Ashley Zirman 3/11/14 Enc 1102

Introduction

Speech therapy is a field of work that helps indi iduals with multiple speech pro!lems impro e their speakin" a!ility# $hen speech pro!lems are disco ered in one%s childhood& parents often !rin" their child to a speech therapist# 'or this reason& lar"e portions of speech therapy clients are children# In "eneral& children ha e a tendency to find focusin" difficult& makin" the work a speech therapist does difficult# 'or years& speech therapists ha e !een lookin" for ways to make speech therapy more effecti e for children# (ultiple studies ha e !een on the effects of usin" interacti e "ames and tools with children in ol ed in speech therapy# )efore computers !ecame popular& researchers focused on how interacti e ta!letop educational "ames affected a student%s learnin"# As technolo"ical ad ancements made ideo "ames and computers more afforda!le& howe er& researchers and e*perts shifted towards how much interacti e computer and ideo "ames !enefited a student%s learnin"# In addition to this& researchers wanted to e aluate how the traditional ways of learnin"& or +the ta!letop method,& compared to the new interacti e "ames found in computer and a ideo "ame consul# - erall& researchers found computer and ideo "ames to !e most effecti e# .owe er& researchers often came to the "eneral conclusion that any interacti e tool !enefited the student#

Annotations Article 1/ A (odel for 0reatin" 1oice 2isorders in School3A"e 4hildren within a 1ideo 5amin" En ironment A ery crucial part of speech therapy is what the student does to practice the skills they learned at home# .owe er& it is ery difficult for the student to find the moti ation to practice this skill# 0he animated "raphics and interactions in ideo "ames encoura"e stimulation& which impro es "enerali6ation# 0his introduced a whole new area of ideo "ames called +serious "amin",# 0he use of ideo "ames has !een used in different areas of the medical field# Althou"h researched shows the "amers achie e hi"her self3 efficiency& there are also limitations# 0heir story line in these "ames is often !land# Additionally& special e7uipment must !e used and the therapist must !e present durin" "amin" to make sure the e*ercise is !ein" done ri"ht# A "ame called -pera Slin"er was de eloped at the 8ni ersity of 4entral 'lorida# 0wo "ame pro"rammers and fi e a era"e participants used the "ame# 0he third time the "ame was used !y a child who had a oice disorders# Each time the "ame was tested& the "ame was modified to make the "ame more efficient# At the end of the testin" period& the researches came to the came to the conclusion that the "ame is more effecti e when the storyline is more interestin" to the student# 0he modified "ame had a more comple* story plot# 0his story plot captures the student%s interest& which moti ates them to complete the tasks# As the student complete these tasks& the "ames uses tactics that is used in other learnin" "ames on the market today# 0hese tactics include task oriented clear "oals& pro idin" feed!ack& in ol ement& and

alterin" the amount of time in the "ame# 0his made the researchers come to the conclusion that a purely entertainin" ideo "ame is a "ood means of implementin" speech therapy# Althou"h serious "amin" is !ecomin" a si"nificant tool in speech therapy& many do not take in effect how entertainin" the "ame itself is# )y makin" the "ame more entertainin" the student can !ecome e en more successful#

Annotation 92/ Speech de elopment of autistic children !y interacti e computer "ames Speech difficulties are one of the main pro!lems with indi iduals dia"nosed with Autism# 0he researchers wanted to e*plore the e*tent to how well computer "ames would help Autism patients com!ined with traditional speech therapy strate"ies# )ecause those dia"nosed with Autism find it difficult to focus on one area for too lon"& it is normally difficult to use traditional speech therapy strate"ies with those dia"nosed with Autism# 0he E3"ame de eloped is ery fast paced# In addition& child who makes unintelli"i!le sounds will try to produce clear words to communicate to the computer# 0he instructions of the "ame are also ery simple# 0he researchers find that computer "ames are ery successful means of speech therapy for those with Autism# 0he "ame allows the patients to feel more comforta!le than if they were with a therapist# 0here is a feelin" of :safety% !ecause the students are not playin" with humans# 0he "ame allows the child to !e in control of the action3 not the therapist# 4hildren with Autism make up a wide percenta"e of speech therapy patients# .owe er& not many indi iduals tailor their lesson plans to fit their needs# 4omputer "ames mi"ht !e an easy and cost efficient way to fi* this#

Annotation 93/ 8se of 4omputer3assisted technolo"ies to enhance social& communities and lan"ua"e de elopment in children with Autism Spectrum 2isorders 0he technolo"ical ad ancement made in the past decades ha e allowed comple* computer "ames !e put out the pu!lic# 0here ha e !een many studies that ha e !een shown that computer "ames successfully help children with multiple pro!lems# 0he success can also !e seen throu"h multiple !lo"s from parents who document the success with children with AS2# )ut the crucial 7uestion is& is 4A0 really more efficient than traditional methods; 0his article discusses how those dia"nosed with AS2 <Autism Spectrum 2isorder= can !e helped with usin" 4A0 <computer !ased technolo"y= the article !reaks down how 4A0 helps those with AS2 in four different areas/ lan"ua"e& emotional reco"nition& theory of mind& and social skills# 0he researchers found that there are a few flaws with the 4A0# 0here are not many "ames yet that is made with those who ha e AS2& and therefore ha e limitations# 'or e*ample& some pro"rams ha e sounds that mi"ht produce undesira!le !eha ior# In addition& the many "ames do not encoura"e "enerali6ation like many traditional methods do# .owe er& if used and de eloped properly& 4A0 can !e an effecti e method for those who ha e AS2# Annotation 94/ Speech "ames and therapy ideas/ It is difficult for some speech therapists to "rasp the idea that "ames can !e helpful for those with those with speech issues compared to traditional methods# .owe er& if "ames are used in the ri"ht format& they can !e helpful to practice newly learned sounds# Some "ames that the researcher found helpful in particular was the paper cut "uessin" "ame and pe" !oard "ame# In the pe" !oard "ame "ame& the child can do somethin" with their

hands to keep them entertained# Annotation/ 9>/ Speech3ena!led card "ames for incidental oca!ulary ac7uisition in a forei"n lan"ua"e (any people attri!ute speech therapy with only learnin" how to pronounce sounds# (any indi iduals for"et that many indi iduals in speech therapy are "ettin" to know the lan"ua"e itself as well# In the paper& the researchers sou"ht to see if an online interacti e card "ame would help a patient learn the forei"n lan"ua"e more easily# 0he researchers created a card "ame called $orld $ar# 0he "ame was different then a traditional card "ame !ecause it was online# It had a speakin" mode that allowed the user to mo e the cards and a listenin" mode where the computer "a e instructions to the user in the forei"n lan"ua"e and speaker had to mo e the mouse manually and comply# 0hey also used a traditional card "ame# 0hey had the students use the pro"ram twice a week for four weeks# 0he researchers found that all three systems were effecti e# 0here was less than a fi e percent difference in the pre and post3 test in each system# .owe er& in a sur ey the students reported that they en?oyed the $orld $ar "ame more# 0his study shows a completely different !ut acti e part of speech therapy# It demonstrates that interacti e "ames can help the reader learn the lan"ua"e itself# Annotation 9@/ Speech practice patterns of children with speech sound disorders/ the impact of parental record keepin" and computer3led practice 0here ha e !een many studies that ha e shown that those who attempt to master speech therapy skills at home show "reater impro ement# )oth parent in ol ement and the use of the computer are useful tools used at home to help the child practice# .owe er& which tool is more important; 0he study done was !roken in two parts# 2urin" the first

part& the parent read sound words to the child and the child had to interact with the parent# 2urin" the second phase& the child did the same pro"ram on a power point pro?ect# 0he difference the system used automatic the on"oin" tar"et& and animations to keep the participant en"a"ed in the pro"ram# - erall& the researchers found !oth means to !e helpful# .owe er& they found that !oth the child and the parent preferred the computer3 !ased pro"ram# 0hey found that the computer pro"ram had instilled more moti ation& independence& and confidence than the parent3!ased acti ity had# 0his study was uni7ue !ecause instead of attemptin" to find how much a computer3!ased acti ity impro ed a student%s speech they also compared it to another !i" factor3 parent in ol ement#

Annotation 9A/ 4omputer3assisted trainin" of phonemeB"rapheme correspondence for children who are deaf and hard of hearin"/ Effects on phonolo"ical processin" skills (any children who are deaf and ha e !ad hearin" "o to speech therapy to impro e their lan"ua"e# 0he researchers decided to do a study that would look at the effects of a computer3assisted pro"ram that would help their phonolo"ical processin" skills# 0he study used forty3se en children of fi e to se en years of a"e# 4hildren performed tasks that would measure their le*ical access& phonolo"ical processin"& and letter knowled"e# All children then had to practice 10 minutes a day at home with a parent# At the end of the study those who didn%t ha e hearin" aids outdid the tasks than those who did& howe er& all children impro ed their accuracy in phonemeB"rapheme correspondence and output phonolo"y !ecause of the computer "ame system#

Annotation 9C/ A comparison !etween computer and ta!letop deli ery of phonolo"y

therapy In the past ten years& the software industry has e*panded to help those children who ha e lan"ua"e difficulties# .owe er& many e*perts wondered if these pro"rams could !e replaced from traditional ta!letop methods of therapy and still ha e the same result# 0here is a si"nificant need to know if the software method is really helpin" and if it causin" any pro!lems in the child%s learnin"# 0he researcher states that althou"h software can pro ide speech therapists with new stimulatin" tools& it should not !e assumed that software methods are automatically !etter than the traditional ta!le top methods# 0he study looks at children who ha e phonolo"ical impairment <or DI= the study then compares these children who ha e !een e*posed to traditional methods and computer3assisted therapy and another "roup who had no therapy# 0he aim of the study was to keep it constantE so one "roup did not ha e more of an ad anta"e than the other# 0o come to the conclusion& the students were "i en a $ilco*on Si"ned ranks test that would show the impro ement made within each "i en "roup# 0he results of the study demonstrated that there was no statistically drastic difference !etween the ta!letop and software "roup# A surprisin" find& howe er& is that there was also no si"nificant difference !etween the "roup that had and did not ha e therapy# )efore the study& researchers !elie ed that the "roup of students with some sort of therapy would preform !etter# 0his study is uni7ue the field !ecause it does not assume that an interacti e software pro"ram is more effecti e to traditional methods like most study# It also demonstrates that those who don%t "o to therapy can also impro e#

Annotation 9F/ 0ask settin" at home and in speech and lan"ua"e therapy

(ultiple articles in the speech therapy field mentioned that task settin" at home is a crucial task that needs to !e done in order for the speech3impaired child to impro e# .owe er& many parents find it difficult to moti ate the child to task set# 0he study focuses in tryin" to "et the child task set in their e ery day li es and in speech therapy# 0he researchers attempt to do this !y "i in" the mothers a therapists an interacti e "ame to use to help the child accomplish this task# 0he "ame "i en was either a hint or "uess "ame with picture cards# 0his "ame was used at home and in speech therapy# 0he other "ame was a pin !oard "ame& which was used only in speech therapy# In a speech therapy settin"& the children comin" to them typically ha e a pro!lem with e*pressin" speech and lan"ua"e comprehension# 0herefore& lan"ua"e comprehension and reasonin" is a crucial area of speech therapy# 0he "ames that promote this ser e as a means of therapy# 0his study is uni7ue in the field !ecause it focuses on interacti e "ames !ein" played !oth at home and in a speech therapy atmosphere#

Annotation 910/ Darent3child Interaction <D4I0= in school a"ed children with specific lan"ua"e impairment Darent in ol ement plays a hu"e role in impro in" an indi idual%s lan"ua"e# A type of therapy called Darent3child Interaction therapy <D4I0= has !een de eloped for this ery purpose# 0he purpose of the study was to see how well D4I0 worked <usin" interacti e3"ame like methods= would work with a child%s speech impro ement# 0he D4I0 helped in three different factors/ the num!er of er!al interactions& (G8& and the num!er of parent to child utterances# 0he results of the pattern demonstrate that alterin" the patterns help the child%s lan"ua"e de elopment#

Annotation 911/ 0ools and technolo"ies for computer3aided speech and lan"ua"e therapy Hesearchers are constantly searchin" for interacti e ways to assist those who ha e speech disorders# In the article& the researchers are focusin" on de elopin" an interacti e online system that would !enefit youn" people a"es ele en to twenty one# 0he paper then does a study on the effecti eness of this system# $hile creatin" this system& the researchers kept in mind three "eneral areas of dia"nosis and treatment/ ac7uisition of phonatory skill& ac7uisition of the phonetic system of the lan"ua"e& and lan"ua"e understandin"# 0o do the study& the researchers had the youn" speakers utter words usin" onscreen ima"es and te*ts# 0he study found that the tools they had created "reatly !enefited the student# 0he A44 system they created allowed an unsuper ised automation of speech therapy for the student# Annotation 912/ Heachin" the Ieediest Dreschoolers 0his article is a case study that focuses on a preschooler named Eric# Eric is one of the many youn" children who are dia"nosed with autism spectrum disorder# 0he author uses her e*perience with needy preschoolers like Eric& and "i es ad ice on how to !est ser e them# As soon as she started treatin" him& she knew she had use different treatment than her less needy and older clients# She told her audience& other speech therapists interested in the topic& that they must !e creati e in order to !e successful# 0he main material the speech therapist used was colorful animated interacti e DowerDoint# She also used the entertainin" child%s we!site D)S#or"# She found that to moti ate !ored students& playin" a purely entertainin" "ame would !oth help students to focus and also to help in the "enerali6ation of lan"ua"e skills in connected speech# 0he speech

therapist%s plan help Eric achie e complyin" with many er!al directions 3> percent of the time# .e successfully re7uested items >0 J of the time# She did this is ei"ht weeks# Annotation 913/ inte"ratin" technolo"y and tar"eted treatment to impro e narrati e production in aphasia/ a case study 'or years& researchers ha e !een preformin" studies that encoura"ed sentence production& !ut ha e tended to focus less on the measura!le effects on multi3sentence production# 0hose dia"nosed with aphasia& tend to ha e an e en more difficult time makin" these sounds# 0he researchers hoped that computer software that allowed these patients to interact !y record themsel es and play would !enefit them# 0he researchers found that their sentences impro ed si"nificantly from the pro"ram# 0hey concluded that this pro"ram would !e si"nificantly helpful for helpin" connected speech#

Annotation 914/ Addressing the needs of speakers with longstanding dysarthria: computerized and traditional therapy compared (any indi iduals who "o to speech therapy "o for dysarthria treatment# .owe er& most usually discontinue it when the client reaches a plateau# .owe er& there are si"ned case studies that su""est that speech can impro e with the on"oin" treatment after the onset of the disorder# 0he researchers attempted to compare a study with those who had !een treatin" their dysarthria for money years and compared it to an interacti e computer pro"ram that desi"ned for people who had speech disorders and incorporated motor learnin" practices# 0he technolo"y would also pro ided feed!ack# 0hey com!ined this to a traditional therapy method# 0he researchers found that the computeri6ed technolo"y was an effecti e tool# 0hose who participated spent 3>J more time with the interacti e

technolo"y than the traditional method# Althou"h participants show impro ements in !oth the computer system and interacti e traditional methods& computers could help the client in a cost efficient way that didn%t place hi"h costs on therapy resources# Annotation 91>/ Effects of computer3!ased inter ention throu"h acoustically modified speech <'ast 'or$ord= in se ere mi*ed recepti e3e*pressi e lan"ua"e impairment/ outcomes from a randomi6ed controlled trial# In this study& se enty3se en children a"es si* throu"h ten were put in a research pro?ect that sou"ht to see if the interacti e computer pro"ram 'ast 'or$ord would help them with their speech# ''$ was a computer pro"ram that was desi"ned to help usin" acoustically enhanced speech stimuli# 0he children in this study continued their re"ular speech pro"ram# 0hey only added this computer pro"ram in addition# 0he children were put into three "roups/ 5roup A& 5roup )& and "roup 4# 0hey "a e each "roup a different interacti e computer "ame# 0hey found that each interacti e computer "ame helped the student make impro ements in their lan"ua"e# .owe er& not only pro"ram dominated o er the other#