Introduction to Electricity
Section 1 Electric Charge and Static Electricity Section 2 Electric Current and Electrical Energy Section 3 Electrical Calculations Section 4 Electric Circuits
Concept Mapping
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Chapter 7
Bellringer
Write a definition for electric charge in your own words in your science journal. When do you experience electric charges most, in winter or in summer? Explain your reasoning.
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Chapter 7 Objectives
Describe how charged objects interact by using the law of electric charges. Describe three ways in which an object can become charged. Compare conductors with insulators. Give two examples of static electricity and electric discharge.
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Chapter 7
Electric Charge
Charges Exert Force Atoms are composed of particles with electric charge. The law of electric charges states that like charges repel and opposite charges attract.
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Chapter 7
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Chapter 7
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Chapter 7
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Friction Charging by friction happens when electrons are wiped from one object onto another. Conduction Charging by conduction happens when electrons move from one object to another by direct contact. Induction Charging by induction happens when charges in an uncharged metal object are rearranged without direct contact with a charged object.
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Chapter 7
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Chapter 7
Chapter 7
Charging by Contact
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
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Chapter 7
Moving Charges
Conductors An electrical conductor is a material in which charges can move easily.
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Chapter 7
Static Electricity
Static electricity is the electric charge at rest on an object.
Electric Discharge The loss of static electricity as charges move off an object is called electric discharge. One of the most dramatic examples of electric discharge is lightning. The next slide shows how lightning is formed.
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Chapter 7
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Chapter 7
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Chapter 7 Bellringer
What is the difference between something that is direct and something that is alternating? How does the difference relate to electric current? Record your responses in your science journal.
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Chapter 7 Objectives
Describe electric current. Describe voltage and its relationship to electric current.
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Chapter 7
Objectives, continued
Explain how a cell generates electrical energy.
Describe how thermocouples and photocells generate electrical energy.
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Electric current is the rate at which charges pass through a given point. Electric current is expressed in units called amperes, or amps. Making Charges Move When you flip a switch, an electric field is set up in the wire at the speed of light. The electric field causes the free electrons in the wire to move.
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Chapter 7
Commanding Electrons to Move This electric field is created so quickly that all electrons start moving through the wire at the same instant. Think of the electric field as a command to the electrons to charge ahead.
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Chapter 7 Voltage
Voltage is the potential difference between two points in a circuit. Voltage is expressed in volts (V). Voltage and Energy Voltage is a measure of how much work is needed to move a charge between two points. You can think of voltage as the amount of energy released as a charge moves between two points in the path of a current.
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Voltage, continued
Voltage and Electric Current As long as there is a voltage between two points on a wire, charges will flow in the wire. The size of the current depends on the voltage. Varying Nature of Voltage Different devices need different levels of voltage.
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Chapter 7 Resistance
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Chapter 7
Resistance, continued
Resistance and Temperature In general, the resistance of metals increases as temperature rises.
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Visual Concept
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Chapter 7
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Chapter 7
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Chapter 7
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Chapter 7 Bellringer
How fast is a nanosecond? A nanosecond (ns) is onebillionth of a second. Electrical signals travel at 30 cm/ns. Calculate how far electrical signals travel in 1 second. Record your answers in your science journal.
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Chapter 7 Objectives
Use Ohms law to calculate voltage, current, and resistance. Calculate electric power. Determine the electrical energy used by a device. Compare the power ratings of different electrical appliances.
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Chapter 7 Background
Coulomb (C) This is the metric unit of electricity. It contains 6.242 x 1018 electrons. Current (I) The unit for current (flow) of electricity is Amperes and it refers to the number of Coulombs (units of electrons) per second.
Chapter 7 Background
Volt We need to understand that volt refers to potential work. 1 Joule 1V= 1 Coulomb
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Chapter 7
V , or V= I R I
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Chapter 7
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What Is Electric Power? The rate at which electrical energy is changed into other forms of energy is electric power. Electric power is calculated using the following equation: power = voltage current, or P = V I Watt: The Unit of Power The unit for power is the watt (W). Another common unit of power is the kilowatt (kW). One kilowatt is equal to 1,000 W.
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Power Ratings When you read the wattage label on a light bulb, you are reading the bulbs power rating. The power rating describes the rate at which an electric device uses electrical energy.
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Chapter 7
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Chapter 7
Chapter 7
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Chapter 7 Bellringer
What happens when you turn the lights on? What allows lights to be turned on and off? Write your answer or draw an explanatory picture for later reference in your science journal. What happens beyond the confines of the room when you flip the light switch?
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Chapter 7 Objectives
Name the three essential parts of a circuit. Compare series circuits with parallel circuits. Explain how fuses and circuit breakers protect your home against short circuits and circuit overloads.
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Chapter 7
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Chapter 7
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Chapter 7
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Chapter 7
Types of Circuits
Series Circuits A series circuit is a circuit in which all parts are connected in a single loop. Uses for Series Circuits Series circuits are useful in wiring burglar alarms. If any part of the circuit fails, there will be no current in the system and the alarm will sound.
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Chapter 7
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Chapter 7
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Chapter 7
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Chapter 7
Introduction to Electricity
Concept Mapping
Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide. battery electrical energy thermocouple light energy thermal energy
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Chapter 7
Introduction to Electricity
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Chapter 7
Introduction to Electricity
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