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QUEED
By
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wa,mufwvSnfhpD zwfMuonf/ odkY&mwGif b,fr*Zif;udrk S rydkYjzpfMu/
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19
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ud0k if;wifu ckwifatmufu vSrf;atmfonf/ ckwifwdkif av;acsmif;atmufwiG f tkwcf Jav;vHk;pD
qif
h xm;ojzifh ckwifu uRefawmfwkdYcg;avmuf jrifah eonf/ ckwifav;bufwGif apmifawG tvHu
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xm;onf/ rD;aeonf acR;atmif;cef;ESifh wlonf/
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]]"mwfyHkul;aewmAs/ tarSmifcef;r&SdvdkY apmifawGumNyD; ul;&wm}}
ud0k if;wifonf ckwifatmufrS xGuv
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ponfhtvkyfawGESifh tcsdefukefaeonf/ ausmif;pmudk [kwyd wd usufonf[l r&Sd/
uRefawmfwdkYESpfa,muf tif;vsm;uefabmifdk;wGif vrf;avQmuf&if; pmaMumif; ayaMumif; aqG;aEG;
Muonf/ a*:uD\ qd&k S,v
f pf okyfazmfpmay? armpDwkef;\ ,iftefpmayrdefYcGef;? csDvD uAsmq&mBuD;
eDl'g? jyifopfuAsmq&mBuD; vl0Dtma&*GefESifh wl&uDuAsmq&mBuD; emZif[pfwrufwYdk\ uAsmrsm;udk
aqG;aEG;Muonf/ uAsmonf awmfveS fa&;twGuf vufeufjzpf&rnf[k olvufcHonf/
1952 aemufydkif;wGif uRefawmf ud0k if;wifESifh odyfrawGUjzpfawmh/ pmayAdrmefwiG f t,f'Dwmvkyf
aeonf[k Mum;vdu
k fonf/ xdYak emuf EdkifiHjcm; owif;XmewGif 0ifvyk fonf/ udak omif;(atmifAv)?
OD;xifBuD; (pmayAdrmef) wdYkESifhtwl owif;"mwfyHkXmewGif vkyfonf/ aemufqk;H vlxkodyu
H srf;rsm;udk
wnf;jzwf yHkESdyf&ef a[mfvefokYd xGufomG ;onf[k Mum;vdku&f onf/ a[mfvefrSae 'dkjynfowif;
trnfjzifh owif;vTmwapmif uRefawmfqaD &mufvmonf/ ]]EdkifiHjcm;a&muf jrefrmausmif;om;awG
owif;iwfvGef;vdkY raeEdkifwmeJY xkwfvdkufwm/ ppfNyD;cgpwkef;u OD;xifBuD; tar&duefukd ynmawmf
oif oGm;wkef;uvJ 'Dvko
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wwfonf/ odY&k mwGif pum;aumif;aumif; ajymcsdefr&/ olonf aMu;rHkwdkufwGif tdyfum aMu;rHk
owif;pmESifh vHk;axG;aeonf/
uRefawmfonf owif;pmavmuxJwGif arsmygoGm;aom ud0k if;wifudkMunfhum ESajrmaeonf/
1962 ckESpfavmufu qdkAD,uf,el D,HrS tjyefwGif urmeDwGif w'*F [laom c&D;oGm;rSww
f rf;
pmtkyfwtkyf xGufvmonf/ olaY &;[efuoGuo
f nf/ owif;pmq&m\ owif;a&;enf;vnf;ygonf/
pma&;q&m\ &otzGJUrsKd;vnf;ygonf/ umwGef;q&m\ cyfMurf;Murf;pkwfcsufESifh yef;csDq&m\ tEk
pdwpf kwcf suf ESpfrsKd;pvH;k ygonfh yef;csDum;rsKd;[k uRefawmfxifonf/ t*gpEdk;? *efompwdef? *Ref*efom
ponfh taemufu owif;pmq&mBuD;rsm;\ owif;ay;enf;rsKd;jzpfonf/
1958 ckESpfavmuf q&maZmf*sDu pmtkyfwtkyf vufaqmifay;bl;onf/ xdkpmtkyfrSm taemufrS
yef;csDa0zefa&;q&m atabmhwfuif a&;onfh ]yef;csDum;udk csOf;uyfavhvmjcif;} qdkonfh pmtkyfjzpf
onf/ uRefawmfu yef;csDukd pdw0f ifpm;olr[kwf/ em;vnf;rvnf/ odY&k mwGif abmhwfuif\pmtkyfukd
zwfMunfh&mwGif yef;csDum;wcsyf\oabmudk cyfa&;a&; oabmaygufvmonf/ [if;vif;jyifta&mif?
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
20
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xm;/ ta&;tom;u &Sif;onf/ uspfvpfonf/zswfvwfonf/ pma&;aeus vlwOD;jzpf&rnf[k
uRefawmf cefYrSef;onf/ ] b0wuodkvf} u xGufvmawmhrS udk0if;wifjzpfaMumif; od&onf/
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tuESifh obiftaMumif;udkvnf; zwfaumif;atmif a&;wwfonf/
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4
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21
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1-5-74
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35
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
37
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
53
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
54
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*'g;em; csm;vfpftif'gqif (1819-97)/ / emrnfausmf tar&duef owif;pmq&m/ t,f'Dwm/
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jzpfonf/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
55
0ufpfonf ydk tljrL;csifvmonf/
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ydkpfhowif;pmonf orPd&Snfaom owif;pmjzpfonf/ 1846 rSp raeYwaeYutxd rdom;pkydkif
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twGuf wdkuyf GJ0ifonf/
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
56
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tm;jynfh rmefjynfh axmufcHcJhonf/ abmfaiGowK vGwfvyfcGifhudk rsufpdrSdwf vufcHcJhonf/
bdkif,ef0g' wdkufyGJwGif ]yHkrSef} aecJhonf/
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yd
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vmcsdefwGif ydkif&SifwkYd aiGrvdkufEdkifawmhacs/ ydkpfhowif;pm\ arSmifrJaomaeYrsm;/
*jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;umvwGif ajrmufydkif;rS awmifydkif;odkY udk,fusKd;&Sm&ef qif;vmolwdkYudk
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odY0k ifonfh awmifydkif;om;vljzLrsm;udk pumvm 0uf*&Drsm;[k ac:onf/
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'Drdku&ufwpfygwD orwavmif;tjzpf orwa&G;aumufyGJ Edkifonf/ vlxkrJ tom&aomfvnf;
rJqEe,frJwiG f wrJwnf; uyfHI;onf/
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vlxkrJ HI;NyD; rJqEe,frJ wrJwnf;uyfEdkifum orwjzpfvmol/
^ûvDAvif? pwDzif*dkAm(1873-1908)/ / 22 BudrfESifh 24 Budrfajrmuf tar&dueforw
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EdkifiHwum ukefo,
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&DywfbvpfuefygwDESifh vkyfief;&Sifrsm;u taumuftcGef jrifhrm;pGm pnf;MuyfNyD; jynfyukefo,
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vGwfvyfpGm '*Fg;oGef;vkyfa&; tpDtpOf/ EdkifiH\aiGaMu;udk a&Tjzifhomru aiGjzifhvnf; ausmaxmuf
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wpfygwD nDvmcHwGif abmfaiGowK vGwfvyfcGifhbufrS &yfwnfvsuf ygwDorwavmif;tjzpf a&G;
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57
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xdo
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vrf;wGif b,facG;ESifhrQ 0ifrwd;k rdojzifh ykdpfhowif;pmwdkufodkY qdu
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f nf/
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
78
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
79
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[105 / (X - 2)] [105 / X] = 6
105X - 105X + 210 = 6X' - 12X
6X' - 12X = 210
6 X'- 12 X -210 = 0
X' -2 X - 35 = 0
(X -7) (X +5) = 0
X = 7 odkYr[kwf -5
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
92
[yfZav? aomrwf[ife&D (1825-95) / / t*Fvyd f owaA' ynm&Sif/ pma&;q&m/ 'g0if\
rdwaf qG/ 'g0if 0g'udk ESpfESpfumum axmufcHol/ odyHynmudk aqmif;yg;rsm;? a[majymcsufrsm;jzifh
vlodrsm;atmif yGJxkwaf y;cJhonf/
'g0if? csm;vfpfa&mbwf (1809-82) / / t*Fvyd f obm00wKynm&Sif/ pma&;q&m/ vlonf
arsmufu qif;oufcJhonf[l omreftm;jzihf vlNydef;em;vnfaom tqihfqihf wd;k wufajymif;vJrI
oabmw&m;udk oufaoxkwfcJhol/ urmudk udkifvIyfcJhaom rsdK;&if;rsm;\ rlvtp (1890)
vlqif;oufaygufzGm;rI (1871) pmtkyfrsm;udk a&;om;cJhonf/
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vkyfief;wm0efonf vlyk*dKvfwOD;pD\ aumif;usdK;udk aqmif&Guf&efjzpfonf[al om oabmxm;udk
udik fpGJonf/ vGwfvyfpGm awG;BuHcGifh? ajymqdkcGifhudk ydwfyifonhf tpdk;&vkyfief;rsm;udk vufrcH/ 1850
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a&;om;cJhonfh pmtkyfrsm;teuf *E0ifajrmuf pmtkyfjzpfonf/
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usdK;aMumif;qufpyfrI 0g'udk vufrcH/ bmoma&;udk ypfy,fonf/
zpf?*Ref (1842-1901) / / tar&duef 'eynm&Sif/ ordkif; ynm&Sif/ tqihfqifh
wd;k wufajymif;vJrI oabmw&m;ESihf c&pf,meft,l0g'udk &ifMum;aphay;cJhonf/ 1800 jynfhESpfrsm;\
aemufydkif;wGif tar&duef ynmwwf avmuwGif MoZmvTrf;rkd;cJhol jzpfonf/
EdkifirH sm;\ "etiftm; / / pmtkyftrnf tjynfph HkrSm EdkifiHrsm;\ "etiftm;\ oabmobm0ESihf
taMumif;&if;rsm;udk pl;prf;avhvmjcif; jzpfonf/ pD;yGm;a&; aA'ynm&Sif t'rfprpf (1723-90)
a&;om;cJhonfh urmausmf abm*aA' ynmpmtkyf/ 1500 ckESpf ywf0ef;usifwiG f acwfpm;cJhaom
jynfyodYk ukefrsm;rsm;ydkY? jynfwGif;odkY ukefavsmhoGif;qdkonhf rmuifwkid f 0g'udk ypfy,f
a0zewdkucf dkufNyD; pD;yGm;a&;wGif tpdk;& vH;k 0 0ifrpGwfa&; (avZdzJ,m;) 0g'\ MoZm&Sdaom
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
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118
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(19)
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148
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149
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
151
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(20)
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152
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jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
205
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216
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wESpf ukefrvm;?
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trSefw&m; wkdYbufrSm&Sdw,f/
jynfoltrsm; wkdYbufrSm&Sdw,f/
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odMu&JUvm;... [m; [m; [m; [m;/
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(poem - from Moemaka Media)
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txufyg uAsmESifh ausmrsufESm "mwfyHkwdkYtm; rdk;rcrD'D,mrS ul;,lygonf/


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