PENGANTAR ILMU BIOKIMIA. Oleh H.Mohammad Hanafi,MBBS, dr, MS.

Dosen Ilmu Biokimia FK UAIR

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Ilmu Biokimia :
mempelajari macam-macam molekul yang ada di dalam sel mahluk hidup dan organisme dan reaksi-reaksi kimia yang terjadi diantara molekul-molekul tersebut. Ilmu Biokimia dapat perkawinan antara ilmu kimia dan ilmu biologi.

Ilmu yang memperhatikan (concerned) dengan ilmu kimia dasar dari kehidupan (the chemical basis of life)
Two notable breakthroughs in the history of biochemistry

(1) Discovery of the role of enzymes as catalysts (2) Identification of nucleic acids as information molecules Flow of information: from nucleic acids to proteins
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DNA

RNA

Protein

Manusia organ ( otak, mata, organ-organ pencernaan, paru, jantung, ginjal, organ-organ reprodiksi, dan lainnya) Organ jaringan, Jaringan sel

Organism, Organ, Cell

Organism
n Orga

The Cell
The ER modifies proteins, makes macromolecules, and transfers substances throughout the cell. Ribosome translates mRNA into a polypeptide chain (e.g., a protein).

Nucleus only in eukaryotic cells. Contains most of the cell's genetic material.

Mitochondrion manufactures adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used as a source of energy.

circa 100 trillion (1014) cells in a human organism 200 different forms of cells
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Fig 1.15 (a) Eukaryotic cell (animal)

Fig 1.13 Structure of a biological membrane

A lipid bilayer with associated proteins

Sel ada organel, supra molekul (ribosom, enzim), makromulekul (polisakarida, polipeptida), building block (asam amino, glukosa, asam lemak, deoksinukleotida, ribonukleotida dll) metabolit (asam piruvat, asam sitrat, asetoasetil-KoA, asam urat dll).

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Precursor adalah suatu senyawa yang dianggap dapat sebagai tanda adanya kehidupan di suatu planet Bahannya yg dianalisa adalah udara (H2O, N2, CO2, NH3 dan O2)
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Manusia tersusun atas : (1)bahan organik, protein 15%, lipid 15% dan karbohidrat 5%, (2) bahan anorganik 5% berat badan. (a) kation, Na+, K, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe, Zn2+, Cu2+ dll. (b) anion Cl-, HCO3-, SO42-, H2P2O42- dll.
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Karbohidrat Senyawa polihidroksi aldehid atau polihidroksi keton.

(1). Monosakarida (Cn H2n On ): Jumlah atom CAldehid Keton Triose (3) Gliserose Dihidroksi aseton Tetrose (4) Eritrose Eritrulose Pentose (5) Ribose Ribulose Heksose (6) Glukose Fruktose
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CHO C C C C OH H

H HO H H

2 3 4 5 6

D-glucose

OH (linear form) OH

CH2OH
6 CH2OH

6 CH2OH

H
4

O H
2

H OH
3

H
1

H
4

O H
2

OH
1

H OH
3

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

-D-glucose

-D-glucose
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Disakarida { Cn (H2O)n-1 }: Sukrose (glukose dan fruktose) Laktose (glukose dan galaktose) Maltose (dua glukose)

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(3). Oligosakarida ( 4 10 mono sakarida ) (4). Polisakarida: homopolisakarida, amilum, glikogen, innulin, sellulose dan lainnya heteropolisakarida, chitin, glikoprotein dll.

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CH2OH H OH H CH2OH H OH H OH O H OH H H O H OH CH2OH O H OH H H O H

CH2OH O H OH H O H OH H H OH H OH H 1 O CH2OH O H 2 OH 1 O H H O H 4 OH H H OH H O H

glycogen

H O

6 CH2 H 5 H OH 4 3 H

CH2OH O H OH H H OH OH H

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Lipida Senyawa yang larut dalam pelarut nonpolar. (A). Lipida sederhana 1.triasil gliserol 2.lilin (B). Lipida komplek 1.fosfolipid, lesitin (lechitine) 2.serebrosida, sphingosin 3.lipoprotein (C). Turunan lipid 1.asam lemak 2.gliserol 3.steroid 4.keton bodies

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Asam amino dan Protein Senyawa yang mengandung gugus asam dan amino : H R-C-N H3+ H3+N-C-COOH COOH | R

Asam amino esensial (tikus putih) : Arginine (Arg=R), Histidine (His=H), Isoleucine (Ileu=I), Leucine (Leu=L), Lysine (Lys=K), Phenylalanine (Phe=F), Methionine (Met=M), Threonine (Thr=T), Tryptophan (Try=W) dan Valine (Val=V).
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Asam amino yang lain : Glycine (Gly=G), Alanine (Ala=A), Serine (Ser=S), Tyrosine (Tyr=Y), Cysteine (Cys=C), Aspartic acid (Asp=D), Asparagine (Asn=N), Glutamic acid (Glu=E), Glutamine (Gln=Q), dan Proline (Pro=P).

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Name Glycine Alanine Valine Leucine Isoleucine Histidine Serine Threonine Cysteine Methionine Glutamic Acid Aspartic Acid Lysine Arginine Asparagine Glutamine Phenylalanine Tyrosine Tryptophan Proline Terminator (Stop)

1-letter code G A V L I H S T C M E D K R N Q F Y W P *

Triplet GGT,GGC,GGA,GGG GCT,GCC,GCA,GCG GTT,GTC,GTA,GTG TTG,TTA,CTT,CTC,CTA,CTG ATT,ATC,ATA CAT,CAC TCT,TCC,TCA,TCG,AGT,AGC ACT,ACC,ACA,ACG TGT,TGC ATG GAA,GAG GAT,GAC,AAT,AAC AAA,AAG CGT,CGC,CGA,CGG,AGA,AGG AAT,AAC CAA,CAG TTT,TTC TAT,TAC TGG CCT,CCC,CCA,CCG TAA,TAG,TGA

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Asam amino dapat membentuk polipeptida (protein) dengan ikatan peptida. Pembagian protein : (A).Protein sederhana: albumin, globulin, kollagen, histon da protamin (B).Protein terkonyugasi, nukleoprotein, glikoprotein, lipoprotein, metaloprotein, dan lainnya

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Protein Structure Primary structure is the sequence of the

amino acids in the protein. A change in one amino acid can alter the biochemical behavior of the protein. Secondary structure is the regular arrangement of segments of protein.

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Proteins

Protein Structure

One common secondary structure is the -helix. Hydrogen bonds between N-H bonds and carbonyl groups hold the helix in place.
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Proteins

Protein Structure Tertiary structure is the three

dimensional structure of the protein. Shape of the protein

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Tertiary structure of proteins catalase enzyme

Structure solved using Xray crystallography

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Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids carry genetic information. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acids) have

molecular weights around 6 - 16 106 amu and are found inside the nucleus of the cell. RNA (ribonucleic acids) have molecular weights around 20,000 to 40,000 amu and are found in the cytoplasm outside the nucleus of the cell.
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Nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides. There are three important parts to a nucleic acid: 1 phosphoric acid unit, 2 five carbon sugar (e.g. deoxyribose), and 3 nitrogen containing organic base (e.g. adenine).

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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Nitrogenous base (adenine), sugar (ribose)

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Deoxyadenylic Acid

FG25_030.JPG

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Structure of a Polynucleotide

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Nucleic Acids
DNA

and RNA have different sugars (dexoyribose vs. ribose). There are only five bases found in DNA and RNA:
adenine

(A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T found in DNA only), and uracil (U found in RNA only).
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Nitrogen-Containing Bases

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Nucleic Acids

DNA

consists of two deoxyribonucleic acid strands wound together in a double helix. The phosphate chains are wrapped around the outside of the DNA molecule.

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Complementary base pairs are formed from bases which optimize Hbonding: T and A or C and G. The complementary base pairs are held together by hydrogen bonding. During cell division, the DNA double helix unwinds.

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Complementary Base Pairs

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 A new strand is formed when

bases attach to each strand of the unwinding double helix. Because of the optimized hydrogen bonding, there is only one location for each base.

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Therefore, the order of bases in the new strand is the same as the order of bases in the original strand. This is how genetic information is preserved during cell division DNA structure provides us with the understanding of how protein synthesis occurs, how viruses infect cells, and other biological problems occur.
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FG25_032.JPG

DNA Double Helix

Wassalamuaalikum Wr. Wb.

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