1(a)(i) Second order (ii) First order (b)(i) 22.9 mol-2dm6s-1 (ii) 6.8x10-3moldm-3s-1 2(a) mol(Cl2)=0.4, mol(NOCl)=1.

7 (b)(i) Kc=[NO]2[Cl2]/[NOCl]2 (ii)0.542 (iii) 8.6x10-2mol0.5dm-1.5 3(a) proton donar (b)(i) Ka=[H+][CH3COO-]/[CH3COOH] (ii) 0.238moldm-3 (c)(i) ClCH2COOH --> ClCH2COO- + H+ (ii)Cl is electron-rich and has positive inductive effect on O-H bond in ClCH2COOH. The OH bond in ClCH2COOH is therefore more polar than that in CH3COOH thus it dissociates more readily. (d) A,C,D (e) pH=0.49 4(a) CH3COOCH3+. --> CH3CO+ + .OCH3 (.OCH3 in displayed formula) (b)(i) CH3COCl + AlCl3 --> CH3CO+ + AlCl4(ii) Electrophilic substitution (and draw mechanism) (iii) (CH3CO)2O + C6H6 --> C6H5COCH3 + CH3COOH 5(a)(i) 2-hydroxypropanoic acid (ii) C12H22O11 + H2O --> 4CH3CH(OH)COOH (b)(i) Nucleophilic addition (and draw mech.) (ii) Equal proportions/amounts of each enantiomers in the mixure. (iii) Plane polarised light. Rotated by single enantiomer but not racemic mixture. 5(c)(i) CH3CH(OH)COOH + NaOH --> CH3CH(OH)COONa + H2O (ii) pH=pKa=3.86 (iii) Buffer. Increase in acidity=increase in H+. Equilibrium shifts to the left to remove extra H+. (d)(i) (draw 2 PLA repeating units, find it in the thread) (ii) (poly)ester (iii) (drawing, find the answer in the thread...) (iv) (same as above)

(v) PLA buried so may not have good contact with moist in air 6(a) (not drawing, NH3+ and COO-) (b) (not drawing, COOCH3) (c) (not drawing, COO- for both carboxylic acid groups) (d) (not drawing) 7(a)(i) CCl4/CDCl3 (ii) Four (iii) Triplet (iv) 1,4-dichloro-2,2-dimethlybutane (b)(i) Three (ii) 190-220ppm (iii) hexane-2,5-dione 8(a) Nucleophilic addition-elimination (and draw mechanism), Mpropylethanamide (b)(i) Primary: CH3CH(NH2)CH3, Secondary: NH(CH3CH2)(CH3), Tertiary: N(CH3)3 (ii) Secondary amine has N-H bond while tertiary amine doesn't. Therefore Secondary amine as absorption peak at 3300-3500cm-1 while tertiary amine doesn't. (c)(i) CH3CH2CN Route A: HCN/KCN ethanolic, Ni/H2 or LiAlH4 in dry ether Route B: conc. NH3(aq) in excess (ii) A: two-step mechanism so lower yield/ more time/ higher cost; CN- is toxic B: Further substitution may occur to give by-products 9(a) + inductive effect by alkyl groups on 'b', making lone pair on 'b' more available. - inductive effect by benzene rings on 'a', lone pair electrons delocalised into benzene rings and therefor less available. (c) C19H24N2, 11 peaks