2 "r®'lwa'gufwmt&Sifyndó&
rdrwd rYkd mS &Sad ewJh aumif;uH raumif;uHrsm;
ay;qyf&r,fhta<u;
1368 ckESpf? waygif;vjynfhausmf(4)&uf?
2007 ckESpf? rwfv(6)&ufaeYwGif
yJcl;NrdKU? "r®'lwawm&omoemh&dyfomü
(13)Budrfajrmuf qif,ifusif;ytyfaom
"r®mEkyóemowdy|mef
(7)&uf w&m;pcef;yGJwGif
a[mMum;tyfaom w&m;awmf/
ay;qyf&r,fhta<u; 3
0pD u H ? raemuH a wG u d k owd x m;NyD ; awmh
&S i f ; vif ; uk e f j ywf ta<u;aMuatmif todav;eJY ½IrSwfyGm;rsm;wJh tvkyfudk vkyfae
qyfEikd rf oS m vQif edAmÁ efu&kd vdrrhf ,fvYkd odapzdYk Muwmyg/
w&m;wpfyk'f a[mMu emMuygr,f/ 'Dawmh ykHrSeftm;jzifh MunfhvkdufvdkY&Sd&if
edAmÁ ef&atmif usiBhf uyH mG ;rsm; tm;xkww f hJ oHo&mxJrmS aeMuwJo h al wG oHo&mvnfw,f?
tvkyqf w kd m[m b0oHo&mwpfavQmuf jyKcw hJ hJ oHo&mvnfw,fqw kd m bmt&Sed ef YJ vnfaeMu
uHawGukd &Si;f vif;okwof ifaewJt h vky?f uHa<u; wmvJqdk&if uHt&SdefeJY vnfaeMuwmyg/
awG pm&if;jzwfaewJt h vkyv f Ykd oabmayguf& oH o &m&d u © m vd k Y q d k & r,f h uH a wG [ m
ygr,f/ oHo&mBu;D udk tqufrjywf vnfywfaeatmif
tckw&m;tvkyu f kd tm;xkww f ,fqw kd m taxmuf t yH h a y;aewJ h oabm&S d y gw,f /
[m trSeaf jym&&if ud,
k u hf uH kd ud,
k jf yKjyifaewJh oHo&mxJu rxGufEdkifbl;? oHo&m0#fu
oabmygyJ/ raumif;wJu h aH wGukd y,fazsmufNy;D ruRwEf ikd b
f ;l ? rvGwEf ikd b
f ;l qdwk m uH&ud ©mawG
aumif;wJhuHawGjzpfatmif BudK;pm;&ovdk? rukev
f Ykd uHt&Sed af wG raovdyYk g/
aumif;raumif;uHawG topfwpfzef xyfrjzpf &Sd&if;pGJuHawGtjyif topfuHawGyg
atmif tm;xkwfaeMuwmyg/ xyfxyfNy;D pkaqmif;aew,f jznfq h nf;aew,f
uHawGtukefvkH; &Sif;jywfoGm;atmif? qdk&if bkef;BuD;wdkY b,fenf;eJYrS 'DoHo&mu
ukefpifoGm;atmifvdkY udk,fjyKorQ um,uH? ruRwv f w
G Ef ikd af wmhygbl;/
4 "r®'lwa'gufwmt&Sifyndó& ay;qyf&r,fhta<u; 5 6 "r®'lwa'gufwmt&Sifyndó&

uHudkpkaeMuolrsm; b,fEpS cf ak jrmuf b0&,fvYkd ra&Edik rf wGuEf ikd w

oloil gigowå0grsm; uHukd pkaeMuygw,f/
wpfaeYwpfaeY rdk;vif;uaerdk;csKyf wpfaeYwm
jyKvyk x
f m;wJuh ?H ajymqdMk uwJu
h ?H MupH nfpOf;pm;
MuwJhuHawG[m wpfaeYukefvdkY pm&if;csKyf
pkaygif;Munfvh ukd &f if tajrmuftjrm;jzpfaewm
awGU&ygvdrrhf ,f/
wpf v pm? wpf E S p f p m? wpf o uf p m
aygif;Munfvh u
kd &f if uHawGrenf;bl;? trsm;Bu;D yJ
qdw
k m bke;f Bu;D wdyYk &dowf rSe;f qvd&Yk ygw,f/
wpfvpm? wpfESpfpm? wpfoufpmuae
b0aygif;rsm;pGmomqd&k if aumif;uH raumif;uH
awG[m aMumufp&maumif;avmufatmif
rsm;r,fqdkwm odomxif&Sm;ygw,f/
uHawGtajrmuftjrm;
owå0gwpfa,muf usifvnfaecJh&wJh
terw*¾oo
H &mqdw
k m b,fupvdYk pcJrh eS ;f rod?
f hJ oHo&mvnfapwm
b0awG tBurd Bf urd ef YJ aecJw
h o
hJ o
H &myg/ oHo&mvnfapwm[m b,fw&m;vJ?
'Doo
H &mtwGi;f rSm aepOfumv jyKxm;wJh b,fojl yKww
hJ &m;vJq&kd if ud,
k jf yKwu
hJ aH wG ygyJ/
uH? ajymxm;wJu h ?H BupH nfxm;wJuh aH wGvnf;yJ
udk,fjyKwJhuHu aumif;r,fqdk&ifawmh
tajrmuftjrm; &SdaecJhNyD;NyD/ a&S;uHawGvnf; bke;f Bu;D wdYk aumif;wJyh yHk ef;oP²mef? aumif;wJh
rsm;cJw
h ,f/ a&S;uHawGtjyif bke;f Bu;D wdYk topf tajctae? aumif;wJt h aetxm;eJY oHo&mrSm
xyfaygif;vmwJh ypöKyÜef tckvuf&Sdb0rSm usiv f nf&ygw,f/ ud, k jf yKwu
hJ u
H raumif;bl;
xyfw;kd vmwJh ypöKyÜeu f aH wG&,f aygif;vduk &f if qd k & if a wmh j zif h raumif ; wJ h t ajctae?
oHo&mudv k nfapwJh wGe;f tm;[m xkxnfeu YJ kd raumif ; wJ h taetxm; tqifhtwef;eJY
Bu;D rm;vmygw,f/ oHo&mrSm usiv f nf &ygw,f/
'ghtjyif a&SUwpfb0jzpfO;D r,f? a&SUwpfb0 vnfwmuawmhjzifh vnfaewmyg/ uH&Sd
jzpfOD;r,f? a&SUwpfb0jzpf&OD;r,fqdkNyD;awmh vdkY&Sd&if oHo&mrSmjzihf rvGJraoG vnfywfae
rqkH;Edkifawmhygbl;/ vnfcJhwmawGvnf; b0 rSmyg/ oHo&mpufbD;udk &yfapcsifw,fqdk&if
aygif;rsm;pGm? a&SUudkvnf&rSmvnf; b0aygif; uHukd &Si;f jzwf&ygr,f/
rsm;pGmyg/ 'Dvkd oHo&mudvk nfapwJh taMumif; Oyrmtm;jzifh bkef;BuD;wdkY um;wpfpD;
w&m;udk &SmMunfhr,fqdk&if taMumif;&if;[m vrf ; ay:oG m ;aew,f ? wpf a e&muae
uHw&m;vdYk jrif&ygvdrrhf ,f/ wpf a e&m r&yf r em; oG m ;aew,f ?
ay;qyf&r,fhta<u; 7 8 "r®'lwa'gufwmt&Sifyndó& ay;qyf&r,fhta<u; 9

bD ; awG v nf a ew,f qd k w m avmif p mqD ? aumif;uH qd;k uH? aumif;usKd ; qd;k usKd ;vdYk cGaJ yr,fh oHo&mvnfwt
hJ usKd ;udo
k m jzpfapygw,f/
"mwfqDwdkY? 'DZ,fqDwdkY &Sv
d o
Ykd m oGm;aewmyg? oabmuawmh twlwlygyJ/ oHo&muxGuaf jrmufwt h J vkyu
f k d rvkyrf csi;f ?
um;bD;awG tqufrjywf vnfywfaewmyg/ cH&wJu
h u
H vnf; oHo&mvnfapygw,f/ oHo&mb0awGukd tvnfr&yfapwJh uHawGukd
avmifpmqDawG ukeNf y?D "mwfqv D nf;r&S?d pH&wJu
h u H vnf; oHo&mvnfapygw,f/ w0J jyKaeao;orQ umvywfv;Hk ? oHo&mxJrmS aeç
'DZ,fqv
D nf;r&S?d avmifpmqDr&Sad wmhb;l qd&k if vnfvnf vnfwmcsif;awmh twlwlygyJ/ oH o &mxJ r S m aysmf a ewJ h umvywf v k H ; rS m
oGm;aewJh um;? &xm;? av,mOf? oabFmawG c&D ; wpf c k oG m ;Mu&mrS m bk e f ; BuD ; wd k Y edAmÁ efukd r&Edik b
f ;l qd&k if rrSm;ygbl;/
[m quf o G m ;vd k Y r&awmh y gbl ; b,fykHpHeJYyJoGm;oGm; vrf;avQmufoGm;vnf; b,fawmhrS edAmÁ ef&ovJ? b,ftcsed u
f srS
avmifpmr&Sad wmh bl; qdw k meJY &yfomG ;ygw,f/ a&mufwmyJ/ ,mOfwpfrsdK;rsdK; pD;oGm;vnf; edAÁmef&ovJqdk&if jyKxm;NyD; jzpfxm;NyD;wJh
oHo&mtvnf&yfzt Ykd wGuf &Sw
d u
hJ aH wGukd a&mufwmyJ/ oGm;wJyh o Hk P²mef rwlMuayr,fv h Ykd uHawGukefrS edAÁmef&ygr,f/ uHrukef&if edAÁmef
bke;f Bu;D wdyYk &dowfu &Si;f jzwfypf&ygr,f/ oGm;wmcsi;f ? a&mufwmcsi;f awmh twlwyl gyJ/ r&Edik af o;ygbl;/
]]wdu
Yk awmhjzifh aumif;wJu
h aH wGyJ vkyrf ,f?
uH&SdorQ cH& pH& csrf;csrf;omomae&wJh b0awGrSmyJ aer,f? uHrukef&if edAÁmefeJYa0;
uHtusdK;u cH&wJhuHeJY pH&wJhuHvdkY ESpfrsdK; jynfhjynfhpkHpkHyJ aecsifw,f}} qdkNyD; aumif;wJh uH a wG r uk e f a o;bl ; qd k & if ed A Á m ef e J Y
uGjJ ym;ygw,f/ csr;f csr;f omom oufoufomom tvk y f a wG u d k c snf ; yJ a&G ; vk y f w ,f / ta0;BuD ; ud k a0;ygao;w,f /
eJY oHo&mvnf&w,fq&kd if pHpm;&wJh uHtusKd ; odkYaomfvnf; tJ'Dvdk aumif;wJhtvkyfawG oH o &m&J U tqk H ; rS m ed A Á m ef & S d y gw,f /
yg/ roufrom 'ku©awGeYJ oHo&mvnf&w,f vkyfwJhtwGufaMumifh aumif;wJhtusdK;awG oHo&mBu;D udk tqk;H owfay;rSm edAÁmefyg/
qd&k if cHpm;&wJh uHtusKd ;yg/ cH&wJu
h H pH&wJuh ?H &w,f/ aumif;usdK;&vnf; 'Daumif;usdK;[m
oHo&mrvnfawmhb;l qdw
k meJY wpfNyKd ief uf
10 "r®'lwa'gufwmt&Sifyndó&
bkef;BuD;wdkY y&dowf edAÁmefa&mufygNyD/ 'DaeY
oHo&mudk jzwfEikd &f if 'DaeY edAmÁ efukd a&mufomG ;
ygr,f/ 'Dae&mrSm oHo&mpuftvnf&yfatmif
vkyEf ikd &f if 'Dae&mrSmyJ edAmÁ efa&mufygw,f/
edAmÁ efu bke;f Bu;D wdyYk &dowfa& ta0;Bu;D
rSm &Sad ewm r[kwyf gbl;/ edAmÁ efeYJ a0;aeatmif
b,folvkyfwmvJqdk&if udk,fh&JUuHawGuyg/
edAmÁ efeYJ a0;atmif b,fou l zefw;D wmvJq&kd if
oH o &mvnf a tmif zef w D ; aewJ h o l
ud,k w f ikd u
f yg/
edAÁmefvdkcsifoleJY edAÁmefudk reD;pyfatmif
Mum;cH a ewmu oH o &myg/ oH o &mc&D ;
t&SnBf u;D qd&k if edAmÁ efc&D;udk ta0;Bu;D oGm;&yg
r,f/ oHo&mc&D; ra0;awmhb;l ? usiv f nf&r,fh
oHo&mb0awG enf;oGm;NyDqdk&if edAÁmef eJY
eD;ygw,f/
ay;qyf&r,fhta<u; 11
'Dawmh edAmÁ efa&mufatmif tm;xkww f ,f
qdwk m wpfenf;tm;jzifh ajymr,fq&kd if oHo&m
vnfr,fhuHawGudk ukefatmifvkyfaewmyg/
oH o &m vnf r ,f h u H a wG u d k jywf a tmif
vkyaf ewmyg/ uHawGukd tm;xyfrjznfah wmhb;l ?
xyf a ygif ; NyD ; awmh rjznf h a wmh b l ; qd k & if
wjznf;jznf;eJY oHo&mc&D; wdkoGm;ygr,f/
oHo&mc&D; wdw Y rQ edAmÁ efev
k kd oGm;wmeJt YJ nf;
eD;eD;Ny;D oGm;ygw,f/
uHjzpfykHtqifhqifh
vlwpfa,mufrmS rsupf zd iG &hf if em;pGi&hf if
b,ftxd c&D;a&mufoGm;vJ MunfhMuygpdkY/
ud,k &hf UJ ud,
k t
f *Fg tpdwt f ydik ;f awGjzpfwhJ
rsufpd? em;? ESmacgif;? vQm? udk,f? pdwfawG&JU
xdawGUrI zóuae cHpm;rI a0'em? vdkcsifrI
wPSm? pGvJ ef;rI Oyg'gef? jyKvyk af qmif&u G rf I uH
12 "r®'lwa'gufwmt&Sifyndó&
txd a&mufoGm;ygw,f/
rsufpdwpfcsuf zGifhvdkufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm
jrifvdkufwJh tqif;rsdK;pkH ½lyg½kH? 'Dtqif;rsdK;pkH
½lyg½kHeJY udk,fhrsufvkH; rsufpdeJY aygif;qkHrdw,f?
xdawGUrdw,fqdkwm zóyg/
tJ'D xdawGUrIukd taMumif;jyKNy;D awmh cHpm;
w,fqdkwmu a0'emyg/
a0'emeJY cHpm;Ny;D awmh cHpm;½kw
H if ruao;
bl;? jrif&wJh tqif;rsKd ;pkaH y:rSm oabmusw,f
ES p f o uf w ,f q d k w m jzpf v m&if wPS m yg/
wPSmuae pGJvrf;wJhtqifha&mufatmif
jyif;jyif;xefxef jyif;jyif;jyjyudk vdvk m;awmifw
h
aewmu Oyg'gefyg/
Oyg'gefNyD;&if bmjzpfvmrvJqdkawmh
jyKvkyfrI uHawG jzpfvmygw,f/ 'Dawmh uHudk
b,folzefwD;aewmvJvdkY jyefMunfh&if udk,f
ay;qyf&r,fhta<u; 13 14 "r®'lwa'gufwmt&Sifyndó& ay;qyf&r,fhta<u; 15

udk,fwdkifuyJ zefwD;aewmvdkY ajym&rSmyg/ &Snfoxuf &SnfrSmyg/ a0;atmif vkyv

f u
dk yf gw,f/
aeYpOfjzpfaewJhuH uHukd &yfwt hJ vkyf jzwfwt
hJ vkyf rvkyrf csi;f omreftm;jzifo h m ud, k uf aumif;aumif;
aeYpOfaeYwidk ;f rSm ud,
k &hf UJ rsupf d zGiv hf u
kd v
f Ykd bkef;BuD;wdkYawGuawmh oHo&mvrf;twdkif; aew,f? aumif;wJhtvkyfawGyJ vkyfaew,f?
rzGifhwwf&if uHqDa&mufygw,f/ em;uae rarmEdik f ryrf;Edik f oGm;ae&rSmyg/ aumif;wmyJ ajymaew,f? aumif;wmyJ MupH nf
toHwpfck Mum;vdkufvdkY bkef;BuD;wdkY y&dowf aew,fqakd yr,fh uHqu D kd OD;wnfNy;D oGm;aewm
rsufpd? em;? ESmacgif;? vQm? udk,f? pdwf
em;raxmifwwf&if uHqDudk a&mufygw,f/ rSeof rQ[m edAmÁ efeYJ a0;aMumif;awGyg/ edAmÁ efeYJ
taMumif;wdkufqdkifwmeJY rsufpdwpfcsufMunfh eD;aMumif;awG r[kwyf gbl;/ a0;aMumif;awGcsn;f
ESmacgif;u teYw H pfck erf;½SLw,f/ r½SLwwfb;l vdkufwJhtcgrSmvnf; uHqDa&muf? uHuae jzpfaeygw,f/
qd k & if uH q D u d k oG m ;wmygyJ / vQmay:ud k NyD;awmh oHo&m&Snfatmif zefwD;? edAÁmefeJY
t&omwpfrsKd ; a&mufvmvdYk r½Irw S Ef ikd &f if uHqD edAmÁ efeYJ a0;aMumif;csn;f jzpfaewJt
h wGuf
a0;atmif jyKygw,f/
a&mufygw,f/ udk,feJY wpfckckxdawGUcsdefrSm edAÁmef&csifygw,f? edAÁmefvdkcsifygw,f? edAÁmef
em;uaeNy;D toHwpfck Mum;vdu k &f ifvnf; a&mufcsifygw,fqdkNyD; b,fvdkyif awmifhw
xdawGUrIut kd aMumif;jyKNy;D uHtxd a&mufomG ;
uHqu D akd &muf? 'Duu
H oHo&m&Snaf tmif zefw;D awmifhw? EIwfuom b,favmufajymajym
ygw,f/
Ny;D edAmÁ efeYJ a0;atmif jyKygw,f/ bkef;BuD;wdkYy&dowf udk,fvkyfaewJhtvkyfu
ud,k &hf UJ ud,
k t
f *Fg tpdwt
f ydik ;f awGjzpfwhJ edAÁmefa&mufaMumif;r[kwf&if
pdwfuae MuHpnfwJhtcgrSmvnf; pdwf
rsufpd? em;? ESmacgif;? vQm? udk,f tm;vkH;[m edAmÁ efra&mufygbl;/
tBuHtpnfrSeforQ? pdwfBuHpnforQawG[m
uHbufudk OD;wnfNyD;awmh uHqDudkomvQif uHqDa&mufoGm;NyD; uHawGuae oHo&m&Snf tJ'Dawmh edAÁmefeJYa0;wJh tvkyfawGu
a&SU½INyD; oGm;aew,fqdk&if oHo&mBuD;[m atmif zef w D ; ay;vd k u f y gw,f / ed A Á m ef e J Y
16 "r®'lwa'gufwmt&Sifyndó& ay;qyf&r,fhta<u; 17 18 "r®'lwa'gufwmt&Sifyndó&

b,f tvkyf? edAÁmefeJYeD;wJh tvkyfawGu
b,ftvkyf qdkwmudk od&ygr,f/ 'DuHawGudk
b,foul ae tm;jznfah y;aewmvJ? 'DuaH wGukd
b,fou l ae jzpfapwmvJqw kd mudk bke;f Bu;D wdYk
y&dowf aumif;aumif;Bu;D udk odzv
Ykd ykd gw,f/
'ku©op©ömrod&if
'kuo© pömqdw
k m qif;&Jjcif;trSew f &m;yg/
trSepf ifppf qif;&Jw,fqw kd mudk rod&if uHukd
ESpfouf oabmuswwfygw,f/ bmjzpfvdkY
uHawGukd 'Davmufawmif oabmusaewmvJ?
BudKufaeMuwmvJvdkY aumufcsufcsvdkuf&if
'kuo© pömudk rodvqYkd w
kd hJ tajzxGuv f mygw,f/
'kuo© pömudk rodwhJ rjrifwohJ [
l m oHo&m
udvk nf; raMumufvefyY gbl;/ oHo&mvnf&rSm
udv
k nf; rpd;k &dryf gbl;/ rsuuf ef; wapäraMumuf
qdw k hJ jrefrmpum;yk&H ydS gw,f/ rsupf ud ef;aeol
[m rjrif&awmh wapäukd raMumufrvefyY gbl;/
olu rod olu rjrifwt hJ wGuf wapäu
b,fv dkyJ taumif t xnf jyjy? b,fv dk yJ
ajcmuf ajcmuf ? b,f v d k y J v S e f Y v S e f Y
raMumufrvefYygbl;/ rjrifwJhtwGufaMumifh
ajcmuf v S e f Y w J h w apä arm½k H yJ & S d r ,f /
rsupf rd jrifwo
hJ [l m raMumufygbl;/
oHo&mxJrSmaysmf
'DoabmygyJ/ 'ku©opömudk rodbl;qdk&if
bk e f ; BuD ; wd k Y y&d o wf a & oH o &mud k v nf ;
raMumufygbl;/ oHo&mvnf&rSmudkvnf;
rpdk;&drfygbl;? rxdwfvefYygbl;/ oHo&mxJrSm
vnfcsifoavmufvnf?
oHo&m&Sncf sio f avmuf &Snf? oHo&m'ku©
b,favmufrsm;rsm; oHo&m xJrmS aysmw f ,f/
oHo&mxJrSm ae&wmudkyJ auseyfw,f/
vlyJ jzpf&jzpf&? bmyJ jzpf&jzpf&? vljzpfae&
wmvnf; aumif;wmyJ? ewfjzpf&wmvnf;
aumif ; wmyJ / vl Y b 0rS m vnf ;
ae&wmaysmf w ,f / ewf b 0rS m vnf ;
ae&wmaysmf w ,f / vl e wf b 0 awG r S m
aecsif w ,f q d k N yD ; jzpf a ewm[m tajz&S m
Munfh&if 'ku©opöm qif;&Jjcif;trSefw&m;udk
rodvdkYyg/ tJ'Dawmh edAÁmefvdkcsifwJhol[m 'ku©
opömudk od&ygr,f/ cE¨m&JU'ku©? b0&JU'ku©?
oHo&m&JU'kuu © kd &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; odae&ygr,f/
olawmfaumif;wdkYtjrif
w&m;"r®udk usifhBuHtm;xkwfNyD; w&m;&
oGm;wJh olawmfaumif;awG? bk&m;? &[EÅm?
yapöuAk'¨gt&SifjrwfawG w&m;&SmpOfumv
olwdkY&JUpdwftajctae? olwdkY&JUÓPftjrifudk
tuJcwfMunfv h u
kd &f if w&m;r&ao;aomfvnf;
'ku©oabmudk em;vnfMuygw,f/
ay;qyf&r,fhta<u; 19 20 "r®'lwa'gufwmt&Sifyndó& ay;qyf&r,fhta<u; 21

b0&J U 'k u © ? &vmwJ h b 0rS m ae&wJ h vuf&cdS E¨m[m ud, k af rG;uwnf;u &xm;wJch E¨m wu,fvckd siv f m;qd&k if wu,fr[kwaf o;bl;/
tcuftcJ tMuyftwnf; qif;&Juv kd nf; odjrif yg/ arG;vmuwnf;u tNrw J rf; ud,
k ef YJ twl&dS b,ftcsdefusrS edAÁmefudk wefzdk;xm;ovJ?
Muygw,f/ aewJch E¨myg? ud,k ef YJ xyfcsyrf uGm vdu
k yf gaewJh edAÁmefudk jrwfEdk;ovJqdk&if qif;&JtrSefudk
cE¨myg/ ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm w&if;wES;D aygif;oif; od v mrS y g/ 'k u © o pö m ud k od j rif w J h o l [ m
vljzpfaeNyq
D &kd ifvnf; vlb Y 0&JU qif;&Jukd
vmwJh cE¨m&JU aumif; raumif;? qdk; rqdk;udk 'kuj© zpfaMumif;uHawGukd rvdck siaf wmhygbl;/
odMuygw,f/ vlr[kww f hJ wjcm;b0a&mufae
odzuYkd ta&;tBu;D qk;H yg/
&ifvnf; wjcm;b0&JUqif;&J'ku©udk odMu
cE¨m'kuu © kd odawmhrS b0'kuu© kd odygr,f/
uHtusKd ;ay;odjrif
ygw,f/
b0'kuu © kd odygrS oHo&m'kuu © kd odygvdrrhf ,f/ y#dpoö rkygÜ 'f a'oemawmfukd jyefMunf&h if
vlyJjzpfaejzpfae? ewfyJjzpfaejzpfae? wPSm? Oyg'gef? uHqw kd hJ aMumif;usKd ;qufpyfrI
'D'u
k a© wGukd aumif;aumif;jrifawmhrS bke;f Bu;D wdYk
wd&pämefyJ jzpfaejzpfae? b,fvkdb0rSmyJ udk awGU&ygvdrrhf ,f/ wPSmaMumifh Oyg'gefjzpf?
y&dowf wu,f edAÁmefudk vdkcsifpdwf ay:vm
a&muf a ea&muf a e b0rS m ae&wJ h q if ; &J Oyg'gefaMumifh uHjzpfvmwmudk awGU&ygvdrrhf ,f/
ygr,f/
tMuyftwnf;udk oabmayguf em;vnfMu wPSm? Oyg'gef? uHqw kd hJ ypöKyeÜ t
f aMumif;w&m;
wmudk awGU&ygvdrfhr,f/ cE¨m&xm;wJhtwGuf qif;&J'u k u
© kd rodbeJ YJ edAmÁ efukd vdck siw
f ,f
[m opömtm;jzifah jymr,fq&kd if qif;&JjzpfaMumif;
&&Scd pH m;ae&wJh 'kuu
© vkd nf; aumif;aumif;Bu;D qdkwm trSefajymwm r[kwfao;ygbl;/ edAÁmef
ork',opömyg/
em;vnfMuygw,f/ qdw
k m aumif;w,fvYkd olrsm;u ajymvd?Yk edAmÁ ef
qdkwm at;csrf;w,fvdkY olrsm;u ajymvdkYom tckvuf&jdS yKvyk af ewJh taMumif;uHawGvYkd
cE¨m'ku©udkodawmh vd k c sif w J h oabmavmuf &S d a o;wmyg/ ajym&ygvdrrhf ,f/ taMumif;uHawG&UJ tusKd ;ay;
aumif;aumif; oabmraygufEdkifao;ygbl;/ udk vSr;f arQmMf unhv
f u
kd &f if ypöKyeÜ t
f aMumif;aMumifh
cE¨m'kuq
© w
kd m bke;f Bu;D wdeYk YJ t&if;ES;D qk;H yg/
22 "r®'lwa'gufwmt&Sifyndó& ay;qyf&r,fhta<u; 23 24 "r®'lwa'gufwmt&Sifyndó&

j z p f a y : v m r S m a w G [ m r,fh uHawGukd oabmus ESpo f ufwwfygw,f/ pum;yg/ edAmÁ ef ra&mufcif 'kuo

tem*wftusKd ;w&m;awGyg/ 'kuo© pömudk aumif;aumif;Bu;D odjrifomG ;wJo
h l
[m taMumif;uHawGukd b,fawmhrS oabmus
tem*wfrSm ay:aygufvmr,fhtusdK;u
ESpo
f ufrI r&Sad wmhygbl;/
qif;&Jjcif;trSef 'ku©opömyg/ wPSm? Oyg'gef?
'ku©odjrif uHrvdkcsif
uHNyD;&if qufvufjzpfvmrSmu Zmwd? Z&m?
r&P jzpfwmrdYk tdjk cif;? emjcif;? aojcif;wd[
Yk m tusKd ;ay;r,fu h aH wGukd BuKd uEf pS o
f ufae
tem*wftusKd ;jzpfwhJ 'kuo © pömawGyg/ 'gaMumifh wm[m 'k u © o pö m ud k od v d k Y v m;?
uHaMumifjh zpfvmr,fh tusKd ;rSeo f rQ[m qif;&J rod v d k Y v m;qd k & if rod M uvd k Y y g/
jcif;awGom jzpfw,fvYkd odjrifae&ygvdrrhf ,f/ aumif;usKd ;qd;k usKd ;ay;r,fh uHawGukd rBuKd ub
uHujkd yKvu
kd w
f meJY wpfNyKd ief uf uHaMumifh rESpfoufbl;qdkwmawG[m &vmr,fhtusdK;
jzpfvmwJh Zmwd? Z&m? r&P ay:vmygvdrrhf ,f/ 'kuo© pömudk odjrifaevdyYk g/
uH&Sd&if bkef;BuD;wdkY y&dowf bmjzpfvmrSmvJ bkef;BuD;wdkYy&dowf 'DuHawGudk rvdkcsif
qdkawmh ZmwdcE¨m &vmygvdrfhr,f/ 'ku©cE¨m atmif rESpo f ufatmif bmvky&f rSmvJqakd wmh
&vmygvdrrhf ,f/ qif;&JtrSef 'kuo © pömudk odatmifvyk Mf u&ygr,f/
qif;&J'u k a© wG bmaMumifjh zpfvmwmvJvYkd w&m;tvkyu f kd tm;xkww f ,fqwkd m 'kuo © pöm
taMumif;&if;udk jyefMunfh&if wPSm? Oyg'gef? udk odatmif vkyfaeMuwmyg/
uHaMumifv
h Ykd tajzay:vmygw,f/ edAmÁ efa&mufatmif usiBhf ut
H m;xkww
f ,f
'ku©opömudk rodrjrifol[m tusdK;ay; qdkwmu tqkH;udk vSrf;arQmfNyD; ajymvkdufwJh
© pömudk odjrif
r,fh tqifwh pfqifh &Sad eygao;w,f/
cE¨m&vmwJZh mwduvnf; 'kuo © pöm? td&k wJh
Z&muvnf; 'ku©opöm? em&wJhAsm"d ao&r,fh
r&Puvnf; od&jrif&r,fh 'ku©opöm [m
ta0;BuD;rSm r[kwfygbl;/ cE¨mrSmyJ &Sdaeyg
w,f/ qif;&JtrSejf zpfwhJ ½kyef mrf jzpfysuof abm
awG? ½kyfemrf'ku©oabmawG[m cE¨mrSmyJ
f ;l ? &SdaeMu ygw,f/
'gaMumifh ]]edAmÁ ef b,frmS &Sv
d v
J Ykd odcsi&f if
udk,fhcE¨mrSmMunfh? edAÁmefudkawGUcsif&if udk,fh
cE¨mrSm&Sm}} vdkY ajymMuwmyg/ cE¨mu jyaewJh
'k u © opöm ? cE¨ m uajymaewJ h 'k u © o pö m ud k
odatmif tckvkd w&m;"r®usiMhf uMH u&wmyg/
cE¨mujywmudkMunfh
w&m;tvky&f UJ oabmudk aumufcsucf s
vdu
k &f if w&m;tvkyf tm;xkww
f ,fqw kd m[m
ay;qyf&r,fhta<u; 25 26 "r®'lwa'gufwmt&Sifyndó& ay;qyf&r,fhta<u; 27

cE¨mu jywmudk MunfhwJhoabmqdk&if rrSm;yg aMumif;awG awGUvmvdYk cE¨mudk Ni;D aiGUvmygw,f/ taetxm;awG nd § a y;ygw,f / 'gayrJ h
bl;/ w&m; b,fou l jywmvJ/ cE¨mujyw,f b,forYl supf ed MYJ unfMh unf?h b,foÓYl Pf tjrif csr;f omrI &vm;qdak wmh r&ygbl;/ b,fvakd eae
qdrk S rSeyf gvdrrhf ,f/ cE¨mujywmudk w&m;usio
hf l eJYyJ MunfhMunfh cE¨mBuD;[m t[kwftrSef qif ; &J wmu qif ; &J w mygyJ /
u Munfh&rSmyg/ qif;&Jw,f qdw k m[m jiif;vdrYk &ygbl;/ b,favmufjyifjyif qif;&Jwmu qif;&JwmygyJ/
cE¨mujywm tjrifomqk;H taeeJY bmawG b,fvykd o
J ufomatmifaeae? b,fvykd J xdkifaevnf; qif;&Jw,f/ &yfaevnf;
jyaeovJq&kd if Zmwd? Z&m? r&P tdek maoawG csrf;omatmifaeae? b,fvdkyJ jyifay;jyifay; qif;&Jw,f/ oGm;ae&wmvnf; qif;&Jw,f/
udyk g/ ud,
k cf E¨mBu;D &vmwJh b0tp[m Zmwd? csr;f om&JUvm;? oufom&JUvm;qd&k if rcsr;f om pm;aewmvnf; qif;&Jw,f/ tdyaf e&wmvnf;
tckvuf&dS tcsed t f cgrSm jzpfay:aewJo
h abmu roufomygbl;/ qif;&Jygw,f/ b,fvdkaeae qif;&Jw,fvdkY
Z&meJY Asm"dawGyg/ rvGJraoG a&mufvmrSmu rjrifwt
hJ wGuaf Mumifh w&m;eJaY 0;aeMuygw,f/
r&P aojcif;w&m;yg/ b,fvdkyJjyifjyif edAmÁ efukd a&mufoif&h ufom;eJY ra&mufEikd f
tckxikd &f wm anmif;vdq
Yk Nkd y;D ud,
k t
f ae Muwm[m cE¨mtaMumif; aumif;aumif;
Z&m? Asm"d&SdaewJh 'DcE¨mudkMunfh&if 'ku©
txm;awG jyKjyifajymif;a&TUMuygw,f/ 'g[m em;rvnfMuvdyYk g/
jrifvmygw,f/ ½kyfemrfcE¨m&JU jzpfrI ysufrI
oabmawGukd tao;pdwMf unfah e&if ½kyef mrf&UJ tvG,fwul vlwdkif;odEdkifwJh vuf&SdcE¨m&JU cE¨mudk 'ku©qif;&JyJvdkY odoGm;wmeJY
qif;&J'u
k a© wGukd jrifvmygw,f/ jzpf&yfreS f taetxm;yg/ wpfNydKifeuf edAÁmefeJYeD;oGm;ygNyD/ odoGm;zdkYyJ
xdkifaewm tcsdefenf;enf;MumoGm;&if ta&;BuD;ygw,f/ cE¨mudk jyefMunfhqdkwm
'kuj© rifwo
hJ [
l m tusKd ;ay;r,fu h aH wGukd cE¨ m taMumif ; ausausnuf n uf
anmif;vduk w
f m? anmif;vdu
k w f mqdNk y;D ranmif;
rBuKd uaf wmhygbl;/ 'kuj© zpfaMumif;udk vSr;f awGU odjrif&atmif Munfch ikd ;f aewmyg/
atmif cE¨mudk bmvkyvf qJ akd wmh jyifay;w,f?
oGm;NyD/ 'ku©awG bmaMumifhjzpfwmvdkY 'ku©jzpf
ajymif;ay;w,f? a&TUay;w,f? £&d,mykwf w&m;tm;xkwaf eol[m cE¨mrSmjzpfaewJh
28 "r®'lwa'gufwmt&Sifyndó&
½kyfemrfcE¨mpOf&JU oabmobm0awGjzpfwJh
qif ; &J wJ h o abm? ES d y f p uf a ewJ h o abm?
rouf r om rn§ m rwm jzpf a ewJ h
oabmw&m;awG u d k jrif
atmifMunfzh v Ykd ykd gw,f/
'D'u
k a© wG jzpfay:apwJh taMumif;uHukd
awGUvdkufNyD;? jrifvdkufNyD; 'Dvdk'ku©awG jzpfae
wm[m uHw&m;aMumifh jzpfaewmvdYk em;vnf
&rSmyg/ &vmMuwJh cE¨m[m uHay;wJh cE¨myg/
uHaMumifhjzpfwJh cE¨myg/ wPSm? Oyg'gef? uH&JU
tusKd ;quf [db k ufrmS Zmwd? Z&m? r&Pqdw k hJ
cE¨m[m b,foaYl Mumifrh S r[kwb f ;l / uHaMumifh
jzpfwm aocsmygw,f/
uH u vnf ; bmaMumif h jzpf w mvJ v d k Y
aemufjyefMunfvh u
kd &f if Oyg'gefaMumifh jzpfvm
ygw,f/ Oyg'gef bmaMumifjh zpfvv J Ykd aemufjyef
Munfhvdkuf&if wPSmaMumifh jzpfvmygw,f/
ay;qyf&r,fhta<u; 29
y#dpöorkyÜg'fudk aemufaMumif;jyefMunhf
oGm;vdkuf&if wPSmu bmaMumifhjzpfvJqdk&if
a0'emaMumifjh zpfw,f/ qufomG ;vdu k &f if tqk;H
b,fjyefa&mufoGm;rSmvJqdkawmh t0dZÆmqDudk
jyefa&mufvmygw,f/ uHudk jyKcdkif;wm[m
t0d Z Æ m yg/ 'k u © o pö m ud k rod e m;rvnf w J h
t0dZÆmu zkH;vTrf;aevdkY uHudkBudKufaewmyg/
rodem;rvnfEdkifwJh t0dZÆmudk y,fcGmEdkif&if?
trSewf &m;udk odjrifr,fq&kd if tusKd ;ay;r,fu h H
awGudk rvdkvm; rESpfoufawmhygbl;/
t0dZÆmzkH;xm;vdkY
rodrt I 0dZmÆ u qif;&JtrSef 'kuo
© pömudk
rodatmif zkH;zdxm;ygw,f/ 'ku©opöm[m
xifxif&mS ;&Sm; &Sv
d nf;&Sw
d ,f/ xifxif&mS ;&Sm;
jyvnf;jyygw,f/ b,fvadk eae? b,frmS aeae?
b,ftcsdefrSmrqdk 'ku©awGuawmhjzifh jzpfNrJ
30 "r®'lwa'gufwmt&Sifyndó&
twdik ;f jzpfaewmyg/
jzpfaewJ'h u
k u
© kd bke;f Bu;D wdYk y&dowf 'ku©
&,fvdkY rxifatmif? rjrifatmif b,folu
zkH;uG,fxm;vJqdkawmh t0dZÆmyg/ t0dZÆmu
odyfudk tpGrf;xufygw,f/ 'ku©a&mufaewm
awmifrS bke;f Bu;D wdyYk &dowf 'kua© &mufaew,f
vdYk rjrifao;ygbl;/
'kuB© u;D ud,
k rhf supf ad tmufrmS taocsm
Bu;D &Sad ewmawmif? aoaocsmcsmBu;D awGUae
wmawmifrS 'kuy© gyJvYkd oabmraygufMuygbl;/
em;rvnfEikd Mf uygbl;/ b,foaYl Mumifh 'Davmuf
awmif nHhzsif;rdkufrJae&wmvJqdk&if t0dZÆm
aMumifhyg/ t0dZÆmaMumifh bkef;BuD;wdkY y&dowf
edAmÁ efeYJ a0;ygw,f/
y#dpöorkyÜg'fa'oemawmft& Munfh&if
'Dtwdik ;f om twdtus tajzxGuv
f mygw,f/
ay;qyf&r,fhta<u; 31 32 "r®'lwa'gufwmt&Sifyndó& ay;qyf&r,fhta<u; 33

t0dZÆmeJYwPSmaMumifh oHo&mvnfwmyg/ r&ao;bl;? 'DavmufBuKd ;pm;ae&ufom;eJY w&m; t0dZmÆ acgif;aqmifNy;D awmh vSnahf y;vku
d f
oHo&m&JUa&aomufjrpf qdkwmvnf; t0dZÆmeJY vnf; rjrifb;l qdw
k mawG[m t0dZmÆ eJw
Y PSmudk &muae wPSmvufxJ ajymif;ay;vdkufw,f/
wPSmyg/ b,fae&mu b,fvt kd aMumif;&Sm&Sm ry,fEikd w
f maMumifyh g/ wPSmvufuae vSnfhay;vdkufwm wpfcg
t0dZmÆ vufxJ jyefa&mufomG ;ygw,f/
aemufq;Hk rSmawmh taMumif;&if;jzpfwhJ t0dZmÆ eJY 'ku©opömudk rodjrifwJhtwGuf uHudk
wPSmqDuykd J jyefa&mufygw,f/ BuKd uw
f ,f/ uHawGBuKd uv
f Ykd uHawGjyKvyk af wmh t0dZÆmeJYwPSm jc,fvS,faewJhtwGuf
oHo &m&Sn fygw,f/ ed AÁ m ef eJ Y a0;ygw,f/ aMumifh oHo&mxJrmS ae&wJh qif;&JawGuv kd nf;
edAÁmefra&mufwmonf qif;&JreS ;f rodb;l / 'kuu © v
kd nf; 'kuv© Ykd rjrifb;l /
t0dZmÆ eJw Y PSmaMumif?h oHo&m&Snw f muvnf; t0dZmÆ eJY twlwuG aygif;oif;aewm? t0dZmÆ eJY
wGJ&uf jzpfaewmu wPSmyg/ rodrjrifwt hJ jyif 'Dqif;&J'uk a© wGuykd J rodrom
t0dZmÆ eJw Y PSmaMumifyh g/ bke;f Bu;D wdyYk &dowfu jyef N yD ; cif w G , f a ew,f / qif ; &J ' k u © u d k
oH o &mwd k a tmif rvk y f b J e J Y 'gaMumifh twdwu f t0dZmÆ u pay;vdu k f rodromav; jyefcifaewm wPSmyg/
oH o &m&S n f o nf x uf &S n f a tmif wJh y#dpöorkyÜg'fvnfywfrI[m bkef;BuD;wdkY cifvdkYtjypfrjrif
qG J q G J q ef Y a ewJ h twGufaMumifhrdkY edAÁmefeJY y&dowf b,fxad &mufomG ;vJq&kd if ypöKyeÜ cf pH m;rI
a0'emxd a&muf y gw,f / a0'emuae bkef;BuD;wdkY 'ku©udkcifaewJh wPSm[m
a0;onfxufa0;ygw,f/ t0d Z Æ m aMumif h jzpf w myg/ t0d Z Æ m awG e J Y
wPS m qD a&muf y gw,f / wPS m uae
bmaMumif h w&m;rod ? w&m;rjrif a tmif
BudK;pm;aeygvsuf jyefpay;vku
d wf hJ y#dpo
ö rkygÜ 'f[m wPSm? Oyg'gef?
jzpf a eovJ q d k & if awmh cif r if a ewJ h
uH ? Zmwd ? Z&m? r&Pqd k N yD ; r&Pxd
edAmÁ ef ra&mufEikd af o;bl;? igwdYk 'Davmuf wPSmaMumifhyg/
a&muf o G m ;ygw,f / wpf y wf N yD ; wpf y wf
tm;xkwfwmawmifrS ckcsdefxd bmw&m;rS vnfoGm;ygw,f/ avmurSmjzpfavhjzpfx&Sw d hJ obm0wpfck
u ud k , f c if r if a ewJ h o l w pf a ,muf
ud k , f o abmus aewJ h o l w pf a ,muf
34 "r®'lwa'gufwmt&Sifyndó& ay;qyf&r,fhta<u; 35 36 "r®'lwa'gufwmt&Sifyndó&

bmvk y f v k y f ? b,f v k d a eae? bmajymajym tjypfrjrifawmhwmu t0dZmÆ yg/ igygvd&Yk &dS if ighu,
kd if g n§maeygao;w,f/
bk e f ; BuD ; wd k Y y &d o wf taumif ; yJ olqdkvdkY&Sd&if olYudk BudKufw,f? rBudKufbl;
jrifaewwfMuygw,f/ 'ku©rSef;odvm&if jzpfvmaeygao;w,f/ yk*Kd¾v?f owå0gqd&k ifvnf;
cspf w mawG rk e f ; wmawG 0if w wf y gw,f /
olt
Y jypf &S&d ifawmif tjypfvYkd rjrifryd gbl;/ t j y p f r j r i f a t m i f a,musfm;? rdef;rqdk&ifvnf; ESpfoufwm?
olYudk udk,fu oabmuscifrifaewJhtcsdefrSm zk H ; tk y f x m;wmt0d Z Æ m yg/ w&m; rESpof ufwmawG yg0ifvmygw,f/
olYtjypfudk vkH;0 rjrifrdygbl;/ cifaewmu rodrjrifoal wGrmS t0dZmÆ &Sad eMuygw,f/ tck
wPSmyg/ cifvdkY tjypfrjrifwmu t0dZÆmyg/ tJ'gawG bmwpfcrk S rygatmif t0dZmÆ eJY
tm;xkwfMuwmu rodrI t0dZÆmuae odrI wPS m 0if v d k Y r &atmif ½k y f e J Y e mrf u d k o m
cE¨mu 'ku©ay;w,fvdkY ajymayr,fvdkY 0dZÆmjzpfatmif tm;xkwfaeMuwmyg/ rodwJh tqufrjywf ½Irw S cf ikd ;f wmyg/
cE¨mBuD;udk cifrifwG,fwmaecsdefrSm odwJhol t0dZÆmuae odwJh0dZÆmÓPf jzpfvmatmifyg/
jrifwo hJ al wGu 'kuc© E¨mvdYk ajymaeayr,fh cE¨m 'kuu © kd 'kur© eS ;f odvm&if w&m;&ygNy/D cE¨m&JU yk*¾dKvfowå0gr[kwf
Bu;D udk bke;f Bu;D wdyYk &dowfu tjypfrjrifygbl;/ tjypfukd jrifvm&if w&m;&ygNy/D cE¨mudk rcspcf if? ½k y f e J Y e mrf u d k owd x m;½I v d k u f a wmh
b,folYaMumifh rjrifwmvJ/ t0dZÆmeJY rESpo f uf? rwG,w f m&if w&m;&ygNy/D ½k y f w &m; eJ Y emrf w &m;? ½k y f e J Y e mrf q d k w m
wPSmaMumifhyg/ wPSmu cifatmifvkyfay; 'gaMumifh bkef;BuD;wdkYy&dowfudk ½Ickdif;wJh trS e f w u,f Munf h & if
xm;ygw,f/ cE¨mBu;D udk *½kwpdu k ef YJ wpfcsed v
f ;Hk t½Icu H ½kyef eYJ mrfw&m;awGukd owde½YJ rI w
S cf ikd ;f oabmw&m;ouf o uf o m jzpf w ,f vd k Y
aMumifMh updu
k f vkv
YH pduk Nf y;D jyKpyk sKd ;axmifay;ae aewmyg/ ½kyfeJYemrfudk ½IrSwfodae&ygr,f/ ig? jrif v mygvd r f h r ,f / yk * ¾ d K vf v nf ; r[k w f ?
w,f? ESpo f ufaew,f? wG,w f maew,f? pGv J ef; olwpfyg;? yk*¾dKvf? owå0g? a,musfm;? rdef;r owå0gvnf; r[kwf? a,musfm;vnf; r[kwf?
aew,f/ ESpo f ufpvJG ef;aew,fqw kd m wPSm qdw
k mawG y,fcmG Ny;D ½kyef mrf oD;oefjY rifatmif rde;f rvnf; r[kwb f ;l vdYk odjrifvmygr,f/
vufcsuyf g/ wPSmzk;H tkyx f m;wJt h wGuaf Mumifh Munfah e&ygr,f/
½kyw
f &m;udk bke;f Bu;D wdyYk &dowfu yk*Kd¾ v?f
ay;qyf&r,fhta<u;
owå0g? a,musmf ;? rde;f rvdYk owfrw S v f Ykd r&ovdk
emrfw&m;udkvnf; yk*¾dKvf? owå0g? a,musfm;?
rd e f ; rvd k Y cG J j cm;owf r S w f v d k Y r&ygbl ; /
oabmobm0 oabmw&m;rQom jzpfMuygw,f/
½kyfobm0u azmufjyefwJhoabm? emrf
obm0u odwJhoabmw&m;yg/ azmufjyef
wmeJY odwmom avmuxJrSm &Sdygw,f/
azmufjyefwohJ abmudk ighOpöm igvdYk tydik f
,lxm;vdkY r&ygbl;/ azmufjyefwJhoabm[m
olYrSmvnf; &Sdw,f? udk,fhrSmvnf; &Sdygw,f/
olev YJ nf; qdik w
f ,f ud,k ef v YJ nf; qdik yf gw,f/
olrY mS vnf; jzpfovkd ud, k rhf mS vnf; jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifh olydkif udk,fydkifvdkY rajymEdkifygbl;/
a,mufsm;? rde;f rvdYk owfrw S v f Ykd r&awmhygbl;/
½kyfw&m;[m azmufjyefwJhoabmw&m;
om jzpf y gw,f / vl j zpf j zpf ? ewf j zpf j zpf ?
wd&pämefjzpfjzpf? Nydwåmjzpfjzpf? i&Jom;jzpfjzpf?
37 38 "r®'lwa'gufwmt&Sifyndó&
b,foo Yl P²mefrmS yJ jzpfaejzpfae azmufjyefwhJ
obm0u ajymif;vJroGm;ygbl;/ tNrJwrf;
azmufjyefwo
hJ abmom xif&mS ;&Syd gw,f/
emrf q d k w mu od w J h o abmw&m;yg/
vljzpfjzpf? ewfjzpfjzpf? wd&pämefjzpfjzpf? Nydwåm
jzpfjzpf? i&Jom;jzpfjzpf? b,folYoP²mefrSmyJ
jzpfaejzpfae odwwfwJhobm0u ajymif;vJ
roG m ;ygbl ; / tNrJ w rf ; od w J h o abmom
xif&mS ;&Sd ygw,f/
trSefw&m;jrifvm
tJ'vD kd trSeo
f bm0awGukd trSetf wdik ;f
jrif v matmif Munf h a y;wJ h tavh t usif h
vk y f j cif ; tm;jzif h trS e f j rif v m&if
cspfcifwG,fwmrI wPSm enf;yg;oGm;ygw,f/
cE¨ m ay:rS m wG , f w mwyf r uf r I
avsmeh nf;oGm;ygw,f/
½kyfemrfcE¨mrSm wyfrufp&m? pGJvrf;p&m?
ay;qyf&r,fhta<u; 39
ESpo
f ufp&m? cspcf ifp&mqdv
k Ykd bmwpfcrk S &SmvdYk
rawGUawmhygbl;/ b,fae&mrSmrS &SmvdYk rawGU
awmhygbl;/ rNrw
J m&,f? qif;&Jwm&,f? tpd;k r&
wm&,fyJ &Sdw,fvdkY wjznf;jznf;eJY odjrifvm
ygw,f/
½kyfw&m; emrfw&m;awGudk rwnfNrJbl;?
qif;&Jw,f? tpd;k r&bl;vdYk odomG ;jrifomG ;wmu
trSeuf okd jd rifwhJ todÓPf0Zd mÆ yg/ trSerf odwhJ
t0dZmÆ &JU qefu Y sizf ufjzpfwhJ ÓPftjrifyg/
w&m;usifholawG w&m;rodbl;qdkwm
t0dZÆmzkH;uG,fxm;vdkYyg/ wPSmeJYvnf; cifrif
aevdkYyg/ rjrifwmeJY cifwmudk z,f&Sm;EdkifvdkY
odomG ;jrifomG ;Nyq
D &kd if 0dZmÆ ÓPf ay:vmygw,f/
rodawmhvdkcsif
rod w meJ Y rjrif w m[m tNrJ w rf ;
,S O f w G J a e ygw,f / t0d Z Æ m eJ Y rod & if
wPS m 0if y gw,f / cif r if r I
40 "r®'lwa'gufwmt&Sifyndó&
wPS m 0if v m&if v nf ; t0d Z Æ m zk H ; w,f v d k Y
,SOw
f jJG zpfaewwfygw,f/
olwdkYESpfcku odyfcifrifwJh oli,fcsif;
ESpaf ,mufvkd tNrw J rf; wwGwJ eJG yYJ g/ bke;f Bu;D wdYk
y&dowfu t0dZmÆ y,fcsiw f ,fq&kd if wPSmudk
vnf; y,f&ygw,f/ wPSmudk y,fcsifw,f
qd&k if t0dZmÆ udvk nf; y,fr&S ygr,f/ ESprf sKd ;pvk;H
udk y,f&rSmyg/
rodawmh vkdcsifw,f? vdkcsifawmh trSef
rjrifEikd af wmhygbl;/ rodreI YJ vdck sirf aI wG &pfywfNy;D
b,fESpfb0 usifvnfcJhwJh oHo&mvdkYawmif
rajymEdik af tmif usiv f nfcMhJ uygw,f/
qif;&J'u
k a© wGeYJ vk;H axG;aecJMh u&ygw,f/
'gayrJh oHo&m&JU 'ku©udkvnf; rjrifMuygbl;/
cE¨m'ku©udkvnf; oabmrayguf em;rvnf
Muygbl;/ b0'ku©awGudkvnf; rodMuygbl;/
rodwJhtwGufaMumifh cE¨mudk cifwG,f
ay;qyf&r,fhta<u; 41 42 "r®'lwa'gufwmt&Sifyndó&
w,f/ oHo&mudk cifw, G yf gw,f/ cifw,
G rf eI YJ aumif ; aumif ; em;vnf o G m ; &if
rodrjrif em;rvnfrIawGaMumifh edAÁmefeJY uHawGujkd zwfwt
hJ vkyyf J vkycf siyf gawmhw,f/
ta0;Bu;D udk a0;oGm;wmyg/
uHawGqufwt hJ vkyf rvkycf siaf wmhygbl;/
tJ'g aMumifh t0dZÆmzkH;&if uHudkBudKufw,f/
edAÁmefeJYeD;csif&if wPS m u vnf ; bk e f ; BuD ; wd k Y y &d o wf a &
w&m;emy&dowfawGu edAmÁ efeeYJ ;D csiw f ,f ajymr,fqdk&if uHudk oabmusygw,f/
qd&k ifawmh tvG,u f av;yg/ t0dZmÆ eJw
Y PSmudk
z,f&iS ;f ypfvu kd ½f o
Hk mjzpfygw,f/ t0dZmÆ eJw
Y PSm wPSmu uHudkESpfouf
udk z,f&Sm;vdkuf&ifeD;oGm;ygNyD/ uHtopfawG
'Davmufq;kd wJh uHawGuBkd uKd uaf ewm[m
xyfrvkyaf wmhb;l ? uHtopfrjzpfawmhb;l qd&k if
wPSmu BudKufaewmyg/ wPSmtBudKufudk
edAÁmefeJY eD;oGm;ygw,f/ t0dZÆmeJYwPSmudkom
r½ke;f z,fEikd &f if? wPSmtBuKd uuf kd rwGe;f vSeEf ikd f
aoaocsmcsm em;vnfoabmaygufNyD;awmh
&if uHawGjyKjzpfvmygvdrrhf ,f/ uHawGjzpfvm&if
'k u © j zpf a Mumif ; [m ol w d k Y a Mumif h y J ?
tusdK;ay;awG jzpfvmwJhtwGuf wpfzufu
t0dZÆmeJYwPSm aMumifhyJvdkY odzdkYvdkygw,f/
oHo&m&Sno f mG ;ygw,f/
igwdYk uHawGxyfxyfjzpfatmif vkyaf evdYk
wPSm? Oyg'gef? uHqwkd hJ tpOftwef;t&
'ku©awG xyfxyf&aeMuwm? 'ku©awG&aevdkY
wPSmaMumifh Oyg'gefjzpfvmr,f/ Oyg'gefaMumifh
oHo&m&Snaf e&wm? oHo&m&Snaf ewmaMumifh
uHjzpfvmr,f/ uHaMumifh Zmwd? Z&m? r&P?
edAÁmefeJYa0;aewmvdkY
ay;qyf&r,fhta<u; 43 44 "r®'lwa'gufwmt&Sifyndó& ay;qyf&r,fhta<u; 45

'kua© wG jzpfvmygr,f/ oHo&mvnf&jyefygw,f/ ygw,f/ 'ghtjyif vkvd ckd sicf sief YJ oHo&m r&Snf
'Da'oemt& Munfhvdkuf&if bkef;BuD;wdkY &Snfatmif oHo&m&SnfaMumif;w&m;awGudk
tajzxGuw f t hJ csuu f t0dZmÆ eJw
Y PSmwdaYk Mumifh
oHo&mqGJqefYaeMu tm;BuKd ;rmefwuf jyKaeMuygw,f/
edAÁmefeJYa0;&w,fqdkwmygyJ/ 'ku©qif;&JrSef; vnfaewmu wpfaeYr[kwb f ;l ? wpf&uf
rodwt hJ wGuaf Mumifh 'kuo © pömjzpfvmygw,f/ r[kwb f ;l / aeYpOfaeYwikd ;f ? ESppf OfEpS w
f ikd ;f ? b0wdik ;f uHawGjyKu tdkao&
'kuo © pömudk rodwt hJ wGuaf Mumifv h nf; tusKd ; b0wd k i f ; rS m oH o &mvnf y wf a ewmyg/ uHudk jyKaeMuwJh wpfaeYwpf&uf[m
ay;r,fu h u
H kd BuKd uyf gw,f/ vdck sirf wI PSmeJuY u
H kd oHo&mvnfatmifvnf; bke;f Bu;D wdyYk &dowfu a&SUb0aygif;rsm;pGmudk ud, k w
f ikd zf efw;D aewmeJY
vdvk m;ESpo f ufaeygw,f/ uHprG ;f tm;awG jznfjh znfah y;aeMuwmyg/ wlygw,f/ wPSm? Oyg'gef? uH? Zmwd? Z&m?
oHo&m&Snfwmxuf&Snfatmif? yGm;wm r&Pqdak wmh uHwpfcsujf zpf&if [dzk ufu Zmwd
'gaMumifhrdkY igwdkY uHaumif;rSjzpfr,f/
xufyGm;atmif? wdk;wmxufwdk;atmifvnf; wpfcsuf a&mufvmygNyD/ wpfaeY wpf&uf
aumif;wJt h vkyaf wG vkyrf ,fqNkd y;D jyKvyk Mf uyg
aeYwkdif;aeYwdkif; uHtopfawG pkaqmif;aeMu wpfem&Davmuf umvtwGi;f rSmyJ bke;f Bu;D wdYk
w,f/ aumif;wJhtvkyfawGudk jyKvkyfawmh
ygw,f/ xyfxyfNyD; pkaaqmif;ay;aeawmh jzpfomG ;wJu
h aH wGukd wGuMf unfvh u kd &f if aMumuf
aumif;usKd ;awG &vmygw,f/ aumif;usKd ;&vm
uHawGu rsm;onfxuf rsm;vmygw,f/ p&maumif;avmufatmifukd rsm;vSygw,f/
awmh aumif;usdK;eJY oHo&mvnfjyefygw,f/
rod e m;rvnf v d k Y r[k w f w ½k w f a wG v k y f ? uHwpfcjk zpf&if b0wpfcjk zpfw,fqadk wmh wpfaeYwpfaeYrmS um,uH? 0pDu?H raemuH
raumif ; wmawG vk y f N yD ; awmh wpfaeYwpfaeYjzpfwJh um,uH? 0pDuH? raemuH awG tBudrfaygif;rsm;pGm jzpfaeMuwmyg/
qd k ; usd K ;awG & jyef a wmh v nf ; oH o &mu awG ode;f oef;csND y;D vkyaf eMuawmh jzpf&r,fb
h 0? um,uH? 0pDuH rvkyfbl;xm;/ NidrfNidrfav;
raejyef b l ; / qd k ; usd K ;'k u © a wG e J Y oGm;&r,fb h 0awGvnf; ode;f oef;csND y;D jzpfvm aeNy;D awmh yg;pyfyw
d xf m;wmawmifrS raemuH
46 "r®'lwa'gufwmt&Sifyndó& ay;qyf&r,fhta<u; 47 48 "r®'lwa'gufwmt&Sifyndó&

awG jzpfaeygao;w,f/ uHrjzpfwt hJ csed q

f w
kd m ed*kH;csKyfvdkufawmh aumif;wJhuHvnf; rao&wmyJ uGmygw,f/
r&Sdygbl;/ uHwpfrsdK;rsdK;awmhjzifh tNrJwrf;udk tdkemao? raumif;wJhuHvnf; tkdemaoqdkwJh aumif;uHvyk w f o hJ al wGu aumif;aumif;
jzpfaeMuygw,f/ tdak ovufxu J rvGwyf gbl;/ tdjk cif;? emjcif;? em&w,f/ jynfjh ynfph pHk aHk v;? oufoufomom
aojcif;xJuudk rxGuaf jrmufEikd Mf uygbl;/ av; em&w,f / aowJ h t cgrS m vnf ;
um,uH jzpfcsifjzpf? 0pDuH jzpfcsifjzpf?
um,uH 0pDurH S rjzpfwt
hJ qk;H raemuH jzpfae taoaumif ; ygw,f /
odyfruGmjcm;vS raumif ; uH v k y f w J h o l a wG u sawmh emwJ h
ygw,f/
b,favmufyJ aumif;aumif;aew,fvYkd tcgrSmvnf; rjynfhrpkH 'ku©awGeJY em&w,f/
uHwpfcsu[f m Zmwdwpfcsuef n YJ rD Qw,f ajymajym? aumif;wJt
h vkyaf wGvyk v
f yk f bke;f Bu;D wdYk aowJt
h cgrSmvnf; raumif;ojzifh ao&ygw,f/
qdak wmh uHawG axmifaomif;ode;f oef; wpfaeY y&d o wf tusd K ;ay;awmh uH a y;wm[m xl;awmh odyrf xl;vSygbl;/ wGuMf unf&h if
wpfaeYrSm jyKwmeJYtrQ bkef;BuD;wdkY [dkzufu tdkemao yJ tusdK;ay;ygr,f/ olvnf; tdek mao? ud, k v
f nf; tdek mao? vlq;kd
Z m w d a w G v n f ; raumif;wJhuHawGudkjyKol raumif;wJhol vnf; tdkemao? vlaumif;vnf; tdkemaordkY
axmifaomif;odef;oef;csDNyD;awmh bkef;BuD;wdkY awGvnf; bke;f Bu;D wdyYk &dowf tusKd ;ay;vmwJh oHo&mxJ vnfaevdkYujzifh vlqdk; vlaumif;
y&dowfukd tusKd ;ay;zkYd apmifq
h ikd ;f aeMuygw,f/ tcsdeftcgrSm tdkemaoyJ &Muygw,f/ tdkem &,fvYkd cGrJ ,fo
h mcGaJ e&wm cH&wmcsi;f usawmh
tJ ' D a wmh oH o &m&S n f r S m {uef ygyJ / aowmcsi;f wlwyl gyJ/ ydak umif;wmeJY ydrk aumif; twlwlom jzpfMuygw,f/
uH a wG j yKorQ aemuf q k H ; rS m td k e maoyJ wmyJ uGmygw,f/ aumif;aumif;em&wmeJY ol u enf ; enf ; ouf o mw,f ? ol u
&wwfygw,f/ aumif ; aumif ; rem&wm? rcsd r qef Y cH & w,f q d k w mavmuf o m
aumif;aumif;ao&wmeJY aumif ; aumif ; uGmygw,f/ uHaumif;wJhol csrf;csrf;omomeJY
ay;qyf&r,fhta<u; 49 50 "r®'lwa'gufwmt&Sifyndó& ay;qyf&r,fhta<u; 51

oH o &mvnf wJ h twG u f a Mumif h r d k Y &xm;wJoh rl eS o

f rQ b,forl S tdjk cif;vnf;ruif;? rjywfao;bl;qd&k if 'kuc© sKy&f m edAmÁ efukd r&ygbl;/
ouf a wmif h o uf o mav; &S d w ,f emjcif;vnf;ruif;? aojcif;vnf;ruif;wJh tJ'gaMumifh uHawGcsKyfatmif w&m;tvkyfudk
qdk½kHavmufom xl;jcm;wmyg/ twGuf 'kur© uif;Muygbl;/ tm;xk w f M u& wmyg/ 0d y óemw&m;
&xm;pD;NyD;c&D;oGm;Mu&mrSm bkef;BuD;wdkY tdkemaoawG&JU taMumif;vufonf usiBhf uyH mG ;rsm;Mu&wmyg/
&xm;wGJawGrSm cGJjcm;xm;ygw,f/ ½kd;½kd;wef;eJY w&m;cHudk teD;pyfqkH;udk jyefMunfhvdkufawmh 0dyóemÓPf&JUtpGrf;
txufwef;vdkY cGJxm;ygw,f/ tusKd ;ay;r,fu
h u
H kd awGU&ygr,f/ 0 d y ó e m Ó P f [ m
txufwef;pD;oGm;wJholu enf;enf; ur®b0ypö,m Zmwd? uHaMumifh Zmwd vwf w avmjzpf v mr,f h uH a wG u d k
oufomw,f/ ½k;d ½k;d wef;pD;oGm;wJo
h ul Muyfny§ f jzpfvmw,f/ Zmwdypö,m Z&m r&P aomu jzwf a wmuf a y;ygw,f / 0d y óem
aew,f/ a&mufwmcsif;uawmh twlwlygyJ/ y&da'0 'ku© a'greókyg,mom orÇ0EÅ?d Zmwd ½IrSwfyGm;rsm;aecsdefrSm ½kyfemrfvdkY ½Ivdkufwm?
oGm;&wmcsi;f twlwyl gyJ/ oGm;wJt h csed u
f mv aMumif h td k & w,f ? em&w,f ? ao&w,f ½kyfudk ½kyf? emrfudk emrfvdkY ½Ivdkufwm[m
csi;f vnf; twlwyl gyJ/ udk,fqif;&J&w,f? pdwfqif;&J&w,f? idka<u;& uHawGudk jzwfypfvdkufwJh ÓPfawGyg/ todeJY
w,f? aomujzpf&w,f? yifyef;nd§K;EGrf;&w,f owd aygif;pyfNy;D ½kyef mrfvYkd ½Irw
S v
f u
kd wf m[m
cE¨m&olrSeforQ
qdw
k mawG qufumqufum jzpfvv Ykd mygw,f/ 0dyóemÓPfyg/
'gaMumif h oH o &mxJ r S m aevd k Y & S d & if
b,fypHk eH yYJ aJ eae olaX;jzpfjzpf qif;&Jom;jzpfjzpf tusKd ;ay;vmr,fh uHawGuzkd suw f t hJ vkyf ½kyef mrfvYkd r½I&if ÓPfae&mrSm uH0ifvm
qif;&Ju, kd pf D &Sad eMuwmyg/ csr;f omvnf; 'D'u k ?© ud k vk y f a wmh r S td k e maocsKyf r ,f v d k Y rSmyg/ r½IrwS bf aJ e&if uHu ae&m,l 0ifa&muf
qif;&Jvnf; 'D'u k ?© bke;f Bu;D &[ef;vnf; 'D'u
k ?© aumufcsufcs vdkY &ygw,f/ uHrjywfrcsif; vmygr,f/
omrefvlqdk;vlrdkufawGvnf; 'D'ku©? cE¨m 'kur© csKyEf ikd yf gbl;/ uHawG r&Si;f ao;bl;? uHawG
52 "r®'lwa'gufwmt&Sifyndó& ay;qyf&r,fhta<u; 53 54 "r®'lwa'gufwmt&Sifyndó&

jrifvdkufwJh tcdkuftwefYav;? jrif&wJh wpfcsuf½IrSwf wpfb0jywf oGm;ygw,f/

wpfcPrSm jrifvu kd o f v d u kd w
f hJ ½kyef mrfukd ½Ivu
w,fqdk&if ÓPfjzpfvmygw,f/ ½kyfemrfudk
r½Ib;l qd&k if rsupf zd iG vhf Ykd wpfcsuMf unfv
uHtxd a&mufatmif jzpfoGm;ygw,f/
toHwpfou H kd em;axmif&ifvnf; Mum;wJh
toHukd ½kyv
f Ykd r½Ivu kd &f if uHtxdomG ;ygw,f/
pdwfupOf;pm;&ifvnf; tawG;pdwfudk
emrfvdkY r½IrSwf&if tawG;wpfck[m uHtxd
a&muf a tmif quf o G m ;ygw,f / uH t xd
ra&muf atmif? uH 0ifrvmatmif bke;f Bu;D wdYk
y&dowf 0dyóem½IÓPf 0ifay;&ygr,f/ 'g[m
½kyf? 'g[m emrfvdkY ½kyfemrf"r®awGudk ½IaewJh
todÓPf? ½ky½f yk f emrfemrfvYkd ½IymG ;aewJh ÓPf
[m uHudk jzwfawmufay;EdkifwJh tpGrf;owåd
&Syd gw,f/
kd f 'gaMumifh 0dyóem½Irw S af eol[m ½kyf emrf bke;f Bu;D wdyYk &dowf w&m;tm;xkww f mudk
wpfcsuf½Ivkduf&if jzpfvmr,fh uHwpfck jywf ayghayghwefwef oabmrxm;ygeJ/Y wpfem&D½v I Ykd
h u
kd wf meJY oGm;w,fvYkd ajymMu&wmyg/ wpfcsu½f v I ukd &f if av; ig; q,fcsuyf J ½IEikd ½f EI ikd ?f ½ky½f yk f emrfemrfvYkd
jzpfvmr,fh uHwpfck jywfomG ;ygw,f/ ½kyu f ½kd yk f wpf c Pav;yJ ½I E d k i f ½ I E d k i f pd w f r ysuf y geJ Y /
emrfudkemrfvdkY wpfcsuf½IEdkifwm tvum; av; ig; q,fcsuf ½IEikd &f ifvnf; av; ig; q,f
r[kwb f ;l / enf;wJw
h efz;kd r[kwyf gbl;/ b0pm 'ku©awG jywfoGm;ygw,f/ wpfaeYvkH;
tm;xkwfvdkYrS ½kyfvdkY wpfcsufom½IEdkifvdkufvdkY
wpfcsuf½Ivdkuf&if udk,fhrSm jzpfvmr,fh
t½ItrSww f pfcsuf &oGm;&ifvnf; wpfb0pm
wpfb0pm'ku© oufomoGm;wmyg/ r½Iv&Ydk &dS if
oufomoGm;ygr,f/
wpfb0pm 'ku©awG xyfwdk;vmwmyg/ rsufpd?
em;? ESmacgif;? vQm? udk,f? pdwfuae uHqDudk w&m;ay:rSm udk,fBudK;pm;&if BudK;pm;
a&muf&if b0'kua© wG wd;k vmygr,f/ oavmuf udk,fh'ku©awGudk &Sif;ypfaewmyg/
ud,k 'hf u
k a© wGukd &Si;f atmifvyk af ewmvdYk oabm
½Irw S v
f u
kd w
f t
hJ wGuf t½IÓPfu wpfb0
aygufNyD;awmh ½IrSwfwJhtay:rSm ydkNyD;tm;pdkuf
pm awGUBuKH&r,fh tdk&r,fh'ku©? em&r,fh'ku©?
½IrwS &f rSmyg/
ao&r,fh'ku©? pdwfqif;&J udk,fqif;&Jjzpf&rSm
awG? idak <u;ylaqG;&rSmawG? aomua&muf&rSm r*fÓPf? zkv
d Ó
f PfawG ray:cif t&ifq;Hk
awGudk NzdKcszsufqD;ay;vdkufygw,f/ oufom a&SUuaeNy;D uHawGukd jzwfay;wmu 0dyóem
ay;qyf&r,fhta<u; 55
ÓPfyg/ ½kyfemrfudk½IwJh 0dyóemÓPfu
a&SUwef;uaeNy;D uHawG topfxyfrjzpfatmif
jzwfawmufay;aeygw,f/
aemufuaeay:vmr,fh avmukwå&m
r*fÓPfu tNy;D wdik u
f aH wGukd y,fzsu&f iS ;f vif;
ay;ygw,f/ jzpfvmr,fh uHawGudkomru
jzpfNyD;om;uHawGudkyg aMuysufoGm;atmif
acszsuaf y;ygw,f/
tukokdvfrsm;ayr,fh
NyD ; cJ h w J h ES p f & uf a vmuf u
'umwpfa,muf bkef;BuD;qDudka&mufvmNyD;
avQmuf x m;ygw,f / ol Y r S m jyKxm;cJ h w J h
tukov kd af wG rsm;vGe;f vdYk w&m;usi&hf ifawmif
w&m;&yghrvm;vdYk ar;avQmufwmyg/
bkef;BuD;u olYudk taotcsm tm;ay;
vdkufygw,f/ ]]tukodkvfawG b,favmuf
56 "r®'lwa'gufwmt&Sifyndó&
rsm;rsm; usif h r ,f tm;xk w f r ,f q d k & if
w&m;r&Edik f p&m r&Syd gbl;}}vdYk ajymvdu
k yf gw,f/
tukov kd uf qH w kd m vlwikd ;f rSm ruif;Edik Mf u
ygbl;/ tenf;eJYtrsm; &SdMuwmygyJ/ jrwfpGm
bk&m; vufxufu w&m;&oGm;MuolawGudkyJ
pHerlem xm;Munfv h ukd yf g/ twdwu f tukov kd f
uHa[mif;awG z,fxm;NyD; vuf&Sdb0rSmwif
xifxif&Sm;&Sm; owfjzwfol? ckd;qdk;wdkufcdkuf
vk,ufo?l ESyd pf ufnO§ ;f yef; rawmfrw&m;jyKol
awGawmif w&m;&oGm;Muwmudk awGU&ygw,f/
r*fzvkd u f kd wm;jrpfEikd w
f hJ yÍömeEÅ&, d uHBu;D
awGuvG&J if omrmeftukov kd uf aH wGukd r*fÓPf
u acszsufay;Edkifwm taotcsmyg/ w&m;
odjrifomG ;Nyq D &kd if jyefay;qyf&r,fh tukov kd f
raumif;rIuHawGtm;vkH;[m wpfppD aMuysuf
ukefygw,f/ tusdK;ray;Edkifavmufatmif
ysupf ;D ukeyf gw,f/
ay;qyf&r,fhta<u; 57
tuk o d k v f a wG tjyKrsm;xm;ayr,f h
w&m;& atmifusiEhf ikd &f if tusKd ;ay;r,fu h aH wG
uk e f c rf ; oG m ;ygw,f / t&[wå r *f ?
t&[wåzv kd &f atmif BuKd ;pm;usiBhf uEH ikd &f ifawmh
edAmÁ efukd 0ifpEH ikd Nf yD jzpfvYkd vGwNf ird ;f csr;f omcGihf
&oGm;ygw,f/
tNyD;wdkifuHjzwf&Sif;
uHa[mif;uHopfawGuk d tNy;D tjywf &Si;f vif;
a y ; v d k u f w m
avmukwå&mr*fÓPftqifq h ifyh g/ tckvuf&dS
tm;xkwaf ewJwh &m;u 0dyóem ÓPfyg/ tck
tm;xk w f a ecsd e f r S m jzpf a y:aewm ud k
0dyóemÓPfvYkd ac:ygw,f/ 0dyóem ÓPf
&ifhoefvmrS 0dyóemÓPfudk tajccHum
ay:aygufvmrSmu avmukwå&mr*fÓPfyg/
aomwmyef? ou'g*grf? tem*grf? &[EÅm
qdw
k hJ t&Siaf umif;t&Sijf rwfawG olawmfaumif;
58 "r®'lwa'gufwmt&Sifyndó&
awG&JUoEÅmefrSm ay:aygufvmwJh r*fÓPfudk
avmukwå&mr*fÓPfvdkYac:ygw,f/ omref
ykxkZOfawG tm;xkwfaewJhÓPfu 0dyóem
r*fÓPfyg/
r*fÓPfrSeforQ[m uHawGudk &Sif;ay;
wmcsif; twlwlygyJ/ tNyD;wdkif jywfoGm;wmeJY
rjywfao;wmom uGmjcm;ygw,f/
avmukwå&m r*fÓPfay:vm&if uHawG
topfwzef jyefrjzpfEdkifawmhygbl;/ uHawGudk
jzpfay:vmr,fh taMumif;w&m;awGygrusef
y,fowfvu kd w
f t
hJ wGuf uHjrpfjywfomG ;ygw,f/
uHa<u;awG aMuoGm;ygw,f/
oHo&meJYopfyif
oHo&mudk opfyifwpfyifeYJ EdiI ;f ,SOjf rifMunfh
EdkifMuygw,f/ rsdK;aphuae tyifi,fav;
aygufvmygw,f/ tyifi,fuae tyifBuD;
ay;qyf&r,fhta<u; 59
jzpfvmygw,f/ bkef;BuD;wdkY 0dyóemÓPf
qd k w mu opf y if u tud k i f ; tcuf a wG u d k
ck w f x G i f &S i f ; vif ; aewmeJ Y wl y gw,f /
avmukw&å mÓPf uawmh tyifaygufvmr,fh
rsKd ;aphuykd g rusef atmif zsuq f ;D ypfvu
kd w
f meJY
wlygw,f/
rsKd ;aphratmif&if tyifraygufawmhygbl;/
tyifaygufrS ckw&f wmu roufombl;/ tcsed f
vnf;MumNyD; vlvnf;yifyef;ygw,f/ opfyif
wpfyifukd tudik ;f uae ckwv f zJS q
Ydk &kd if renf;udk
BudK;pm;&ygw,f/ rsdK;aphudk zsufqD;vdkufNyD
qdkawmh wpfcsufwnf;eJY udpöNyD;oGm;ygw,f/
tjrpfjywfNyDqdk&if b,favmufBuD;wJh tyif
jzpfygap qufvuf r&SifoefEdkifawmhygbl;/
'gaMumifh avmukw&å mr*fÓPf[m tifrwefrS
tpGr;f xufjrufNy;D tiftm;vnf; aumif;ygw,f/
r*fÓPf&JU tpGrf;
60 "r®'lwa'gufwmt&Sifyndó&
b0gb0u jyKcJhvdkY ajrmufrsm;pGmaom
uHawG[m ode;f oef;ru toacst F eEÅ jzpfae
wmyg/ b0aygif;rsm;pGmu aygif;pkvmwJuh aH wG
rSm aumif;uHawGvnf;&Sdygw,f/ qdk;uHawG
vnf; &Sdygw,f/
aumif;uHqdk;uH trsdK;rsdK;wdkYudk wpfcsuf
wnf;eJY y,fzsuEf ikd f &Si;f vif;okwo
f ifEikd w
f m[m
avmukw&å mr*fÓPf&UJ tpGr;f yg/
tqufrjywf vnfywfaewJh oHo&mBu;D
&yf o G m ;wJ h t xd u d k tpG r f ; xuf y gw,f /
avmukw&å m r*fÓPf wpfcsuaf y:vdu k w f meJY
uHawG tukev f ;Hk &Si;f oGm;ygw,f/ AvyGjzpfaewJh
bk e f ; BuD ; wd k Y b0aygif ; rsm;pG m u pk x m;vd k Y
awmif y k H & myk H j zpf a e wJ h uH a wG a Mumif h
quf v uf v nf y wf r ,f h oH o &mc&D ;
t&S d e f t [k e f u d k &yf w ef Y o G m ;apyg w,f /
aumif ; usd K ;qd k ; usd K ; trsd K ;rsd K ;ud k cH p m;vd k Y
ay;qyf&r,fhta<u; 61 62 "r®'lwa'gufwmt&Sifyndó& ay;qyf&r,fhta<u; 63

rukeaf tmif jzpfapwJh uHawG[m avmukw&å m
r*f Ó Pf e J Y &S i f ; vd k u f & if wpf c suf w nf ; eJ Y
ajymif&iS ;f oGm;ygw,f/
aomwmywård *fjzpf&if ckepfb0yJ useyf g
awmhw,f/ aomwmywådr*f wpfBudrfjzpfvdkuf
wmeJY r*f&&So d rl mS b0awGtrsm;Bu;D enf;oGm;
ygw,f/ avmukw&å mr*fjzpfwhJ aomwmywård *f
ray:ao;vd&Yk &dS if w&m;rjrifao;wJh omrefvl
wpfa,muf&JU b0oHo&m[m b,fESpfb0
qdw
k m bke;f Bu;D wdYk y&dowf wGuv f Ykd a&vdaYk wmif
r&Edik yf gbl;/ rSe;f qvdaYk wmif r&ygbl;/
twdik ;f rodrsm;jym;vSwu hJ aH wGukd wpfxikd f
wnf;rSm r*fwpfcgav;ay:½keH YJ ckepfb0yJuseaf p
w,fqw kd hJ pGr;f tm;owå[
d m tm;&p&mBu;D yg/
ou'g*grdr*fjzpf&if umrbkrH mS usiv
f nf
p&m wpfb0om useyf gawmhw,f/ tem*grdr*f
jzpf&if umrbkHrSm aemufxyf wpfb0jzpfp&m
awmif r&Sdawmhygbl;/ &[EÅmjzpfoGm;&ifawmh
'Db0rSmwif udpöjywfoGm;ygw,f/ oHo&m
tvnf&yfomG ;ygw,f/
w&m;usifhw,fqdkwm oHo&mudkvnf;
jzwfay;? uHawG&o
dS rQuvkd nf; jzwfawmufay;
wJ h r*f Ó Pf a y:atmif v d k Y
usifhBuHtm;xkwfaeMu &wmyg/
uHa<uG;qyfrS
tusKd ;ay;vmr,fh uHawG&adS ew,fq&kd if
wpfcsed cf sed rf mS jyefqyf&r,fh ta<u;awG,x l m;
wmeJ Y wl y gw,f / ,l x m;wJ h uH a <u;awG
tukefvkH;&Sif;jywf ta<u;qyfEdkifygrS b0opf
b0a[mif; aygif;vmr,fhuHawG tukefvkH;
jzwfawmufEikd yf grS edAmÁ efa&mufrmS yg/ uHawGukd
csUJ xGiaf y;aewJh t0dZmÆ eJwY PSm acgif;raxmifEikd ?f
jyef r ay:Ed k i f a tmif uH a wG
tusd K ;ay;cG i f h r &S d a tmif usif h B uH E d k i f r S
edAÁmefa&mufMurSmyg/ aomwmyef jzpfvnf;
ck e pf b 0 usef a o;w,f q d k & if ed A Á m ef
ra&mufao;ygbl;/ uHa<u;awG qyf&ygOD;r,f/
bke;f Bu;D wdYk omrmefyxk Zk OfawGq&kd ifjzifh ajymrae
eJ Y a wmh b,f E S p f b 0usef a o;w,f q d k w m
rwGuEf ikd ?f rajymEdik ?f rodEikd Mf uygbl;/
qyf & r,f h uH a <u;awG raMurcsif ; ?
a<u;pm&if;awG rjywfrcsif; oHo&mqif;&J
b0qif;&JawGukd &ifqikd Mf u&OD;rSmyg/
a&S;u uHa[mif;awGaMumifv h nf; b0aygif;
rsm;pGm tusdK;ay;awGvmOD;r,f/ tck topf
topf jyKaewJh uHawGaMumifv h nf; tusKd ;ay;
awG xyf w d k ; vmOD ; r,f / aygif ; vd k u f a wmh
renf;raem rukeEf ikd b
f ;l vdYk xif&wJh uHa<u;awG
taotcsm &Sad eMuygw,f/
b,ftcsed u
f s&if ta<u;jywf&iS ;f vJqakd wmh
r*fÓPf zdv
k Ó
f Pf ay:vmrS &Si;f Edik yf gvdrrhf ,f/
tJ'aD wmh ta&;Bu;D wmu edAmÁ ef&zkYd qdw
k hJ
ae&mrSm uHa<u;jywfatmifvyk rf S jzpfygr,f/
uH a <u;aMurS ed A Á m ef 0 if E d k i f M uygvd r f h r ,f / tajccHum usifhBuHyGm;rsm; tm;xkwf&r,fvdkY
w&m;tvkyf tm;xkwfwm[m uHa<u;awGudk oabmaygufNyD; usifhBuHEdkifMuojzifh? BudK;pm;
&Si;f jzwfaewJt
h vkyf jzpfygw,f/ tm;xkwEf ikd Mf uojzifh 'kuN© ird ;f &mtrSef jrwfeAd mÁ ef
udk vsifjrefpGm vG,fulpGmESifh &Edkifa&mufEdkif
ÓPfet
YJ a<u;G qyf rsuf a rS m uf j yKEd k i f M uygapuk e f o wnf ; vd k Y
b0trsKd ;rsKd ;rSm yko
H P²meftrsKd ;rsKd ;eJY aumif; vdu
k f qkawmif;&if;eJY w&m;ed*;Hk csKyMf uygpd/Yk
raumif;vdkufjzpfatmif zefwD;wwfwJhuH?
aumif;wpfcg qdk;wpfvSnfh? qdk;wpfcg aumif;
wpfvSnfhqdkNyD; ½IyfaxG;ayGvDaewJh uHawGudk "r®'lw a'gufwmt&Sifyndó&
&Si;f ay;rSm[m r*fÓPfom jzpfygw,f/ 1369-ckESpf? wydkYwGJvqef;(10)&uf

r*fÓPfuom 'kur© sKd ;pkH jyóemaygif;pkH

awG ½IyfaxG;vdrfywfaewJh 'Db0? 'ku©awG
trsKd ;rsKd ; tzkzH eHk YJ cavmufqef vSnv
hf nfae&wJh
'DoHo&mu xkwfaqmif u,fwifEdkifygw,f/
oHo&m'ku© tvnftywf b,fusawmhrS
&yfrmS vJq&kd if r*fÓPfay:rS &yfomG ;ygvdrrhf ,f/
r*fÓPfay:atmifvdkY 0dyóemÓPf