z ce = c 140PART III - EVALUATION Sound. iS You will hear words read to you once. Each word contains either /d/ or /V/, Listen carefully and try to recognize whether it is /d/ or /V/, Circle the items containing the /V/. You are expected to answer without error. als 6. 1. Bo T 22, 3. 8. 13. 4, 9. 14. 5. 10. 15. dha2. You will hear 15 words read to you once. Each word contains either /T/ or /Z/. Listen carefully and try to recognize whether it is /@/ or /T/ in the word. Circle the items containing the /T/. You are expected to answer without error. as 6. i. 2 7 1. 3 8. nk Ee 4, = a4, 5. 10. 15. B. SCRIPT. 1. Join the following group of letters» You are ex- pected to write 9 out of 10 groups accurately. ‘lee 2 ye 8 Jd¢ 4 eels deuce fe oe Seer 8 Sloth ele 10 e158! 9 1422. Join the following groups of letters. You are expected to write 9 out of 10 groups accurately. weed 2 pono 8 egis 4 ages 3 vsrsbl 6 $555 Uso se beat a on ae Jib 9 3. Join the following group of letters. You are expected to write 9 out of 10 groups accurately. rs a ore 2 ee ead Stes vee tr 3 vate wees dle c8 veer 7 Jl e-p 10 Juco Thy14sout os Js Le ale © © oa & OOOrO OOSCRIPT 10 5 bd 4 She 3 Lb 2 ob 1 gly ro Jil og Sb 5 dhe 7 be 5 yb Bee mm ae dle Wey oe more Base 17LESSON 8 PART I, Objectives, A. Sound. The intent of this part of the lesson is to intro- duce /Y/ (the letter "zaa") and /O/ (the letter Kha"). Specific objectives are: 1. Be able to distinguish the Arabic /Y/ ("zaa") from 7Z/("dhal") without error, 2. Be able to distinguish the Arabic /0/ ("Kha") from /H/ ("Ha") without error. B. Script. The intent of this lesson is to develop familiarity with feminine word endings and to introduce the writing of /0/ ("Kha") and /¥/ ("eaal). Specific objectives are: 1. Be able to recognize the feminine ending /taa? marbuta/ and the /0/ and /Y/ in written form without error, 2. Be able to connect correctly 9 out of 10 groups of letters containing /taa? marbuta/, /0/ /Y/ and other letters previously introduced in this course, PART II - EXPLANATION AND DEMONSTRATION A. Sound. 1. The Arabic /Y/ is called "zaa"which has no En- glish equivalent. This sound is the emphatic counterpart of /2/("dhal"). and produced by protruding the tip of the tongue between the teeth while a stream of air is forced through and while the center of the tongue is depressed, at the same 148time the back of the tongue is raised with tension towards the:.pharyngeal walls.. To contrast between the two sounds /Z/ and /Y/ in production, watch the position of the front part of your tongue while producing the /Z/ sound. You find that it is behind the upper teeth. Now, if you push the front part of the tongue a little bit back so that it touches the ridge, and try to produce /Z/ , you find that you are actually producing /Y/. Practice will make this production close to the native pronunciation. Listen to the following examples of /Y/: Listen carefully to the following minimal pairs contrasting /Y/ with /Z/, The 72/ is in the first word of each pair. Try to recognize the difference, aes & 35 ¥ % abt 33k “eu “5 1492. The Arabic /0/ is called "Kha"which has no English equivalent. This sound is similar to that produced by some people when snoring. Its production is made when the back of the tongue is raised close to the soft part of the roof of the mouth but not really touching it to cause any blocking of air. Thus, when the air is forced through this passage, the scratchy sound of /Kn / is produced. Listen to the following examples of "Kha’ Listen to the following minimal pairs contrasting /0/ ("Kha") with /H/ ("Ha"). The first word of each pair contains the /H/ ("Ha"). CA gh je js we ot Fi eo tow on oe a Jesh dot 150EXERCISES 1. Exercise to differentiate between /¥/ ("zaa") and /Z/ ("dhal"). You will hear 20 words some with a "zaa" and some with "dhal! Circle the items with a "zaa!l 1. 6. 2. T. 3. 5 4. 9. 5. 10. Check your answers with the key. If you missed any, then replay the tape until you can hear the aifference and correctly identify the sounds. Then go on to the remaining 10 words. ll. 16. 12. ly. 13. 18. 1. 19. 15. 20. 151©-« ©G©@ \ | we oe dle KEY: Gaye 16. he 1522. Exercise for differentiating between /0/ ("Kha") and /H/ ("Ha"). You will hear 18 words some with "Kha" and others with "Ha". Circle those with "Kha" . a 4, : 2 5. 8. 3. 6. Check your responses to these items. If you made any mistakes, then replay the tape until you can identify the sounds correctly. Then continue with the next 9 words. 10. 13. 16. ll. 14. 17. 12. 15. 18. FE > OR fed, © 3. = 6. we abs 5 on - genes ce 16. eke 14. Ly “6 6} te 18. oy 153 ) ©O® Fe ®B. SCRIPT. 1. There are two genders in Arabic, Masculine and Feminine. There is no neuter gender (as in the English "it') Therefore, every noun is either masculine or feminine regard- less of that noun being animate or inanimate. Generally a noun is considered masculine unless it has a feminine ending. The most common feminine ending in Arabic is the sound "t" preceded by a short vowel /a+/, which is suffixed (connected) to the majority of masculine nouns and adjectives. "Taa? marbuuta" means the tied /t/. Commonly, this 'taa? marbuuta' is pronounced as if the last consonant is vowelled with /a + /. Usually this fe- minine particle is pronounced when it is followed by a pronoun suffix or when it is joined in pronunciation with the folowing noun. The writing technique of 'taa? marbuuta'is similar to the writing of the letter /haa? » / in the final position except that two dots are placed over it's form. When 'taa? marbuuta'is followed by a possessive pronoun then it is written as a regular /t = / in the middle position. (You need not worry about possessive pronoun now.) Examples: Contrasting "'t'marbuuta" with final /naa?/ eo EAS tea? marbuuta! - "as, ‘haa?! Zz aa 6x? LS een LSEXERCISE: Join the letters in the following groups. pee cence Te ors os 2. Arabic /0/, is a connector. Its written form is / ¢ / which is the same basic shape of /H/, "HA" /2/ and /JIM/ except that a dot is placed over its form. Examples: | 1 -% ‘ => ze 7 = ame oe 3 155Join the following groups of letters: a SET eae a4 = Taos - tet ee ee —— sits = = 1561. Arabic /Y/ ("zaa") is a connector and its written form is /.6 / which is the same basic shape of /taa? -b / except that a dot is placed over its form. a z an Examples: 223 1B, by ae a7 ae Join the following groups of letters: 157PART III - EVALUATION. A. Sound. 1. You will hear 15 words. Hach word contains either /y/ ("zaa") or /Z/ ("dhal"). Circle the items that contain /Y/ ("zaa"). You should do this without error, 1. 6. 1, 2. 7. 12. 3. 8 13. 4, 9. 1a, 10. 15. 2. You will hear 15 words, Each word contains either /0/ ("Kha") or /H/»("Ha"). Circle the items that contain /0/, "Kha". You should do this without error. 1. 6. il. cs 7 12. 3. Ce 13. 4 9 uw. 5 10. 15. 158SCRIPT 1. Below are 10 words, some containing the fem- inine ending /taa? marbuta/, Circle the items containing /taa? marbuta/. You should do this without error, Lar 6 ae a, “aS ae ve, 2. Below are 10 words, some containing the /0/ ("Kha"). Circle the items containing the /0/ ("Kha¥) You should do this without error tel 6 ve 1. aa, > 220 Jyso 8 Saget 3 4 ca 9 tule EB 10 ale 5 1593. Below are 10 words, some containing the /Y/ ("zaa"). You should do this without error. Sylb 6, ae bub 7 Ye cae 8 pike 3 B39 testy whe 10 ss 4, Join the following groups of letters. You should join correctly at least 9 out the 10 groups. Sa SE ee a Soret eT ee Tee aes peo a 160ANSWERS: Sound. AL ead @O@:i@ ‘Ryan ©@s% Wye 2s °@©0+O 161Be SCRIPT. > ©Or'OO-O?O - ©© + > ©©8@ © ©O>- ° 162163Lesson 9 Part I. Objectives, A, Sound The intent of this part of the lesson is to familiarize you with the /G/ ("ghayn"), the definite article ("al"), and the transition vowel. Specific objectives are: 1, Be able to differentiate /a/ ("ghayn") from /R/ ("Ra") without error. 2. Be able to identify the presence of the definite article in word pairs without error. Be able to identify whether a transition vowel is present in 9 out of 10 two-word combinations. B. Seript The intent of this part of the lesson is to enable you to recognize /G/ ("ghayn"), the definite article ("al") and the transition vowel. Specific objectives are: Be able to identify /G/ ("ghayn"), and the definite article ("al") without error. Be able to connect correctly 9 out of 10 groups of letters containing /G/ ("ghayn"), and the definite articles ("al"), as well as other letters covered so far in this course. 164Part II - Explanation and Demonstration A. Sound 1, The Arabic /G/ is called "ghayn" and has no English equivalent. This sound is similar to the French "r" as in "Paris" and resembles the sounds some peopl produce whi: e gergling. To produce it, the tongue is being kept low, while the back of the tongue is raised with tension towards the roof of the mouth very close to the velum, but not touching it; then the sound of /G/ is forced through. Listen to the following examples of /G/ ("ghayn"), B ou cores 165Listen carefully to the following minimal pairs showing the contrast between /G/ and /R/ as they are pronounced by the model. Try to recognize the difference. . » Iya eee 2 bo oe 3 i GZ 4 2, The Definite Article: basically the form of the Arabic noun is always indefinite, therefore there is no need for an indefinite particle as is the case in .e. a, an - thus by simply saying for Me book" = GS, and "a notebook" = su The most common way of making a noun definite in Arabic is by prefixing the definite article /al/ to its beginning. Examples (Recorded): the book etl < Jit 2 book ots the cup olwill << Jl +a cup ols When the definite article is prefixed or connected to a word and the letter /1/ of the definite article 166is clearly and distinctively pronounced, the first letter of that word is said to be @ moon or lunar letter. The moon or lunar letters are: 73/ (Mea" & ) LP/ /3/ ('Sim" @ ) Jas /8/ Ha" 6) Jé/ /0/ ("Kne" ¢ ) /M/ 7"/ ayn" ¢ ) J) /G/ ("ghayn" ~ ) Ji/ (hamza + ) // The following are examples of "1" 4s heard clearly Listen ("Fa") (toat" 3) ("kaf" J ) cM >) (tha" a») ClWaw" y) (ya ys ) lunar words where the carefully to the following examples of the definite article /al/ being prefixed or connected to the nouns starting with "moon or lunar letters": 167Exercises 1. Exercise for differentiation between /G/ ("ghayn") and /R/ ("Ra"), You will hear 20 words, some with /G/ ("ghayn") and other with /R/ ("Ra"). Circle the items containing /G/ ("ghayn"). 1 6. 2. Te 3. 8. 4 9. 5. 10. Check your response with the key. If you have made any mistakes, replay the tape until you can identify the sounds, then go on to the next 10 items. ne 16. 12. 17. 13. 18. 14. 19. 15. 20. 168wo gus + toe el OOF ©© ©Ovr r® Nie 169 Ac oy CEL ce AM GeExercise for differentiation of the article /al/ with lunar letters and from words without the article /al/. uttered once. and some do not have the article /al/. You will hear. 20 words. Each is Some words have the article /al/, Circle the items in which the word begins with a lunar letter. ils 5. Check your responses. 6. 1. 8. 9%. 10. If you missed any, replay your tape until you clearly hear the “aistinction. ql. 12. 13. 14. 15. 170 Then, go on to the next 10 items, 16. i. 18. 19. 20.KEY ll. 13. 14 15. ctl 6 ok is © ast au oli fat 9. Hy oe ssi ov wisi a13. The Arabic language does not permit a cluster of more than two consonants even across word boundaries. Such a situation occurs when a word ends in a "sukuun" and it is immediately followed by another word begin- ning with the definite article. This boundary cluster is interrupted by inserting a helping vowel after the first consonant. This transition or helping vowel is characterized by the following features. 1. It 4s not considered a vowel, therefore, never stressed. 2. It has no grammatical value. 3. It is entirely an automatic process, hence, predictable. 4, It can be any one of the short vowels. RULE: When a definite noun with the definite article or indefinite noun which begins with "hamza" is preceded by another word, the "hamza" and its vowel of the definite article is dropped completely from pronunciation and only /laam/ remains to "tie-up" the two words, 172Listen carefully to the following phrases and sentences. The components of each phrase or sentence are first read unconnected, then they are read connected with the transition vowel: Sele p20e desl 10 1 1733. Exercise for differentiation of the transition vowel. You will hear a group of 20 sentences, some with transition vowels. Listen carefully and try to identify the transition. Circle the items that contain a transition vowel. 1. 6. 2 T 3. 8. 4, oe 5. 10. Chéck you responses with the key. If you missed any, then replay the tape until you can identify the sound of the transition vowel. Then go on to the next 10 items, 1. 16. 12, 1. 13. 18. ak, 19. 15. 20. 174B. Script Arabic /G ~ / is a connector and its written form is / ~ / which is the same basic shape of /Nayn' ¢ / except that a dot is placed over its form. Bramlest ge ; & ee % /eayn/ -— - 6 ayn/ Exercis! KEY 1762. Arabic defi ac FA <3 yay oil oS + dt Exercise. Join the definite article / Ji / ite article /?al/ is written to the following words beginning with "moon or lunar letters": KEY eek or DESH is — 5 oN 177Part IIT - Evaluation A. Sound 1. You will hear 15 words read to you once. Each word contains /G/ or /R/. Listen carefully and try to recognize whether /G/ or /R/ is in the word. Circle the items containing a /G/, You should be able to do this without error. al 6. 1. es ie 12. 3. 8. 13. 4, 9. a, 5. lo. 15. 2, You will hear a group of 14 words read to you once. Some of these words have definite articles while the others do not have the definite article. Circle the items that contain the definite article. You should be able to do this without error, 1. 6. 11. 2. T. 12. 3. 8. 13. 4, 9. 1, 5. 10. 1783. ~You-will Héar 10 phrases and questions. Listen carefully for a transition vowel. Circle the items with a transition vowel. You should identify correctly 9 out of the 10 items whether or not a transition vowel is present. le 6. 2. T 3. 8. AY a. Be 10, 179Seript Below are 10 words, some with /¢/ (é), and some without. Circle those items containing the /G/ ( @). You should do this without error. on hay 6 esd 2. BUS 7 eile 3. we. sols 4, — ee 5s as 10. nies 2, Below are 10 words, some preceded by the definite article, and some not. Circle those items preceded by a definite article. You should do this without error. ee et a oe eG aut 2. asi 7. Ji Eb uals 8. ey 4, al oe pat 5. agif 10. rhe 1803. Connect the following groups of letters. You should connect 9 out of 10 groups correctly, 6. se stor 7 TS gE ed 8 Z ety te tee tee 9 gate ead 10 ae 181Introduce the definite article to the following words having moon or lunar letters at their beginnings. You are expected to write 9 out of 10 correctly. 2 os 3 - ea ses cer 9 4 = ay 10 5 182ANSWERS A. Sound Sec 3 @ & Oo 8 4, Jae ® 2. Definite Article 3. Transition Vowel Le BS ae tli ye aE ee ete Wits tae Ue y F®P ©: @0® w © oa O©O: © " we) we vlog 63) aayKEY wo hep sSt 184 5 ~@O- ©O- CO & 6 eleleLesson 10 Part I, Objectives, A. Sound The intent of th: s part of the lesson is to acquaint you with the use of the definite article ("al") with "sun" or "solar" letters. Specific objectives are: 1, From a recorded list of nouns with the e article "al", be able to identify whether or not assimilation exists with 90% accuracy 2, From a list of recorded phrases, be able to distinguish between transition with assimilation and transition without assimilation with 90% accuracy. B. Seript The intent of this part of the lesson is to familiarize you with the writing of "al" with "solar" letters. The specific objective is: Be able to connect "al" to words beginning with solar letters correctly in 9 out of 10 cases. 185Part II - Explanation a onstration A. Sound 1. Solar letters and "al" The solar letters are: oJbtbsrsussivere When the definite article "al" is used with a word beginning with one of the solar lett-rs, then the "lam" (/ J /) of "al" is not pronounced. That is, the "al" is assimilated into the word. This is rather like the process in English where, for speed and efficiency, some speakers run words together. Thus: "mat is the matter?" becomes, “whatzamatter?" In assimilating the "al" into the next word, the native Arabic speaker actually doubles the solar tonsonant. Listen carefully to the following examples, First the speaker will pronounce "al" and pause before speaking the word beginning with a solar letter. Then, he will speak them in the normal, assimilated way. If you try to pronounce the words also, you will see why the native speaker finds it easier to assimilate the "al". 186ao Bi. Hoa *oett_—__ re + 2 oh Wi + Ul 3 Poti oy Ss hoy eel *axtst___ "sg 2. Transition and Assimilation. When @ definite noun, having the definite article with assimilation is preceded by another word, then the "hanza" of the article / Ul/ and its vowel are dropped to "tie-up" in pronunciation with the vowel of the preceding word. ‘his process is both assimila- tion and transition. Examples: ten carefully to the following phrases showing assimilation and transition. Each phrase is said twice, first the words of the phrase are pronounced separately where only the assimilation in the words which begin with solar letters will be heard, The second reading, the words of each phrase will be joined together where transition occurs. Thus, you will hear transition and assimilation at the same time, 187EXERCISES 1. Exercise for Differentiation of Assimilation. You will hear 20 nouns with the definite article "al" read to you once. Some of these nouns start with solar letters, while the others with lunar letters. Circle the items where assimilation is cceurring. ig 6. 2. T. 3 8. 4, 9. 5. 10. Check your responses with the key, If you made no mistakes, then go on to the next exercise. 188If you made any mistakes, then replay the tape until you can hear the distinctions, Then go on to the remaining 10 items. ne 16. 12. 17. 13. 18. 19. 20. 189%@@OO Or +OO a Ants bE Sa Sa Se ow a 4 Ee b& x, wat Ea 1902, Exercise for Differentiation of Transition and Assimilation, You will hear 20 phrases or short sentences read to you once, Circle the items that contain assimilation with transition, ae 6. 2 ae 3. as a 9. 5. 10. Check your responses with the key. If you made no mistakes, then go on to the following Seript section. If you made any mistakes, then replay the tape until you can hear the distinction. Then, go on to the next 10 items. i. 16. 12. 17. 13. 18, 14, 1g. 15. 20. 191KEY @rr-@O ©OOO 192Seript When the definite article is prefixed or intro- duced to nouns and adjectives which begin with one of the sun or solar sounds mentioned below, then the /J / of the-definite article is assimilated that is to say it is not pronounced, rather becomes identical to the following consonant. The / J/ is written without the "sukuun" and "shadda" is placed over the first letter of the word. The "shadda" in- dicates the assimilation and doubling. oval wre SI The sun or solar letters are: oI bbeesurjs is vee Examples: ce S oe eta ela gst ye UI ii 5, ce wat 55 faeces nese) oy oi SS (eS eS sf NOTE: The sound of the letter \Jiim'/ t / is on the border line between both lunar and solar letters namely it can be assimilated or not. 193Exercise: Connect the definite article /U] / to the following nouns: ese paeeaooalt tt et Sg St a oz oot se ET a St ees at Shee t art ee Sr 194Exercise for Reading: The following exercise is optional and is not graded. It is intended to give you practice in speaking Arabic. (Note to the instrueter: Have the students read these words to you individually in private). 1. Greetings (peace be upon you) 2. Greetings (answer) 3. Where is the teacher? 4, The teacher is in the room. 5. And where is the (f) teacher? 6. She is with the student. 7. (1) thank you, good-bye (in the safety of God). Good-bye (answer, in the safety) 195Part III - Evaluation A. Sound 1. You will hear 20 words read to you. Circle the items containing assimilation. You should correctly identify 18 items. 1. 6. ne 16. 2. ie 12. i. 3. 8. 13. 18. 4, 9. 1 19. 5s 10. 15. 20. You will hear 20 short phrases read to you once. Some of these phrases have assimilation and transition while the others do not. Circle those items containing assimilation and transition. You should identify 18 items correctly. 6. ne 16, 2. ie 12. 17. 3. 8. 13. 18. 4 9. a, 19. 5. 10. 15. 20. 196+ Seript In the following groups of words, connect "al" (/ JV /) to each word, You should connect 9 out of 10 correctly. aeAnda mungkin juga menyukai
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