BOUNDARY LAYER

Qualitative Aspects of Viscous Flow

Viscous flow ?
Aliran dimana efek viskositas, konduksi termal
dan difusi masa penting.
n
n
V
V
Separation
point
t
Efek viskositas pada benda dalam aliran fluida: shear stress dan separated flow
Qualitative Aspects of Viscous Flow
Qualitative Aspects of Viscous Flow
Adverse
pressure
gradient
p
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
1
S
2
S
3
Fluid
element
V
1
V
2
V
3
Reversed
flow
Separated flow disebabkan oleh adverse pressure gradient
Reserved flow-separated flow-wake
Qualitative Aspects of Viscous Flow
p
S
Separated flow
Attached flow
Skematik distribusi tekanan untuk attached dan separated flow pada bagian atas airfoil
Efek viskositas:
1. D
f
: skin friction drag yaitu komponen dari integral shear stress di seluruh permukaan
benda yang searah dengan drag.
2. D
p
: pressure drag karena separasi aliran yaitu komponen dari integral distribusi tekanan
di seluruh permukaan benda yang searah dengan drag.

Thermal conduction
Viscous dissipation

Gesekan kecepatan (energi kinetik) berkurang energi dalam fluida naik
temperatur naik beda temperatur perpindahan panans


Qualitative Aspects of Viscous Flow
n
V
laminar
turbulent
laminar turbulent
Skematik profil kecepatan aliran laminar
dan turbulent
laminar
0
turbulent
0
(

|
.
|

\
|
c
c
)
(

|
.
|

\
|
c
c
= = n n
n
V
n
V
Laminar or Turbulent?
Qualitative Aspects of Viscous Flow

V

V
p
f
D D D + =
p
f
D D ))
Slender body Blunt body
f
p
D D ))
Laminar flow desirable Turbulent flow desirable
Qualitative Aspects of Viscous Flow
laminar Turbulent
Transition
region
cr
X

V
Transition point
Kontrol transition region:
1. Menambah kekasaran permukaan, mempercepat transisi dari laminar ke turbulen
2. Meningkatkan turbulensi di free stream
3. Adverse pressure gradient, memicu separasi aliran dan selanjutnya mempercepat transisi.
4. Heating and cooling. Heating permukaan menyebabkan aliran panas ke fluida sehingga terjadi
instabilitas aliran laminar . Transisi lebih cepat tercapai. Cooling menimbulkan efek sebaliknya.
Qualitative Aspects of Viscous Flow
a b
y y
( ) y u u =
yx
t
y
q
( ) y T T =
Viscosity and thermal conduction
y
u
yx
c
c
= t
Tegangan geser pada bidang ab,
yx
t
Laju konduksi panas persatuan luas melewati bidang ab,
y
T
k q
y
c
c
=
110
110
2
1
+
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
T
T
T
T
o
o o

Sutherlands law for air

p
c k
for air standard cond.
p
c k 45 1. =
y
x
Boundary Layer Properties
Velocity
profile
Temperature
profile

T
w w
T T V = = , 0
y
x
w
t
w
q
o
T
o
e
u u =
e
T T =
w
w
y
u
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
= t
Tegangan geser pada dinding,
w
t
Laju konduksi panas persatuan luas,
w
w
y
T
k q
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
( ) ( ) x q q x
w w w w
= = dan t t
} |
|
.
|

\
|
=
-
1
0
1
y
e e
dy
u
u

o
Displacement thickness
1
y y =
0 = y
dy
u

e
u
e

}
=
1
0

y
dy u A
A= actual mass flow between 0 and y
1
B= hypothetical mass flow between 0 and y
1
if
boundary layer

not present


}
=
1
0

y
e e
dy u B ( )
}
=
1
0

y
e e
dy u u A B
Missing mass flow

A B u
e e
=
-
o
( )
}
=
- 1
0

y
e e e e
dy u u u o
Missing mass flow
} |
|
.
|

\
|
=
-
1
0
1
y
e e
dy
u
u

o
e
u
e

1
y
streamline
1
y
1
e
u
e

Hypothetical flow (inviscid)

Actual flow w/ boundary layer)

2
-
o
o
dy u m
e e
1, station at =
-
}
+ = o
e e
y
u dy u m 2, station at
1
0

-
} }
+ = o
e e
y y
e e
u dy u dy u tube, stream
1 1
0 0
} |
|
.
|

\
|
=
-
1
0
1
y
e e
dy
u
u

o
Boundary Layer Properties
Boundary Layer Properties
s
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
} 1
0
1
, thickness Momentum
1
y dy
u
u
u
u
y
e e e
o

u
dy u u dm dy
2
across flow Momentum A = = =
1
y y =
0 = y
dy
u

e
u
e

( )
e e
u udy u dm
dm

mass with associated ocity vel
stream free at flow Momentum B
= =
=
( ) dy u u u
dm
e

mass with associated flow momentum Missing A - B
=
=

( )
}
=
1
y
0

mass with associated flow momentum missing Total
dy u u u
dm
e

flow momentum Missing
e
u
e
u =
( )
}
}
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
1
1
y
0
y
0
1

dy
u
u
u
u
u
dy u u u u
e e e
e e e

u
u
Boundary Layer Equations
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
' c
' c
+
' c
' c
'
' c
c
+
' c
' c
=
' c
' c
' ' +
' c
' c
' '

y
u
x
v
y x
p
M y
u
v
x
u
u

Re
1 1
2
Persamaan momentum non dimensi searah sumbu x
(Navier-Stokes Eq.)
c adalah panjang plat dan boundary layer adalah sangat tipis,
c (( o
( ) ( )
0 =
c
c
+
c
c
y
v
x
u
Persamaan kontinyuitas, steadi 2-D flow,
( ) ( )
0 =
' c
' ' c
+
' c
' ' c
y
v
x
u
Bentuk tak berdimensi
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) o
o

0 atau
0 1 0 dan 1 0 sama yang hal , 1 0
layer boundary pinggir di 1 dan dinding di 0 , bervariasi
= '
= ' = ' = ' = '
'
y
c
y x u
u
,
( ) | | ( ) | |
( )
( ) | || |
( )
( ) o
o
0 , 0
0
1 0
1 0
1 0 1 0
as kontinyuit persamaan
= =
'
+ v
v
Order of magnitude
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ + = +
=
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ + = +

2
2
2
2
2 2
1
0 1 0 0 1 0
1
1 0 1 0
0
1
1
0 1 0
1
1 0
1
1 0 1 0
momentum persamaan
o
o

o
o
M
M
Re
Re
|
.
|

\
|
' c
' c
'
' c
c
|
|
.
|

\
|

x
v
y

Re
1
kecil
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
|
|
.
|

\
|
' c
' c
'
' c
c
+
' c
' c
=
' c
' c
' ' +
' c
' c
' '

y
u
y x
p
y
u
v
x
u
u
y
u
y x
p
M y
u
v
x
u
u

berdimensi iabel bentuk var
1 1
momentum persamaan
2
Re
Persamaan momentum searah sumbu y
(Navier-Stokes Eq.)
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
' c
' c
+
' c
' c
' c
c
+
' c
' c
=
' c
' c
' ' +
' c
' c
' '
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c

y
u
x
v
x y
p
M y
v
v
x
v
u
y
u
x
v
x y
p
y
v
v
x
v
u

Re
1 1
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0
0 1 0
1
1
0 0 0
1
0 0
magnitude of order
2
2
2
=
c
c
=
' c
' c
=
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ +
' c
' c
= +

y
p
y
p
M
y
p
M
o

o
o o

o o
,
Persamaan energi
0 =
c
c
y
p
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
y
u
y x
p
y
u
v
x
u
u
( ) ( )
0 =
c
c
+
c
c
y
v
x
u
Boundary layer equations
kontinyuitas
Momentum arah x
Momentum arah y
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
y
u
x
p
u
y
T
k
y y
h
v
x
h
u
Boundary Layer Equations