ MRGETEFMPM W NYWXM3GQ 3I #M
TSWMFMPMXEXIE EGIWXIM GSRGIT'MM, HSEV HEG RY MRZSGQ, GYQ EQ JGYX-S,
GSRWIGMR'E GEVI HIGYVKI HMRXV-YR TVMRGMTMY HEX, GSRWIGMR' HI EPXJIP E GVIM
RIGIWMXEXI RY IWXI RMGMSHEX HIGX VIPEXMZ #M GSRHM'MSREX.
'Y EGIEWX SGE^MI, QEM EHEYK GXIZE VIQEVGM TVMZMRH GSRGITXIPI HI
QSHEPMXEXI. 4IRXVY G SVMGI RIGIWMXEXI WI WTVMNMR TI TVMRGMTMYP
1 :I^M 'LVMWXMER ;SPJ: MHIMPI VE'MSREPI HI (YQRI^IY, PYQI #M WY4IX.
(:IQYRJXMKI +IHEROIR ZSR +SXX, ;IPX YRH 7IIPI), GETMXSPIPI 577, 579.
0YGVY FM^EV, ;SPJ HIGPEV GSRXMRKIRX GIIE GI IWXI RIGIWMXEXI TVMR
TVMRGMTMYP HI VE'MYRI EP HIZIRMVMM, EHMG IJIGXIPI GEY^IPSV; HMQTSXVMZ, GIIE GI
IWXI RIGIWMXEXI TVMR EPXI JSVQI, EPI TVMRGMTMYPYM VE'MYRMM, IP VIGYRSE#XI GE
RIGIWEV: E#E IWXI GE^YP GY GSRWIGMR'IPI XVEWI HMR IWIR' WEY HMR HI3RM'MI, GY
NYHIG'MPI EREPMXMGI #M HI EWIQIRM GY EHIZVYVMPI QEXIQEXMGI. 4IRXVY E
I\TPMGE EGIWX PYGVY, XVIFYMI VIQEVGEX G PIKIE GEY^EPMX'MM IWXI WMRKYVE GEVI
H WIVMM MR3RMXI HI VE'MYRI, R XMQT GI EPXI JSVQI EPI TVMRGMTMYPYM VE'MYRMM RY
HEY HIGX WIVMM 3RMXI. "M XSXY#M RY E#E WXEY PYGVYVMPI GY JSVQIPI TVMRGMTMYPYM
VE'MYRMM GEVI WI ETPMG PE WTE'MY #M XMQT; #M E3VQE'ME RY IWXI EHIZVEX HIGX
TIRXVY TVMRGMTMYP HI VE'MYRI EP GYRSE#XIVMM PSKMGI; HEV ;SPJ JGIE W MRXVIb WYF
EGIWX YPXMQ TVMRGMTMY RIGIWMXEXIE QEXIQEXMG -GJ. 8VEXEXYP QIY EWYTVE
TVMRGMTMYPYM VE'MYRMM, GETMXSPYP 50
'VMXMGE VE'MYRMM TYVI, IH. 5, T. 289, 291; IH. 1, T. 243; IH. 5. 4. 301; IH.
1, T. 419; IH. 5, T. 447; T. 476, T. 488.
6E'MYRMM #M IWXI GE YVQEVI E EGIWXYM JETX VIPEXMZ, XSEXI NYHIG'MPI
ETSHMGXMGI WYRX, PE RGITYX #M PE S YPXMQ EREPM^, MTSXIXMGI. )PI RY HIZMR
GEXIKSVMGI HIGX TVMR MRXIVZIR'ME YRIM QMRSVI EWIVXSVMGI, EHMG R GSRGPY^ME
YRYM VE'MSREQIRX. (EG EGIEWX QMRSV QEM IWXI #M MRGIVX #M HEG EGIEWX
MRGIVXMXYHMRI IWXI I\TVMQEX, GSRGPY^ME HIZMRI S NYHIGEX TVSFPIQEXMG.
'IIE GI IWXI ETSHMGXMG R QSH KIRIVEP -GE VIKYP EHMG -S PIKI E REXYVMM
HI I\IQTPY, RY IWXI RMGMSHEX HIGX TVSFPIQEXMG R VETSVX GY YR GE^
TEVXMGYPEV; GGM XVIFYMI REMRXI HI XSEXI, TIRXVY GE PIKIE W 3I ETPMGEX,
TVI^IR'E IJIGXMZ E GSRHM'MIM GEVI JEGI W MRXVI EGIWX GE^ TEVXMGYPEV R VIKYP,
R GLIWXMYRI. 6IGMTVSGE IWXI EHIZVEX. -EX GYQ: SVMGI JETX TEVXMGYPEV IWXI,
GE EXEVI, RIGIWEV, ETSHMGXMG, TIRXVY G SVMGI WGLMQFEVI TEVXMGYPEV IWXI
GIVYX HI GEY^E IM; HEV HEG EGIPE#M PYGVY IWXI I\TVMQEX RXV-S QERMIV
KIRIVEP, IP VIHIZMRI TVSFPIQEXMG; GGM GEY^E GEVI E MRXIVZIRMX, RY IVE
MQTPMGEX HIGX R GE^YP TEVXMGYPEV; NYHIGEXE ETSHMGXMG, RXSXHIEYRE MTSXIXMG,
RY I\TVMQ HIGX PIKM KIRIVEPI, RY I\TVMQ HIPSG HMVIGX GE^YVMPI TEVXMGYPEVI.
0EX TIRXVY VIWXYP I\TPMGE'MIM EGIWXSV HMJIVIR'I: TSWMFMPYP ETEV'MRI
I\GPYWMZ HSQIRMYPYM VI4IG'MIM #M RY I\MWX HIGX TIRXVY VE'MYRI; VIEPYP
ETEV'MRI I\GPYWMZ HSQIRMYPYM MRXYM'MIM #M RY I\MWX HIGX TIRXVY VE'MYRI; VIEPYP
ETEV'MRI I\GPYWMZ HSQIRMYPYM MRXYM'MIM #M RY I\MWX HIGX TIRXVY MRXIPIGX;
RIGIWEVYP ETEV'MRI #M YRYM HSQIRMY #M GIPYMPEPX, IP I\MWX R EGIPE#M XMQT TIRXVY
MRXIPIGX #M TIRXVY VE'MYRI. 7I TSEXI GLMEV WTYRI, PE TVSTVMY ZSVFMRH, G
HMJIVIR'E RXVI RIGIWEV, VIEP #M TSWMFMP RY WI TVI^MRX HIGX KRHMVMM EFWXVEGXI,
HMR TYRGXYP HI ZIHIVI EP GSRGITXIPSV; R PYQIE VIEP, GIM XVIM XIVQIRM WI
GSRJYRH R YRYP WMRKYV. RXV-EHIZV, XSX GI WI RXQTP, WI RXQTP R QSH
RIGIWEV, HISEVIGI XSX GI WI RXQTP HEXSVMX YRIM GEY^I, GEVI EVI, PE VRHYP
WY, GEY^E WE #M E#E QEM HITEVXI; XSXEPMXEXIE IZIRMQIRXIPSV, TIXVIGYXI R
PYQI, QEVM #M QMGM, GSRWXMXYMI S RPR'YMVI YRMG HI IZIRMQIRXI RIGIWEVI,
WXVRW PIKEXI RXVI IPI. %#EHEV SVMGI PYGVY VIEP IWXI R EGIPE#M XMQT RIGIWEV #M
RY I\MWX, R PYQI, RMGM S HMJIVIR' RXVI RIGIWMXEXI; GIIE GI RY WI RXQTP
HIPSG -EPXJIP WTYW GIIE GI RY E HIZIRMX HIPSG VIEP -RY IVE RMGM TSWMFMP; GEY^IPI
JV GEVI EGIWX IZIRMQIRX MQEKMREV RY WI TYXIEY TVSHYGI, RY W-EY TVSHYW IPI
RWIPI #M RY TYXIEY W WI TVSHYG R QEVIPI PER' EP GEY^IPSV; E#EHEV IZSPY'ME
R GLIWXMYRI IVE MQTSWMFMP. 8SEXI EGIWXIE RY WYRX EHIZVEXI HIGX R PYQIE
IQTMVMG #M VIEP, EHMG R ERWEQFPYP PYGVYVMPSV TEVXMGYPEVI, R XSX TEVXMGYPEVYP
GSRWMHIVEX GE EXEVI. 7 TVMZMQ HMQTSXVMZ, TVMR QMNPSGMVIE VE'MYRMM, PYGVYVMPI R
KIRIVEP; W PI GSRGITIQ EFWXVEGX; HMR EGIWX QSQIRX, RIGIWMXEXI, VIEPMXEXI,
TSWMFMPMXEXI HIZMR HMWXMRGXI YRE HI EPXE XSX GI IWXI GSRJSVQ E TVMSVM GY PIKMPI
TVSTVMM MRXIPIGXYPYM RSWXVY, VIGYRSE#XIQ R QSH KIRIVEP GE TSWMFMP; GIIE GI
GSVIWTYRHI PIKMPSV IQTMVMGI EPI REXYVMM, VIGYRSE#XIQ GE TSWMFMP R EGIEWX
PYQI, GLMEV HEG EGIWX PYGVY RY IWXI HIPSG VIEP; IWXI YR JIP HI E WTYRI G RSM
JEGIQ EMGM S HMWXMRG'MI RXVI TSWMFMP #M VIEP. -R WMRI VIEPYP IWXI RXSXHIEYRE
RIGIWEV; HEV IP RY IWXI GSRGITYX GE EXEVI HIGX HI GIP GEVI M GYRSE#XI GEY^E;
JGRH EFWXVEG'MI HI GEY^, IP IWXI #M WI GLIEQ GSRXMRKIRX. %GIEWX
GSRWMHIVE'MI RI H GLIME TVSFPIQIM TSWMFMPIPSV (\WTM 8[E\+5Z), HI^FXYX
RXVI QIKEVMGYP (MSHSV #M WXSMGYP 'LV]WMTT, I\TYW HI EPXJIP HI 'MGIVS R (I
*EXS. (MSHSV WYW'MRI YVQXSEVIE TVIVI: 2Y E JSWX TSWMFMP HIGX GIIE GI
HIZMRI VIEP; XSX GIIE GI IWXI VIEP IWXI #M RIGIWEV -'LV]WMTT WTYRI
HMQTSXVMZ: 7YRX QYPXI PYGVYVM TSWMFMPI GEVI RY HIZMR RMGMSHEX VIEPI; GGM
HSEV RIGIWEVYP HIZMRI TSWMFMP -0EX GYQ TYXIQ PQYVM GLIWXMYRIE. 6IEPMXEXIE
IWXI GSRGPY^ME YRYM VE'MSREQIRX EPI GVYM TVIQMWI WYRX JYVRM^EXI HI
TSWMFMPMXEXI. (EV RY IWXI HIENYRW GE TSWMFMPMXEXIE W 3I E3VQEX TVMR TVIQMW
QENSV, QEM XVIFYMI GE IE W 3I E3VQEX TVMR TVIQMW QMRSV; RYQEM EGSVHYP
QENSV #M QMRSV GSRWXMXYMI HITPMRE TSWMFMPMXEXI. 4VIQMWE QENSV RXV-EHIZV H
EFWXVEGX S TSWMFMPMXEXI KIRIVEP, TYV XISVIXMG; HEV IE RY MQTPMG RMQMG GEVI W
3I IJIGXMZ TSWMFMP, EHMG WYWGITXMFMP HI E HIZIRM VIEP. 4IRXVY E VIEPM^E EGIWX
TVSKVIW R VE'MSREQIRX, XVIFYMI TVIQMWE QMRSV GEVI WXEFMPI#XI TSWMFMPMXEXIE
TIRXVY GE^YP TEVXMGYPEV, TIRXVY G IE JEGI W MRXVI EGIWX GE^ R VIKYPE
KIRIVEP. (I EMGM MIWI R QSH REXYVEP VIEPMXEXIE. )\IQTPY:
4VIQMWE QENSV. *SGYP IWXI R WXEVI W HMWXVYK SVMGI GEW (TVMR YVQEVI
#M TI E QIE).
'IE QMRSV. *SGYP QM GYTVMRHI GEWE.
'SRGPY^MI. *SGYP QM HMWXVYKI GEWE.
3VMGI TVSTS^M'MI KIRIVEP #M TVMR YVQEVI SVMGI TVIQMW QENSV, RY
HIXIVQMR PYGVYVMPI HMR TYRGXYP HI ZIHIVI EP VIEPMX'MM PSV HIGX GY S GSRHM'MI,
EHMG MTSXIXMG: TIRXVY JSG, HI I\IQTPY, JEGYPXEXIE HI E HMWXVYKI EVI HVITX
GSRHM'MI JETXYP HI E 3 ETVMRW. %GIEWX GSRHM'MI IWXI HEX GE I\MWXIRX R GIE
QMRSV. 4VIQMWE QENSV IWXI EVXMPIVMWXYP GEVI RGEVG XYRYP; GIE QMRSV, IWXI
GIP GEVI XVIFYMI W ETVSTMI 3XMPYP HIXSRERX, JV HI GEVI, QTY#GXYVE,
GSRGPY^ME EHMG, RY TSEXI 3 XVEW. %GIEWX GSQTEVE'MI TSEXI 3 ETPMGEX RXV-YR
QSH KIRIVEP VETTVXYVMPSV TSWMFMPMX'MM #M VIEPMX'MM. 'SRGPY^ME, EHMG I\TVIWME
VIEPMX'MM, IWXI RXSXHIEYRE S GSRWIGMR' RIGIWEV; HIGM XSX GI IWXI VIEP IWXI #M
RIGIWEV; I\MWX HI EPXJIP YR EPX QSH HI E S HSZIHM, MEX-P: GMRI ^MGI RIGIWEV,
^MGI MVXLYV 7GLSTIRLEYIV GSRWIGMR'E YRYM TVMRGMTMY HEX; R PYQIE VIEP, EGIWX
TVMRGMTMY IWXI S GEY^; HIGM XSX GI IWXI VIEP IWXI RIGIWEV. -R JIPYP EGIWXE
ZIHIQ GSRJYRHRHY-WI GSRGITXIPI HI TSWMFMP, HI VIEP #M HI RIGIWEV; RY RYQEM
VIEPYP IWXI GIP GEVI TVIWYTYRI TSWMFMPYP, HEV #M TSWMFMPYP TVIWYTYRI VIEPYP.
'IIE GI PI HMWXMRKI TI YRYP HI GIPPEPX, IWXI PMQMXEVIE MRXIPIGXYPYM RSWXVY HI
JSVQE XMQTYPYM; XMQTYP IWXI MRXIVQIHMEVYP RXVI TSWMFMPMXEXI #M VIEPMXEXI. 9R
IZIRMQIRX HEX WI QERMJIWX IZMHIRX GE RIGIWEV R SGLMM GIPYM GEVI M GYRSE#XI
XSEXI GEY^IPI; HEV RXPRMVIE XYXYVSV GEY^IPSV, HMJIVMXI RXVI IPI, MRHITIRHIRXI
YRIPI HI EPXIPI, MEX GI RI ETEVI GE 3MRH GSRXMRKIRX; XSGQEM MRHITIRHIR'E
EGIWXSV GEY^I YRIPI JE' HI EPXIPI GSRWXMXYMI GSRGITXYP GSRXMRKIR'IM. 8SXY#M,
3IGEVI HMR EGIWXI GEY^I 3MRH YVQEVIE RIGIWEV E TVSTVMIM GEY^I #M E#E QEM
HITEVXI PE RIWJV#MX, GSRXMRKIR'E IWXI IZMHIRX S ETEVIR' TYV WYFMIGXMZ,
TVSZIRMX HMR PMQMXEVIE SVM^SRXYPYM R'IPIKIVMM RSEWXVI, RY QEM TY'MR WYFMIGXMZ
HIGX EGIE PMRMI E SVM^SRXYPYM, STXMG YRHI GIVYP EXMRKI TQRXYP.
'MRI WTYRI RIGIWMXEXI WTYRI GSRWIGMR'E YRIM VE'MYRM HEXI; TVMR YVQEVI
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'%4-83090 ---
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TIRXVY GIEPEPX. 8SX EGIEWX WYGGIWMYRI VIWTMRKI #M EWIV'MYRIE JEPW E PYM /ERX,
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2MGMSHEX EGIEWX WYGGIWMYRI RY E TYXYX 3 TIVGITYX; HEV GYQ #XMQ GEVI HMR
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W HMWXMRKIQ #M ERXIGIHIRXYP #M GSRWIGZIRXYP; HEV HEG HMQTSXVMZ MKRSVQ
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VETSVX GY YVQXSEVIE.
3 WGLMQFEVI RY WI TSEXI TVSHYGI R PYQIE QEXIVMEP, HIGX R QWYVE
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R 3PSWS3I GE GIP HI GEY^ #M EGIEWXE HEXSVMX WXVEXEKIQIM SFM#RYMXI WEY
IVSVMM, GEVI GSRWX R E-P HE TVSTSV'MM TVMR KRHMVIE EFWXVEGX, R E-P I\XMRHI
KIRIVEPMXEXIE. (I PE WGSPEWXMG #M QEM I\EGX HI PE 4PEXSR #M %VMWXSXIP, 3PSWS3E
RY E JSWX R QEVI, TEVXI HIGX YR PYRK EFY^ HI GSJXGITXI KIRIVEPI, TE HI
I\IQTPY WYFWXER'E, TVMRGMTMYP, GEY^E, FMRIPI, TIVJIG'MYRIE, RIGIWMXEXIE, IXG.
%GIEWX XIRHMR' E WTMVMXIPSV HI E STIVE GY GSRGITXI EXX HI EFWXVEGXI #M HI S
I\XMRHIVI EXX HI RIQWYVEX WI VIKWI#XI R XSEXI ITSGMPI; TSEXI TVSZMRI
HMRXV-S ERYQMX PIRI E QMR'MM, GEVI KWI#XI TVIE TIRMFMP W GSRXVSPI^I
TIVQERIRX KRHMVIE TVMR MRXYM'MI. 4Y'MR GXI TY'MR EGIWXI GSRGITXI TVIE
RXMRWI WYRX JSPSWMXI ETVSETI GE WIQRIPI EPKIFVMGI #M GE #M EGIWXIE WYRX
MRXVSHYWI TIWXI XSX HI-E ZEORE; HI YRHI WI I\TPMG HI GI 3PSWS3E RY QEM IWXI
HIGX S EVX HI E GSQFMRE, YR JIP HI GEPGYP GEVI, GE SVMGI STIVE'MI RYQIVMG,
RY TVISGYT #M RY GIVI HIGX JEGYPX'M MRJIVMSEVI. 'I WTYR IY# )E
HIKIRIVIE^ RXV-S EHIZVEX TPZVKIEP; EZIQ GY XS'MM GIP QEM HIXIWXEFMP
QSHIP R EGIE LIKIPIVMI EFVYXM^ERX GEVI RY H RHVX R JE'E TYVIM RIVS^MM.
(EV WGSPEWXMGE #M IE W-E HIHEX EHIWIE PE TEPEZVI. 'LMEV8STMGIPI PYM %VMWXSXIP,
GYPIKIVI HI TVMRGMTMM JSEVXI KIRIVEPI, JSEVXI EFWXVEGXI GEVI TSX 3 JSPSWMXI RXV-
S HMWTYX TIRXVY WEY GSRXVE, R GE^YVMPI GIPI QEM HMJIVMXI #M TI GEVI S EZIQ
RXSXHIEYRE PE HMWTS^M'MI, EGIEWX GEVXI VI^YPX #M IE HMRXV-YR EFY^ HI MHIM
KIRIVEPI. 7I ZIHI HMR RIRYQVEXIPI I\IQTPI QTVYQYXEXI HMR WGVMIVMPI PSV
GX W-EY WIVZMX WGSPEWXMGMM HI EFWXVEG'MI, R TVMRGMTEP 8SQE H%UYMRS. 4R PE
0SGOI #M PE /ERX, 3PSWS3E W-E ERKENEX TI HVYQYP GVSMX HI GIMPEP'M WGSPEWXMGM #M E
TIVWIZIVEX TI IP; EGI#XM HSM 3PSWS3 EFME W-EY KRHMX W GIVGIXI^I SVMKMRIE
GSRGITXIPSV; HEV /ERX RWY#M R TVMQIPI WEPI WGVMIVM W-E ERKENEX TI EGIEWX
GEPI, HI I\IQTPY R (SZI^M EPI I\MWXIR'IM PYM (YQRI^IY (T. 19, ZSM. -* HMR IH.
6SWIROVER^), YRHI GSRGITXIPI HI WYFWXER', HI TVMRGMTMY, HI VIEPMXEXI WYRX
JSPSWMXI E#E GYQ RY EV 3 XVIFYMX RMGMSHEX W 3I, HEG XI-EM 3 RXSVW PE SVKMRIE
PSV #M PE GSR'MRYXYP HIXIVQMREX HI EGIEWX SVMKMRI; GGM EMGM EM 3 E4EX EXYRGM G
QEXIVME IVE TYRGXYP HI TPIGEVI #M GSR'MRYXYP GSRGITXYPYM HI WYFWXER', G GIP
HI TVMRSMTMY (ETPMGEX PYGVYVMPSV PYQMM VIEPI) IVE YQTPYX HI GEY^, EHMG TVMQE
QSHM3GEVI GEVI S HIXIVQMR TI YPXMQE #M E#E QEM HITEVXI. (IWMKYV RY W-EV 3
ENYRW HI EMGM PE WSPY'ME GYXEX; HEV XSX GE R GE^YP GEVI RI TVISGYT, TIRXVY
G W-E MRXVSHYW R GSRGITXI TVIE RXMRWI QYPX QEM QYPX HIGX GSR'MRYXYP PSV
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GSRGITXI HI EGIEWX REXYV, TVSWX EREPM^EXI #M TVIE RXMRWI. 1EVIPI WIVZMGMY TI
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HSKQEXMG, SFPMKRHY-RI W I\EQMRQ SVMKMRIE GSRGITXIPSV #M EWXJIP W
VIZIRMQ PE MRXYM'MI #M I\TIVMIR'. REMRXIE PYM, &EGSR EG'MSREWI R EGIPE#M WIRW,
ZM^RH RW QEM GYVRH 3^MGE HIGX QIXE3^MGE. /ERX E YVQEX GEPIE XVEWEX HI
0SGOI, HEV RXV-YR WTMVMX QEM PEVK #M E QIVW QEM HITEVXI, GYQ EQ EVXEX HINE.
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M MKRSVI TI GIM ZMM GE #M TI GIM QSV'M. %Y EFERHSREX HIGM JV JEWSERI GEPIE
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WYW'MR G TYV #M WMQTPY GSRGITXIPI RY EY SVMKMRI #M WYRX HMQTSXVMZ SVMKMRIE
XYXYVSV PYGVYVMPSV.
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R EFWXVEG'MM #M, HMR 1813, EQ EVXEX, R 8VEXEXYP HIWTVI TVMRGMTMYP VE'MYRMM,
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HI3RI#XI /ERX, S #XMMR' E GSRGITXIPSV (EYW &IKVM2IR), GM S #XMMR' R GSRGITXI
(MR &IKVM2IR).
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QSXYQ, WIH TIV MTWWYQ IWWI TVSHYGMX MTWYQ WIGYRHYQ I\ WI MTWS.) *SEVXI
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EFWXVEG'ME E QTMIHMGEX XSEXI HIXIVQMRVMPI, R EJEV HI YRE TI GEVI ZVIE W S
TWXVI^I JV E PYE EQMRXI G EGIEWXE RY TSEXI I\MWXE R EFWIR'E GIPSVPEPXI.
7MRKYVE I\TVIWMI I\EGX TIRXVY PIKIE GEY^EPMX'MM IWXI YVQXSEVIE:
SVMGI WGLMQFEVI #M EVI GEY^E RXV-S EPXE GEVI S TVIGIH RHIETVSETI. (EG WI
RXQTP GIZE, HEG YR RSY IZIRMQIRX WI TVSHYGI, HEG GIZE WI WGLMQF, S
WGLMQFEVI EREPSEK XVIFYMI W WI 3 TVSHYW REMRXI; S EPXE XVIFYMI W S 3
TVIGIHEX TI EGIEWXE HMR YVQ #M E#E QEM HITEVXI PE MR3RMX; GGM S GEY^ TVMQ
IWXI XSX EXX HI MQTSWMFMP HI KRHMX GE #M YR RGITYX R XMQT WEY S PMQMX R
WTE'MY. 0IKIE GEY^EPMX'MM RY E3VQ RMQMG R TPYW JE' HI GI EQ WTYW, EHMG RY
TVIXMRHI W HIT#IEWG WMQTPIPI QSHM3GVM. %XXE ZVIQI GX S WGLMQFEVI RY
W-E TVSHYW, RY TSEXI 3 GIVYX S GEY^; GGM RY IWXI RXIQIMEX E TVMSVM W
GSRGLM^M HMR I\MWXIR'E PYGVYVMPSV HEXI, EHMG E JIRSQIRIPSV QEXIVMIM, RSR-
I\MWXIR'E PSV ERXIVMSEV #M HMR EGIEWX RSR-I\MWXIR' TVSHYGIVIE PSV, EHMG S
QSHM3GEVI. (I EGIIE I\MWXIR'E YRYM PYGVY RY RI EYXSVM^IE^ RMGMHIGYQ W
GSRGLMHIQ G IP EVI S GEY^. (EV TSEXI EZIE YR JYRHEQIRX E TSWXIVMSVM,
EHMG PYEX HMR I\TIVMIR', JETXYP HI E TVIWYTYRI G JIRSQIRYP R HMWGY'MI RY
E I\MWXEX RXSXHIEYRE, G RY W-E TVSHYW HIGX GE YVQEVI E EPXYME, EHMG TVMRXV-
S WGLMQFEVI E GVIM GEY^ XVIFYMI KWMX, ETSM GEY^E EGIWXIME; MEX-RI
ERKENE'M R VIKVIWME MR3RMX, PE GEVI GSRHYGI RXSXHIEYRE JSPSWMVIE TVMRGMTMYPYM
GEY^EPMX'MM. %Q WTYW QEM WYW: PYGVYVMPI, EHMG JIRSQIRIPI QEXIVMIM, GGM S
QSHM3GEVI #M S GEY^ RY WI TSX VETSVXE HIGX PE JIRSQIRI. %GIWXI JIRSQIRI
WYRX GYTVMRWI WYF RYQIPI HI JSVQI RXV-YR WIRW QEM PEVK; RYQEM JSVQIPI WI
QSHM3G, QEXIVME IWXI 3\.
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EPX TEVXI XSX JSVQE JEGI PYGVYVMPI, EHMG IE IWXI JYRHEQIRXYP HMZIVWMX'MM, R
XMQT GI QEXIVME RY TSEXI 3 KRHMX HIGX GE YR EFWSPYX SQSKIR. (I EGIIE
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EGIWXIE WYRX JSVQIPI E GVSV EPMER' GY QEXIVME, EHMG E GVSV MRXVEVI R IE,
TVMR QMNPSGMVIE YRSV QSHM3GVM, IWXI WYTYW TVMRGMTMYPYM GEY^EPMX'MM. 3 TVIE
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W XI RXVIFM: (EV HI GI RY QEM HIZVIQI# (I GI EGIWX RGITYX WI HYGI R
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JSVQEP, WI R'IPIKI HI PE WMRI) #M ZMGMWMXYHMRMPSV EGIWXSV JSVQI, EHMG
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TMIXVIM, HEV RXSXHIEYRE, E#E GYQ EQ WTYW, R VETSVX GY IZIRMQIRXIPI, GY
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GE HSY HMVIG'MM GSRXVEVI WITEVEXI HI YR TYRGX ^IVS
4. 7TE'MYP EVI XVIM HMQIRWMYRM, EHRGMQI, P'MQI #M PYRKMQI.
4. 1EXIVME I\MWX, EHMG EG'MSRIE^, HYT HMQIRWMYRMPI WTE'MYPYM #M TI
XSEX PYRKMQIE XMQTYPYM; TVMR YVQEMl IE M YRI#XI TI YRYP #M TI GIPPEPX #M M
YQTPI TI EQRHSM; R EGIEWXE GSRWX IWIR'E IM; IE IWXI HIGM R RXVIKMQI
GEY^EPMXEXI.
5. 8MQTYP IWXI HMZM^MFMP #M MR3RMX
5. 7TE'MYP IWXI HMZM^MFMP PE MR3RMX
5. 1EXIVME IWXI HMZM^MFMP PE MR3RMX.
6. 8MQTYP IWXI SQSKIR #M GSRXMRYY, EPXJIP WTYW, RMGM YRE HMR TV'MPI WEPI
RY IWXI HMJIVMX HI GIEPEPX #M R-EM TMPXIE W PI WITEVM YRE HI EPXE HIGX GY
GSRHM'ME W WYTVMQM XMQTYP
6. 7TE'MYP IWXI GSRXMRYY, EPXJIP WTYW, RMGM YRE HMR TV'MPI WEPI RY IWXI
HMJIVMX HI GIEPEPX #M R-EM TYXIE W PI WITEVM YRE HI EPXE HIGX GY GSRHM'ME W
WYTVMQM WTE'MYP
6. 1EXIVME IWXI SQSKIR #M GSRXMRY, EPXJIP WTYW, IE RY WI GSQTYRI HMR
TV'M SVMKMREV HMZIVWI, SQISQIVMMPI, RMGM SVMKMREV WITEVEXI, EXSQMM; TVMR YVQEVI
IE RY IWXI YR EKVIKEX HI TV'M R QSH IWIR'MEP WITEVEXI YRE HI EPXE TVMR GIZE
WXVMR QEXIVMIM
7. 8MQTYP RY EVI RMGM RGITYX, RMGM WJV#MX: SVMGI RGITYX #M SVMGI WJV#MX
WYRX R IP
7. 7TE'MYP RY EVI RMGM RGITYX, RMGM WJV#MX: SVMGI RGITYX #M SVMGI WJV#MX
WYRX R IP
7. 1EXIVME RY WI RE#XI #M RY QSEVI: SVMGI RE#XIVI #M SVMGI QSEVXI WYRX R
IE
8. 'Y ENYXSVYP XMQTYPYM RYQVQ (>ELPIR)
8. 'Y ENYXSVYP WTE'MYPYM QWYVQ (1GWWIR)
8. 'Y ENYXSVYP QEXIVMIM GRXVMQ (;EKIR)
9. 6MXQYP IWXI RYQEM R XMQT
9. 7MQIXVME IWXI RYQEM R WTE'MY
9. )GLMPMFVYP IWXI RYQEM R QEXIVMI
10. 'YRSE#XIQ E TVMSVM PIKMPI XMQTYPYM
10. 'YRSE#XIQ E TVMSVM PIKMPI WTE'MYPYM
10. 'YRSE#XIQ E TVMSVM PIKMPI WYFWXER'IM XYXYVSV EGGMHIRXIPSV
11. 8MQTYP TSEXI 3 VITVI^IRXEX MRXYMXMZ, E TVMSVM WYF JSVQE WMQTP E YRIM
PMRMM.
11. 7TE'MYP TSEXI 3 VITVI^IRXEX MRXYMXMZ E TVMSVM RXV-YR QSH HMVIGX
11. % TVMSVM, RY TSEXI 3 KRHMX QEXIVME
12. 8MQTYP RY EVI RMGM S GSRWMWXIR': HI RHEX GI IWXI XVIGI
12. 7TE'MYP RY TSEXI XVIGI; HMQTSXVMZ IP WYF^MWX RXSXHIEYRE
12. %GGMHIRXIPI WI WGLMQF, WYFWXER'E VQRI
13. 8MQTYP RY EVI STVMVI
13. 7TE'MYP IWXI MQYEFMP
13. 1EXIVME VQRI MRHMJIVIRX PE VETEYW WEY PE QM#GEVI, EPXJIP WTYW IE
RY IWXI SVMKMREV EXVEW RMGM WTVI YRE RMGM WTVI GIEPEPX.
14. 8SX GI IWXI R XMQT EVI S HYVEX
14. 8SX GI IWXI R WTE'MY EVI YR PSG.
14. 8SX GI IWXI QEXIVMEP EVI S EGXMZMXEXI.
15. 8MQTYP RY EVI HYVEX, HEV SVMGI HYVEX IWXI R IP: SVMGI HYVEX IWXI
TIVWMWXIR'E E GIIE GI VQRI, R STS^M'MI GY GYVWE RISFSWMX E XMQTYPYM.
15. 7TE'MYP RY EVI QM#GEVI, HEV SVMGI QM#GEVI IWXI R IP; SVMGI QM#GEVI
IWXI S WGLMQFEVI HI PSG WYJIVMX HI YR QSFMP, R STS^M'MI GY VITEYWYP HI
RI^HVYRGMREX EP WTE'MYPYM.
15. 1EXIVME IWXI GIIE GI VQRI R XMQT, GIIE GI WI QM#G R WTE'MY:
TVMR GSQTEVEVIE E GIIE GI IWXI R VITESW #M E GIIE GI IWXI R QM#GEVI
QWYVQ QEXIVME.
16. 2MGM S QM#GEVI RY IWXI TSWMFMP JV XMQT
16 2MGM S QM#GEVI RY IWXI TSWMFMP JV WTE'MY.
16. 2MGM S QM#GEVI RY IWXI TSWMFMP JV QEXIVMI
17. :MXI^E IWXI, PE WTE'MY IKEP, R VETSVX MRZIVW GY XMQTYP.
17. :MXI^E IWXI, PE XMQT IKEP, R VETSVX HMVIGX GY WTE'MYP
17. 'ERXMXEXIE QM#GVMM IWXI, PE ZMXI^ IKEP, R VETSVX KISQIXVMG HMVIGX
GY QEXIVME, EHMG GY QEWE.
18. 8MQTYP R IP RWY#M RY IWXI HMVIGX QWYVEFMP, GM MRHMVIGX HEXSVMX
QM#GVMM, GEVI IWXI XSXSHEX R WTE'MY #M R XMQT; EWXJIP QM#GEVIE WSEVIPYM #M E
SVSPSKMYPYM QWSEV XMQTYP.
18. 7TE'MYP IWXI R WMRI HMVIGX QWYVEFMP; HEV P TYXIQ QWYVE MRHMVIGX
TVMR QM#GEVI, GEVI IWXI XSXSHEX R XMQT #M R WTE'MY. )\. )\TVIWME S SV HI
HVYQ; HMWXER'E WXIPIPSV 3\I I\TVMQEX TVMR RYQVYP HI ERM GEVI XVIFYMI PYQMRMM
W ENYRK TR PE RSM
18. 4IRXVY E QWYVE QEXIVME GSRWMHIVEX GE EXEVI, EHMG QEWE, EPXJIP
WTYW, TIRXVY E-P HIXIVQMRE GERXMXEXIE, RY TYXIQ TVSGIHE HIGX MRHMVIGX, EHMG
IZEPYRH GERXMXEXIE HI QM#GEVI TI GEVI S TVMQI#XI #M GIE TI GEVI S H, GRH
PSZI#XI YR GSVT WEY GRH P EXVEKI.
19. 8MQTYP IWXI TVI^IRX R SVMGI PSG: 3IGEVI TEVXI E XMQTYPYM IWXI TIWXI
XSX, EHMG WMQYPXER R XSXEPMXEXIE WTE'MYPYM.
19. 7TE'MYP IWXI IXIVR: 3IGEVI HMR TV'MPI WEPI I\MWX R XSEXI XMQTYVMPI
19. 1EXIVME IWXI EFWSPYX, EPXJIP WTYW, IE RY TSEXI W WI REWG, RMGM W
TMEV: GERXMXEXIE IM RY TSEXI 3 RMGM QVMX, RMGM HMQMRYEX
20. (EG RY EV 3 XMQTYP, PYGVYVMPI RY EV TYXIE I\MWXE HIGX WYGGIWMZ
20. (EG RY EV 3 WTE'MYP, PYGVYVMPI RY EV TYXIE I\MWXE HIGX WMQYPXER.
20,21. 1EXIVME YRI#XI KSERE MRGSRWXERX E XMQTYPYM #M VMKYVSEWE
MQSFMPMXEXI E WTE'MYPYM; TVMR YVQEVI IE IWXI WYFWXER'E GEVI VQRI WYF
EGGMHIRXIPI GEVI XVIG. 4IRXVY 3IGEVI PSG #M R 3IGEVI XMQT WGLMQFEVIE
EGGMHIRXIPSV IWXI HIXIVQMREX HI GEY^EPMXEXI GEVI EWXJIP YRI#XI XMQTYP #M
WTE'MYP #M GSRWXMXYMI RXVIEKE IWIR' E QEXIVMIM
21. 8MQTYP JEGI TSWMFMP WGLMQFEVIE EGGMHIRXIPSV
21. 7TE'MYP JEGI TSWMFMP TIVQERIR'E WYFWXER'IM
22. *MIGEVI TEVXI E XMQTYPYM GSR'MRI XSEXI TV'MPI QEXIVMIM.
22. 2MGM S TEVXI E WTE'MYPYM RY GSR'MRI, R EGIPE#M XMQT GY T EPXE, S
EGIIE#M TEVXI HI QEXIVMI
22. RXV-EHIZV, QEXIVME IWXI TI GX HI TIVQERIRX TI EXX HI
MQTIRIXVEFMP
23. 8MQTYP IWXI TVMRGMTMYP MRHMZMHYE'MIM
23. 7TE'MYP IWXI TVMRGMTMYP MRHMZMHYE'MIM
23. -RHMZM^MM WYRX QEXIVMEPM.
24. 4VI^IRXYP IWXI -EV HYVEX
24. %XSQYP IWXI JV RXMRHIVI
24. %XSQYP IWXI JV VIEPMXEXI
25. 8MQTYP R WMRI IWXI ZMH #M RIHIXIVQMREX
25. 7TE'MYP R WMRI IWXI ZMH #M RIHIXIVQMREX
25. 1EXIVME R WMRI IWXI JV JSVQ #M JV GEPMXEXI, R TPYW IE IWXI
MRIVX, EHMG MRHMJIVIRX PE VITEYW WEY QM#GEVI; VI^YQRH, IE IWXI
RIHIXIVQMREP.
26. 3VMGI RIERX IWXI GSRHM'MSREX HI GIP GEVI P TVIGIH #M RY I\MWX
HIGX R QWYVE R GEVI EGIWXE E RGIXEX W 3I R XMQT (HI Z^YX XVEXEXYP
EWYTVE 4VMRGMTMYPYM VE'MYRMM)
26. (EG R WTE'MY TVIWYTYRIQ S PMQMX R VETSVX GY S EPXE SEVIGEVI,
WMXYE'ME EGIWXIM RSM PMQMXI JE' HI SVMGEVI PMQMX TSWMFMP WI KWI#XI TVMR RWY#M
EGIWX JETX VMKYVSW HIXIVQMREX (4VMRGMTMYP VE'MYRMM HI E 3 R WTE _MY.)
26. 2MGM S WGLMQFEVI RY TSEXI 3 MRXVSHYW R QEXIVMI HIGX R ZMVXYXIE
EPXIM WGLMQFVM; #M TVMR YVQEVI S TVMQ WGLMQFEVI #M TVMR YVQEVI S TVMQ WXEVI
E QEXIVMIM, IWXI GIZE -E JIP HI RIGSRGITYX GE YR RGITYX EP XMQTYPYM WEY GE S
PMQMX E WTE'MYPYM (4VMRGMTMYP HIZIRMVMMa
27. 8MQTYP JEGI TSWMFMP EVMXQIXMGE
27. 7TE'MYP JEGI TSWMFMP KISQIXVME
27. 1EXIVME, GSRWMHIVEX GE QSFMP R WTE'MY JEGI TSWMFMP JIVSRSQME1
28. 2S'MYRIE WMQTP ((EW )MRJEGLI) E EVMXQIXMGMM IWXI YRMXEXIE
28. 2S'MYRIE WMQTP E KISQIXVMGM IWXI TYRGXYP.
28. 2S'MYRIE WMQTP E JSVSRSQMIM IWXI EXSQYP.
'MRIQEXMG
%VXLYV 7GLSTIRPXEYIV TVIWYTYRI G E PYEX-S HMR EPXTEVXI. %V 3 HI HSVMX
W WI PQYVIEWG QEM QYPX EGIWX QMWXIV #M GYQ EGIEWXE GIVI PYRKM #M
ERIZSMSEWI GIVGIXVM, YRE HMR EGEHIQMMPI RSEWXVI KIVQERI EV XVIFYM W S
WGSEX PE GSRGYVW. 0ETPEGI IWXI TIRXVY /ERX GIIE GI IWXI EGIWXE TIRXVY
4VMIWXPI], TSEXI TIRXVY +EWTEV ;SPJ #M TIRXVY 1EYTIVXMYW WEY TVIHIGIWSVYP
WY; XISVME PYM EXX HI NYWX #M EHQMVEFMP EWYTVE SVMKMRMM WMWXIQYPYM TPERIXEV,
HI^ZSPXEX R )\TYRIVIE WMWXIQYPYM PYQMM (GEVX. :, G. 11) WI KWI#XI HINE, R
GIIE GI EVI IE IWIR'MEP, R -WXSVME REXYVMM #M 8ISVME GIVYPYM PYM /ERX, GEVI E
ETVYX GY ETVSETI GMRGM^IGM HI ERM REMRXI, R 1755. R 1763, R 7MRKYVE
HSZEH TSWMFMP E I\MWXIR'IM PYM (YQRI^IY, GETMXSPYP :--, JEGI S I\TYRIVI QEM
GSQTPIX E EGIWXIME. "M GYQ RI PEW W R'IPIKIQ R EGIEWX YPXMQ WGVMIVI,
G 0EQFIVX, R EPI WEPI 7GVMWSVM GSWQSPSKMGI. (1761), E PYEX HI PE IP JV NIR
EGIEWX XISVMI; #M GYQ TI HI EPX TEVXI EGIWXI WGVMWSVM EY ETVYX R JVERGI^
GEQ R EGIPE#M XMQT (7GVMWSVM GSWQSPSKMGI EWYTVE YRMZIVWYPYM), XVIFYMI W
TVIWYTYRIQ G 0ETPEGI E GYRSWGYX XISVME PYM /ERX. (IWMKYV, GY #XMMR'E-P
TVSJYRH R EPI EWXVSRSQMIM, IP I\TYRI XISVME RXV-YR QSH QEM TVSJYRH, QEM
JVETERX #M QEM GSQTPIX HIGX /ERX; HEV R JSRH, IE IVE HINE GPEV TVI^IRXEX HI
EGIWXE HMR YVQ #M TVMR QEVIE IM MQTSVXER', IE WMRKYV IVE HI ENYRW TIRXVY
E-P MQSVXEPM^E RYQIPI, PEX YR PYGVY GEVI RI TSEXI RXV-EHIZV XYPFYVE. 7TMVMXI
WYTIVMSEVI GETEFMPI HI E 3 FRYMXI HI S RIHIPMGEXI'I GEVI, GLMEV TIRXVY
WTMVMXIPI MRJIVMSEVI, EV 3 YR PYGVY VY#MRSW! 'GM RI HQ WIEQE FMRI G JYVXYP
TSEXI #M QEM TY'MR 3 MIVXEX YRYM FSKEX HIGX YRYM WVEG. (EV RY XVIFYMI W-P
XMRYMQ; RSM WYRXIQ EMGM TSWXIVMXEXIE #M XVIFYMI W 3Q GSVIG'M GYQ WTIVQ G
ZSV 3 #M YVQE#MM RS#XVM JE' HI RSM. (I EGIIE ZVIEY W EHEYK PE XSEXI EGIWXI
XVIM GE^YVM YR EP XVIMPIE I\IQTPY #M ERYQI G MHIIE JYRHEQIRXEP HMR
1IXEQSVJS^E TPERXIPSV HI +SIXLI, WI KWI#XI HINE R 8ISVME KIRIVE'MIM, HI
+EWTEVH *VIHIVMG ;SPJ, GEVI HEXIE^ HMR 1764. 'I WTYR IY# 2Y EGIPE#M PYGVY
WI RXQTP GY WMWXIQYP KVEZMXE'MIM# "M XSXY#M RXVIEKE )YVST GSRXMRIRXEP M
EXVMFYMI HIWGSTIVMVIE PYM 2I[XSR, R XMQT GI R %RKPME WEZER'MM GIP TY'MR #XMY G
IE M ETEV'MRI PYM 6SFIVX ,SSOI, GEVI E I\TYW-S HMR 1666, RXV-S GSQYRMGEVI PE
7SGMIXEXIE VIKEP, GY XMXPY HI WMQTP MTSXI^ #M JV HSZI^M, HEV RXV-YR QSH
JSEVXI I\TPMGMX. 4EVXIE IWIR'MEP E EGIWXIM XISVMM IWXI VITVSHYW R (YKEPH
7XI[EVX (4LMPSWSTL] SJ LYQER QMRH, ZSM. --, T. 434); IWXI GY EHIZVEX YR
QTVYQYX HMR 3TIVIPI TSWXYQI EPI PYM 6. ,SSOI. (IWTVI SVMKMRIE TVSFPIQIM,
HIWTVI JIPYP R GEVI HM3GYPXEXIE M WI TVI^MRX PYM 2I[XSR, KWMQ #M MRJSVQE'MM R
&MSKVE3E YRMZIVWEP, EVXMGSP 2I[XSR. RXV-S WGYVX MWXSVMI E EWXVSRSQMIM
TYFPMGEX HI 5YEVXIVP] 6IZMI[, EYKYWX
1828, HVITXYP HI TVMSVMXEXI E PYM ,SSOI IWXI GSRWMHIVEX GE YR JETX
MRGSRXIWXEFMP. 4IRXVY QEM QYPXI PQYVMVM R QEXIVMI, XVMQMX PE EPI QIPI 4EVIVKE
(ZSM. -- GET. 86; IHM'. 2, GET. 88). 'X HIWTVI MWXSVME GHIVMM QVYPYM, EGIEWXE
IWXI S JSEVXI JVYQSEW TSZIWXI TSTYPEV, HEV PMTWMX HI JYRHEQIRX #M
EYXSVMXEXI.
(IWTVI # 18 EWYTVE 1EXIVMIM -'ERXMXEXIE HI QM#GEVI (PE (IWGEVXIW HINE,
UYERXMXEW QSXYW) IWXI TVSHYWYP QEWIM RQYP'MX GY ZMXI^E.
4I EGIEWX PIKI RY WI RXIQIME^ RYQEM R QIGERMG XISVME #SGYPYM, HEV
#M R WXEXMG XISVME IGLMPMFVYPYM. (YT JSV'E #SGYPYM TVSHYW HI HSY GSVTYVM GY
ZMXI^ IKEP WI TSEXI HIXIVQMRE VETSVXYP QEWIPSV PSV; EWXJIP, HEXI 3MRH HSY
GMSGERI GEVI PSZIWG PE JIP HI VITIHI, GIP GEVI EVI GIE QEM QEVI QEW FEXI
GYMYP QEM EHRG R TIVIXI WEY JEGI W MRXVI 'VY#YP QEM EHRG R TQRX. (I
I\IQTPY, YR GMSGER E GVYM KVIYXEXI IWXI HI 6 PMZVI XVIFYMI, GY S ZMXI^ ! 6,
W JEG XSX EXXE XVIEF GX YR GMSGER HI 3 PMZVI GY S ZMXI^ ! 12; RXV-EHIZV
#M RXV-YR GE^ #M R GIPPEPX, GERXMXEXIE QM#GVMM ! 36. (EXI 3MRH HSY FMPI GEVI
WI VSWXSKSPIWG GY S ZMXI^ IKEP, GIE GEVI EVI GIE QEM QEVI QEW ZE XVIFYM
TVMR M^FMVIE WE W QTMRK QEM HITEVXI S E XVIME FMP R WXEVI HI VITESW; GIE
HMQTSXVMZ GEVI EVI GIE QEM QMG QEW ZE XVIFYM W S QTMRK QEM TY'MR
HITEVXI; RXV-EHIZV, QEWE TVMQIM RQYP'MX GY ZMXI^E GSQYR E GIPSV HSY
FMPI H S GERXMXEXI HI QM#GEVI QEM QEVI. 8YRYP XVEKI QEM HITEVXI HIGX
TY#GE, TIRXVY G PE S ZMXI^ IKEP, STIVIE^ TI S QEW QYPX QEM
GSRWMHIVEFMP, IP H S GERXMXEXI HI QM#GEVI QYPX QEM QEVI, GEVI VI^MWX QYPX
QEM QYPX ZVIQI EG'MYRMM STYWI E KVIYX'MM. 4IRXVY EGIPE#M QSXMZ, EGIME#M FVE'
ZE EVYRGE QEM HITEVXI S FMP HI TPYQF HIGX YRE HI PIQR HI EGIIE#M KVSWMQI
#M S TMEXV QEVI QEM HITEVXI HIGX YRE QMG. 8SX HMR EGIPE#M QSXMZ FXEME
QMXVEPMIVIM RY IWXI PE JIP HI PYRK GE GIE E KLMYPIPIM.
%GIIE#M PIKI WIVZI#XI GE JYRHEQIRX XISVMIM TVKLMIM #M E FEPER'IM; GGM
#M EMGM GIE QEM QMG QEW, WMXYEX TI GIP QEM PYRK FVE' EP TVKLMIM WEY EP
ZIVKIPIM (FEPER'IM), QM#GEX HI S ZMXI^ QEM QEVI #M GEVI S QYPXMTPMG, TSEXI
TVSHYGI S GERXMXEXI HI QM#GEVI IKEP WEY WYTIVMSEV GIPIM TI GEVI S TVSHYGI
GIE QEM QEVI QEW. 8SXY#M R WXEVIE HI VITESW SGE^MSREX HI IGLMPMFVY,
EGIEWX ZMXI^ IWXI TYV MRXIR'MSREP WEY ZMVXYEP; IE IWXI HEX TSXIR'MEP #M RY
R EGX; R GMYHE Eb XSEXI IE EG'MSRIE^, 3MRH TSXIR'MEP, GE #M GYQ EV 3 R EGX
#M EGIWX JETX IWXI GY XSXYP VIQEVGEFMP.
3 HEX EQMRXMXI GMXMXSVYPYM EGIWXI EHIZVYVM, I\TPMGE'ME YVQXSEVI ZE 3
QEM Y#SV HI R'IPIW. 'ERXMXEXIE YRIM QEXIVMM HEXI RY TSEXI 3 RMGMSHEX
IZEPYEX HIGX TVMR JSV'E WE #M EGIEWXE RY TSEXI 3 GYRSWGYX
%VXLYV 7GP[TIRPMEYIV HIGX TVMR IJIGXYP WY. (EG RY GSRWMHIVQ
QEXIVME HIGX HMR TYRGXYP HI ZIHIVI EP GERXMX'MM WEPI #M RY EP GEPMX'MM, EGIWX
IJIGX TSEXI 3 TYV QIGERMG, RY GSRWX EHMG HIGX R QM#GEVIE GSQYRMGEX
VIWXYPYM QEXIVMIM. RXV-EHIZV, R TVMQYP VRH R QM#GEVI JSV'E QEXIVMIM HIZMRI,
TIRXVY E RI I\TVMQE EWXJIP, ZMI; HI EMGM ZMRI RYQIPI HI JSV' ZMI TIRXVY
IJIGXIPI HMREQMGI EPI QEXIVMIM R QM#GEVI. (I EGIIE, TIRXVY E IZEPYE
GERXMXEXIE HI QEXIVMI HEX, YRMGE QWYV IWXI QVMQIE QM#GVMM WEPI. 8SXY#M
QVMQIE QM#GVMM, GRH IWXI HEX, RY RI H HMVIGX GERXMXEXIE HI QEXIVMI;
EGIEWXE WI QEM KWI#XI GSQFMREX GY ZMXI^E, GEVI IWXI GIPPEPX JEGXSV EP
GERXMX'MM HI QM#GEVI; SV EGIWX YPXMQ JEGXSV XVIFYMI W 3I IPMQMREX, HEG ZVIQ
W GYRSE#XIQ GERXMXEXIE HI QEXIVMI, QEWE. -R VIWX, ZMXI^E RY IWXI HMVIGX
GYRSWGYX, GGM IE IWXI IKEP GY 7. 2YQEM GIPPEPX JEGXSV, GIP GEVI VQRI
HYT IPMQMREVIE ZMXI^IM, QEWE, RY IWXI RMGMSHEX GYRSWGYX HIGX RXV-YR QSH
VIPEXMZ, EHMG TVMR GSQTEVE'MI GY GIPIPEPXI QEWI, GEVI PE VRHYP PSV RY TSX 3
GYRSWGYXI HIGX TVMR GERXMXEXIE QM#GVMM PSV, EHMG R GSQFMRE'MI GY ZMXI^E.
%WXJIP WYRXIQ SFPMKE'M QEM RXM W GSQTEVQ S GERXMXEXI HI QM#GEVI GY S
EPXE, ETSM GY EGIWXI HEXI W GEPGYPQ ZMXI^E, HEG ZVIQ W #XMQ GY GX 3IGEVI
HMR GIPI HSY GSVTYVM IWXI HEXSV QEWIM WEPI. %GIEWXE WI JEGI GSQTEVRH
KVIYXEXIE QEWIPSV, HIGM GSQTEVRH EGIEWX QVMQI E QM#GVMM GEVT, R GIPI
HSY QEWI, GVIE^ S JSV' HI EXVEG'MI WTVI TQRX, GEVI EG'MSRIE^ EWYTVE
GIPSV HSY RYQEM R ZMVXYXIE GERXMX'MM PSV. (I EGIIE I\MWX HSY QSHYVM HI E
GRXVM; RXV-EHIZV, WEY WI H GIPSV HSY QEWI GEVI GSQTEV S ZMXI^ IKEP,
TIRXVY E ZIHIE GEVI HMR HSY GSQYRMG EGXYEPQIRXI QM#GEVI GIPIMPEPXI #M TVMR
YVQEVI TSWIH S GERXMXEXI HI QM#GEVI QEM QEVI, GEVI ZE XVIFYM R QSH
RIGIWEV EXVMFYMX, ZMXI^E 3MRH IKEP HI S TEVXI #M HI EPXE, GIPYMPEPX JEGXSV EP
QVMQMM QM#GVMM, EHMG QEWIM (FEPER'E GY TVKLMM IKEPI); WEY WI GIVGIXIE^,
TIRXVY E WXEFMPM KVIYXEXIE, GX ZMXI^ R TPYW ZE XVIFYM W TVMQIEWG S QEW
JE' HI GIE TI GEVI S EVI QEWE GIEPEPX TIRXVY E IKEPE QVMQIE QM#GVMM
EGIWXIME #M R GSRWIGMR' TIRXVY E RY QEM TVMQM YR MQTYPW HI QM#GEVI, RXV-
EHIZV, GVI#XIVIE GEVI XVIFYMI HEX MRHMG R GI QWYV QEWE WE, GERXMXEXIE
HI QEXIVMI EHMG, IWXI QEM QMG (FEPER'E VSQER). %GIEWX IWXMQEVI E
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W WI JEQMPMEVM^I^I GY EGIWXI HSQIRMM; HI EGIIE IP RY ZE EXMRKI MRIZMXEFMP
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