GIS – Gas Insulated Substation

Why GIS
Types of Substation Switchgears [AIS/HIS/GIS]
Space Reduction Analysis with AIS/HIS/GIS
Specifications for GIS & AIS

400 kV / 220 kV GIS

400 kV side GIS
Single Line Diagram & Components of GIS
220 kV side GIS

Visual Comparison Between AIS & GIS Components

Techno - Economic Comparison Between AIS & GIS
Advancement in GIS
Life Cycle Cost Analysis – [AIS/HIS/GIS]
World Scenario -GIS 2
Gas Insulated Substations (GIS) is a compact, multicomponent assembly enclosed in
a ground metallic housing in which the primary insulating medium is compressed
Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas.
SF6 acts as an insulation between live parts & the earthed metal closure.

The introduction of SF6 gas has revolutionized not only the technology of
circuit breakers but also the layout of substations.

The dielectric strength of SF6 gas at atmospheric pressure is approximately

three times that of air.

It is incombustible, non toxic, colorless and chemically inert.

It has arc-quenching properties 3 to 4 times better than air at equal pressure.

Space requirement is only 10 to 25 percent of what is required is a

conventional substation.

GIS has small ground space requirements.

Gas insulated Substations have easy maintenance( nearly zero

Maintenance

Less field erection time & less erection cost.

For underground powerhouse of Hydro electric power project where

space constraint is a major issue.

For Fast Growing Major Cities where land availability is costlier.

Non-Flammability & Non-Explosive , Oil-free & Less Pollution

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 Surge Arrestor Bus Post Insulator Current Transformer

Capacitor Voltage Transformer Disconnector Live Tank-Circuit Breaker Dead Tank- CB

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Surge Arrestor Bus Post Insulator

Capacitor Voltage
Transformer
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The weight and size of the GIS equipment do not change appreciably with the voltage
class as the bulk of the current – carrying components and enclosures have identical
dimensions for similar thermal and short time current.
The additional insulation required for the next voltage class is achieved by increased
gas density.
Owing to these flexibilities, a few manufacturers offer the same equipment for two
voltage classes (like 170/145 kV).

Even when the GIS equipment is designed for an individual voltage class, the
dimensions and weights of the equipment differ marginally.

Table shows the dimensions, weight and floor loading for three voltage classes of GIS.

Rated voltage 145 kV 170 kV 245 kV

Bay width, m 1.5 2.0 2.0
Bay Depth, m 3.3 3.35 3.4
Bay height, m 3.2 3.4 3.4
Floor area, sq.m 4.95 6.7 6.8
Volume, m3 15.84 22.78 23.12
Weight, kg 3800 5000 5700
Floor loading, 765 750 840
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kg/sq.m
kg/sq.m
 132 Kv 220 Kv 400 Kv 765 Kv
Clearance Diff in Clearance Clearance Diff in Clearance Clearance Diff in Clearance
Clearances
for 132 Kv with Next for 220 Kv with Next for 400 Kv with Next
Voltage class Voltage Class Voltage class
Mini.Clearance 1.22 m 0.84 m 2.06 m 1.94 m 4.0 m 3.6 m 7.6 m
B/W Ph – Ph
Mini.Clearance 1.07 m 0.71 m 1.78 m 1.72 m 3.5 m 1.4 m 4.9 m
B/W Ph - Ear
Sectional 3.50 m 0.78 m 4.28 m 2.22 m 6.5 m 3.8 10.3m
Clearance
Ground 4.6 m 0.9 m 5.5 m 2.5 m 8.0 m
Clearance

Earth Clearance: this is the clearance between live parts and earthed structures, walls, screens and ground.

Phase Clearance: this is the clearance between live parts of different phases.

Section Clearance: this is the clearance between live parts and the terminals of a work section. The limits of this work
section, or maintenance zone, may be the ground or a platform from which the man works.

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 Minimum Clearance for Different Voltage Level [GIS]

145 Kv (132 Kv) 245 Kv (220 Kv) 420 Kv 800 Kv

(765 Kv)
Clearance Diff in Clearance Clearance Diff in Clearance Clearance Diff in Clearance
for 132 Kv with Next for 220 Kv with Next for 420 Kv with Next Voltage
Voltage class Voltage class class
Centre-to- 0.37 m 0.09 m 0.46 m 0.20 m 0.66 m 0.15 m 0.81 m
centre distance
of phases
Right-of way 1.3 m 0.2 m 1.5 m 0.6 m 2.1 m 0.5 m 2.6 m
width
External 240 310 470 620
diameter
Gas pressure at 420 420 420 420
20 C

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 Specifications for 400 KV GIS (ELK-3)

1 Rated Voltage 420 Kv

2 Rated Power Frequency withstand voltage 650 Kv

3 Rated Lightning impulse withstand voltage 1425 Kv

4 Rated Switching Impluse withstand voltage 1052 Kv

5 Rated Frequency 50 Hz
6 Busbar current 6300 A
7 Feeder Current 4000 A
8 Rated Short time Withstand Current 63 KA

Specifications for 220 KV GIS (ELK-14)

1 Rated Voltage Upto 300 Kv

2 Rated Power Frequency withstand voltage 460 Kv
3 Rated Lightning impulse withstand voltage 1050 Kv
4 Rated Switching Impluse withstand voltage 850 Kv
5 Rated Frequency 50 Hz
6 Rated Continuous Current 4000 A
7 Rated Short time Withstand Current 50 kA
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 400 kV/ 220 kV Substation with 5 bays at 400 kV and 7 bays at 220 kV

2 nos. 315 MVA, 400/220/33 kV three phase Auto Transformers

Gas Insulated Switchgear type ELK -3 at 400 kV and ELK-10 at 220 KV from
ABB Switzerland

Substation commissioned in 2007.

Power received from ##### & ***** at 400 KV.

Power supplied to Delhi Transco at 220 KV.

To ICT 1 To ICT 2

From # # # Bus Coupler Bay 18

From * * * *
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1. Barrier insulator
2. Busbar Gas Compartment
3. Feeder Gas Compartment
4. CB Gas compartment
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5. Voltage transformer

Bus bars

Circuit Breakers

Disconnecting switches

Earthing switches

Current transformers

Voltage transformers

Cable and boxes

Gas supply and gas
monitoring equipment

1.Circuit Breaker 5.Maintenance earthing switch

2.Operating mechanism 6.Fast acting earthing switch
(CB) 7.Voltage transformer
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3.Current Transformer 8.SF6 Bushing
4.Disconnector
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 A circuit breaker is an automatically-operated electrical switch designed to protect
an electrical from damage caused by overload or short circuit.

Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and, by interrupting continuity, to

immediately discontinue electrical flow.

Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then has to be replaced, a circuit breaker can
be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation

Current interruption in a high-voltage circuit-breaker is obtained by separating two contacts

in a medium, such as SF6, having excellent dielectric and arc quenching properties.

After contact separation, current is carried through an arc and the arc is interrupted &
cooled by a gas blast of sufficient intensity.
 Each CB comprises three single-phase metal
enclosed breaker poles.
Each Pole consists of operating mechanism, the
interrupter column with 2 interrupting chambers in
series & the enclosure with the basic support
structure.
To guarantee simultaneous interruption, the
chambers are mechanically connected in series.
One grading capacitor guarantees an equalized
voltage distribution.

Assembly of Metal enclosed

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Breaking poles
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 Making use of arc energy to produce the pressure necessary to quench the arc and obtain
current interruption. Low current interruption, up to about 30% of rated short-circuit current, is
obtained by a puffer blast.

A valve between the expansion and compression volumes.

When interrupting low currents the valve opens under the effect of the overpressure generated
in the compression volume. The blow-out of the arc is made as in a puffer circuit breaker by
compression of the gas obtained by the piston action.

In the case of high currents interruption, the arc energy produces a high overpressure in the
expansion volume, which leads to the closure of the valve and thus isolating the expansion volume
from the compression volume.

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The overpressure necessary for breaking is obtained by the optimal use of the thermal effect.
 Each Pole of the CB is equipped with the Hydraulic spring operating mechanism.
It combines the advantages of both Hydraulic operating mechanism & Spring energy
storage type.
A Hydraulic pump moves oil from low pressure reservoir to high pressure reservoir
side of the energy piston.
Opening & Closing of CB is initiated by trip coil actuation. 28
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Current transformer (CT) is used for measurement of electric currents. Current
transformers are also known as instrument transformers.

Current transformers are commonly used in metering and protective relays in

the electrical power industry.

When current in a circuit is too high to directly apply to measuring instruments,

a current transformer produces a reduced current accurately proportional to
the current in the circuit, which can be conveniently connected to measuring
and recording instruments.
Voltage transformers (VTs), also referred to as “Potential transformers" (PTs), are
used in high-voltage circuits.

They are designed to present a negligible load to the supply being measured, to
allow protective relay equipment to be operated at lower voltages, and to have a
precise winding ratio for accurate metering
 The single pole inductive voltage
transformer is connected to switch
gear with the connecting flanges with
a barrier insulator.

The primary winding is insulated

with SF6 gas & connected to high
voltage terminal.

The primary winding is wounded on

the top of the core & secondary
windings.

The secondary winding is connected

to the terminals in the external
terminal box through a gas tight
multiple bushing.

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Disconnector and Earthing switches are safety devices used to open or to close
a circuit when there is no current through them.

They are used to isolate a part of a circuit, a machine, a part of an overhead line or
an underground line so that maintenance can be safely conducted.

The opening of the line isolator or busbar section isolator is necessary for safety, but
not sufficient. Grounding must be conducted at both the upstream and downstream
sections of the device under maintenance. This is accomplished by earthing switches.

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Disconnect switches are designed to
continuously carry load currents and
momentarily carry short circuit currents for
a specified duration.

They are designed for no-load switching ,

opening , or closing circuits where negligible
currents are made or interrupted (including
capacitive current and resistive or inductive
current , or when there is no significant
voltage across the open terminals of the
switch.

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 Fast earth switch and maintenance earth switch are the two types of earth switches used
for gas insulated sub-station systems.
Fast earth switch is used to protect the circuit-connected instrument voltage transformer
from core saturation caused by direct current flowing through its primary as a consequence of
charge stored online during isolation / switching off the line.
Use of fast earth switch provides a parallel (low resistance) path to drain the residual static
charge quickly, thereby protecting the instrument voltage transformer from the damages that
may otherwise be caused. The basic construction of these earth switches is identical.

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 Wave Trap

Capacitance
Voltage
Transformer

Lightening
Arrestor

Capacitor Voltage Transformers convert transmission class voltages to standardized low and
easily measurable values, used for metering, protection and control of the high voltage system.

Additionally, Capacitor Voltage Transformers serve as a coupling capacitor for coupling high
frequency power line carrier signals to the transmission line.

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 Lightning Arresters or Surge Arresters are always
connected in Shunt to the equipment to be protected,
they provide a low impedance path for the surge
current to the ground

Line trap also is known as Wave trap. It traps Hi-frequency communication signals
sent on the line from the remote substation and diverting them to the telecom/
tele protection panel in the substation control room (through coupling capacitor
and LMU).

This is relevant in Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) systems for

communication among various substations without dependence on the telecom
company network.

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 SF6 – Air Bushings are used for connecting to open terminal equipment &
Overhead transmission lines.
SF outdoor bushings allow the enclosed switchgear to be connected to overhead
lines.

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 CABLE TERMINATION (Fig - a): High-Voltage cables of various types are
connected to SF6 switchgear via cable connection assembly & also it enables the
GIS & Cables to be tested separated

Fig - a Fig - b

Transformer connection (Fig - b) consists of Oil/SF6 bushing, the enclosure, the main
circuit end terminal & removable connection.
For Hi-Voltage test on GIS, transformer is isolated from switchgear by dismantling
the removable connection
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 The insulating and interrupting capability of the SF6 gas depends on the density of the
SF6 gas .
The pressure of the SF6 gas varies with temperature, so a mechanical or electronic
temperature compensated pressure switch is used to monitor the equivalent of gas
density.
Gas Density Monitor is directly mounted on the enclosure. The gas pressure acts on
metal bellows, with a reference volume for compensation of the temperature.

In case of gas leakage a micro-switch is actuated. Thresholds for refilling (first stage) or
lock-out alarm(second stage) can be mechanically set. The response character is shown in
the Molier diagramme.

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Isolating Gas Pressure is
generally 350-450 Kpa at 20 deg
cel.

Quenching gas pressure is

about 600-700 Kpa

Outdoor Equipment exposed to

arctic conditions contains a
mixture of SF6 & N2.

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 An autotransformer is an electrical transformer with only one winding.

The winding has at least three electrical connection points called taps. The voltage
source and the load are each connected to two taps.
One tap at the end of the winding is a common connection to both circuits (source and
load). Each tap corresponds to a different source or load voltage.

2 nos. 315 MVA, 400/220/33 kV three phase Auto Transformers 43

 An autotransformer for power applications is typically lighter and less
costly than a two-winding transformer, up to a voltage ratio of about 3:1 -
beyond that range a two-winding transformer is usually more economical.

In an autotransformer a portion of the same winding acts as part of both

the primary and secondary winding.

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 To Line-4 To Line-3 Bus Coupler To Line-2 To Line-1
Bay

From ICT 1 From ICT 2

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 (For Further Space reduction)

Gas Insulated Transformer (GIT) Instead of Oil Immersed Transformer (OIT).

SMART GIS - Integration of Electronic CT’s & PT’s

Combined Earthing Switch & Disconnector

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 Natural Cooled type

Forced-Gas-Circulated , Natural-
Air-Cooled

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Forced-Gas-Circulated , Forced-Air-
Cooled
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 GIT OIT
Medium SF6 Insulating oil
Turn Insulation PET film Cellulose paper
Conservator Not Required Necessary
Pressure Relief Device Not required Necessary
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Others Fundamentally Same
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Nonflammability – Gas insulated transformers , using incombustible SF6 gas as
insulation and cooling medium, enable to remove a fire fighting equipment from
transformer room.

Non Tank – explosion - Pressure tank enables to withstand the pressure rise in case of
internal fault.

Compactness – Since conservator or pressure relief equipment is not necessary, height

of transformer room can be reduced approximately 2 – 2.5 meters.

Easy installation – oil or liquid purifying process is not necessary in case of gas-insulated
transformer.

Easy inspection and maintenance work -Only SF6 gas pressure shall be basically
monitored during periodically inspection.

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 The Combined sensors are the Rogowski coil for current measurement and the
capacitive divider for voltage measurement
A combined current and voltage sensor has been developed to replace the
conventional current and voltage transformers in GIS.

1. Serial Optic Link 2. Voltage sensor 3. Rogowski Coil

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Why Combined Voltage & current Sensor ?
Advanced CT’s without a magnetic core (Rowgowski coil) & Capacitive sensor have
been developed to save space and reduce the cost of GIS.

The output signal is at a low level, so it is immediately converted by an enclosure

mounted device to a digital signal

Small size - Helps to optimize the use of space in the switchgear

Lighter weight means less material usage and lower life cycle costs (LCC)

Large dynamic range - permits minimization of number of sensor types needed and
improvement of some protection functions.

Protection and measurement functions combined.

Lower losses mean lower LCC (Life Cycle Cost)

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Current Measurement – Current Sensor instead of
Current Transformer

The current sensor is based on a Rogowski coil (a

coreless inductive current transformer).

Voltage Measurement – Voltage Sensor instead of

Voltage Transformer

The voltage sensor is based on a capacitive electrical

field sensor (Capacitive ring sensor).

The capacitive ring, which acts as a voltage sensor,

also has a linear characteristic and is very simple in
terms of the insulation.
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 1. Busbar with Combined DS & ES
2. Circuit-breaker
3. Current sensor (Rogowski coil)
4. Electro-optical voltage transformer
6. Make-proof earthing switch
7. Control cubicle

1. Busbar with Combined DS & ES

2. Circuit Breaker
3. Current Transformer
4. Voltage transformer
5. Combined DS & ES with cable sealing
end
6. Hi-Speed ES 67
7. Control Cubicle
The DSES incorporates the two functions of a disconnector and a maintenance
earthing switch as a result saving the space in GIS.
This is achieved by a sliding contact characterized by three defined positions:
- disconnector open / earthing switch closed
- disconnector closed / earthing switch open
-disconnector open / earthing switch open
The use of one moving contact for the disconnector and the earthing switch inhibits
simultaneous closed position of both switches.

Busbar with Combined 68

Disconnector & Earthing Switch
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 Combined disconnector and earthing switch is mounted at the front, and
acts via bevel gears and an insulating shaft on the three parallel contact pins.

Depending on the direction of movement

the contacts act as disconnector or earthing
switch (maintenance earthing switch).
By means of a crank handle, manual
operation of the combined disconnector and
earthing switch is also possible.

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(O & M)

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 AIS GIS
Life cycle cost

Planning and engineering 100% 80%

Real estate 100% 40%

Primary equipment 100% 120%

Secondary equipment 100% 100%

Earthwork, civil work, structures 100% 60%

Electrical assembly and erection 100% 70%

Maintenance 100% 50%

Outage 100% 50%

Life cycle costs after 10 years 100% Max. 70%

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Optimizing of acquisition costs Cost of Acquisition
Acquisition costs are mainly influenced by the layout, the redundancy concept and the
requirement area for the installation.
The optimization of the layout and the redundancy can be supported by LCC analysis which take
into account the different reliability figures of the different technologies.
The goal is to achieve optimal availability of the substation with minimized costs.

Optimizing of costs of ownership Cost of Ownership

The costs of ownership are dominated by the maintenance strategy and the reliability of the
switchgear. By means of LCC analysis, the different maintenance strategies can be simulated.
Pure corrective maintenance can be compared with time-based or reliability – centered
maintenance.
Cost of Ownership
Optimizing of renewal costs
LCC calculations assist in determining the optimal date for replacing an existing substation.
Aged equipment requires intensified maintenance, more specialized experts and spare parts.
The effect of investment costs of new equipment with reduced maintenance costs can be balanced
with the increased expenditure for intensified maintenance of the old equipment
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Cost of GIS is high.

The life of GIS is affected by certain factors such as: conductive particles,
partial discharges and contamination (decomposition products, water, etc

Gas Insulated Substations (GIS) can be used for longer times without any
periodical inspections.

However, conducting contamination (i.e. aluminum, copper and silver

particles) could seriously reduce the dielectric strength of gas-insulated
system.

SF6 has been identified as a greenhouse gas, safety regulations are being
introduced in order to prevent its release into atmosphere.

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The first GIS’s were put in operation in 1967 in Switzerland and Germany.

The GIS in Germany is still in operation, whereas the GIS in Switzerland were
recently decommissioned after 35 years of operation without major fault or gas
leak.

An assessment made on SF6 gas leakage over the lifetime of the first GIS and
concluded that overall leakage rate was about 0.4% per year.

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 THANKING YOU

Pls write your comments & feedback to

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