10s:
Regarding phaeochromocytomas:
10% malignant
10% bilateral
10% extra-adrenal
10% calcified
10% children
10% familial (now known to be closer to 25%)
discussed 10 times more often than actually seen!
2Cs:
plus:
2s:
33-92-CHEST:
C - Cyanosis
H - Hypotension
E - Exhaustion or confusion
S - Silent chest
T - Tachycardia or bradycardia
3Ds:
Beck's triad:
3Ps:
Regarding MEN I:
P - Pituitary adenoma
P - Parathyroid hyperplasia
P - Pancreatic tumours
4
4Hs 4Ts:
H - Hypothermia
H - Hypo & hyper-electrolytes
H - Hypovolaemia
H - Hypoxia
4Ts:
T - Thyroid tumour
T - Thymoma
T - Teratoma
T - Terrible Lymphoma
5Ss:
Causes of leucoplakia:
S - Spirits
S - Smoke
S - Sepsis
S - Syphillis
S - Sore teeth
6As:
A - Axial arthropathy
A - Ankylosis
A - Anterior uveitis
A - Apical lung fibrosis
A - Aortic regurgitation
A - Achilles tendonitis
8Ss:
S - Soft
S - Systolic
S - Short
S - Sounds (S1 & S2) normal
S - Symptomless
S - Special tests normal (X-ray, EKG)
S - Standing/ Sitting (vary with
position)
S - Sternal depression
A-B-C-D:
ABC:
ABCD:
In treating hypertension:
A - ACE inhibitors
B - Beta blockers
A&B are usually indicated for under 55 year-olds and C&D are usually indicated for those 55 years or over and black patients.
This is due to the aetiology of hypertension in these groups. When dual therapy is required one from A&B and one from C&D
are usually chosen.
ABCDE:
A - Adenosine
B - Beta-blocker
C - Calcium channel antagonist
D - Digoxin / DC cardioversion
E - Excitation (vagal stimulation)
ABCDEx2:
A - Arrhythmias / Aneurysm
B - Bradycardia / ↓ Blood pressure
C - Cardiac failure / Cardiac tamponade
D - Dressler's syndrome / Death!
E - Embolism / Extra (VSD, papillary muscle rupture)
ACID:
A-I Anaphylaxis
C - II Cytotoxic mediated
Causes of arrhythmias:
A - Atrial myxoma
R - Rheumatic heart disease
HY - HYpertension
TH - THyrotoxicosis
M - Mitral valve dis
I - IHD
AL - ALcohol
ARITHMATIC:
Causes of AF:
A - Alcohol
R - Rheumatic fever
I - Ischaemic heart disease
T - Thyrotoxicosis
H - Hypertension
M - Mitral stenosis / Myocardial infarction / atrial
Myxoma
A - Atrial septal defect
T - Toxins
I - Idiopathic / Infective endocarditis
C - Cardiomyopathy / Constrictive pericarditis
ASD:
ASK ME:
A - Atrial contraction
S - Systole
K - Klosure (closure) of tricuspid valve, so atrial filling
[Larger Image]
CARDIAC RIND:
Causes of pericarditis:
R - Rheumatic fever
I - Injury
N - Neoplasms
D - Dressler's syndrome
CHARM:
C - Carditis
H - Hypothyroidism
A - Albumin ↓
R - Renal failure
M - Meigs' syndrome / Malabsorption
COLD PALMS:
Causes of peripheral cyanosis:
C - Cold
O - Obstruction
L - LVF and shock
D - Decreased cardiac output
COPD:
C - COPD
O - Obesity
P - Pleural, Pericardial effusion
D - Dextrocardia
CREAMS:
C - Congenital
R - Rheumatic fever / Rheumatoid arthritis
E - Endocarditis
A - Aortic dissection / Aortic root dilatation / Ankylosing spondylitis
M - Marfan's syndrome
S - Syphilis
CURB:
C - Confusion
U - Urea
R - Respiratory rate
B - Blood pressure
Side-effects of steroids:
C - Cataracts
U - Ulcers (peptic)
S - Skin (thin, briusing, striae)
H - Hypertension / Hirsuitism / buffalo Hump
I - Infections
N - Necrosis (femoral head AVN)
G - Glycosuria
O - Osteoporosis / Obesity (centripetal & moon face)
I - Immunosuppression
D - Diabetes mellitus
DANISH:
D - Dysdiadochokinesis
A - Ataxia
N - Nystagmus (ipsilateral)
I - Intention tremor
S - Slurred speech
H - Hypotonia / Heel-toe walking impaired
DISK MASS:
M - Metastasis from breast, prostate, lung, thyroid, kidney cancer, Multiple myeloma
A - AAA
S - Slipped disk, Spondylolisthesis
S - Strain, Scoliosis/lordosis, Skin: herpes zoster
DOPES:
The reasons for no palpable apex beat:
DRUMSTICX:
Causes of pericarditis:
D - Dressler's syndrome
R - Rheumatic fever / RA
U - Uraemia
M - MI
S - SLE
T - Trauma
I - Idiopathic
C - Coxsackie virus
X - X–ray
DULL JAM:
D - DM
U - Uraemia
L - Lymphoma
L - Leukaemia
J - Jaundice
A - Anaemia
M - Myxoedema
ELEVATION:
Causes of ST elevation:
E - Electrolyte imbalance
L - Left bundle branch block
E - Early repolarization
V - Ventricular hypertrophy
A - Aneurysm
T - Treatment (eg pericardiocentesis)
I - Injury (myocardial infarction, contusion)
O - Osborn waves (hypothermia)
N - Non-occlusive vasospasm (Prinzmetal's angina)
FAB:
F - Folate deficiency
A - Alcohol abuse (since concurrent thiamine deficiency)
B - B12 (thiamine) deficiency
FAILURE:
F - Forgot medication
A - Arrhythmia / Anaemia
I - Ischaemia / Infarction / Infection
L - Lifestyle: too much salt
U - Upregulation of CO: pregnancy, hyperthyroidism
R - Renal failure
E - Embolism: pulmonary
FIPPY:
F - Failure
I - Incompetence (mitral valve / tricuspid
valve)
P - Pregnancy / Pill
P - Pulmonary embolus / Pericarditis
Y - Youth
FOAM:
Management of acute LVF:
F - Frusemide
O - Oxygen
A - Atrovent (& ventolin)
nebuliser
M - Morphine
FOAMS:
F - Frusemide (iv)
O - Oxygen
A - Atrovent (& Ventolin) nebuliers
M - Morphine (iv)
S - Sit up!
HANDI:
H - Hypovolaemia / Hypopituitarism
A - Addison's disease
N - Neuropathy (autonomic)
D - Drugs (vasodilators, diuretics, antipsychotics)
I - Idiopathic
HARD:
Types of cardiomyopathy:
H - Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
A - Arrhythmogenic right ventricular
cardiomyopathy
R - Restrictive cardiomyopathy
D - Dilated cardiomyopathy
HEART:
Some causes of AF:
HILT:
H - Heaving
I - Impalpable (COPD)
L - Laterally displaced
T - Thrusting / Tapping
HOLT:
H - Heart failure
O - Obstruction of vena cava
L - Lymphatic enlargement - supraclavicular
T - (intra) Thoracic pressure increase
HOPEFULSSS:
H - Hypertension
O - Obesity
P - PVD
E - Elevated LDL
F - Family history
U - Up glucose - DM
L - Low HDL
S - Smoking
S - Sex - male
S - Sedentary lifestyle
HOT ACROMEGALY:
Clinical features of acromegaly:
A - Amenorrhoea
C - Carpal tunnel syndrome / Coarse skin/voice / Cardiovascular disease
R - Respiratory - sleep apnoea and upper airway obstruction
O - Oily skin
M - Myopathy / Malignancy (higher risk of several types)
E - Eye (prominent supra-orbital ridge)
G - Goitre / Gain weight / Galactorhoea / Glucosuria
A - Arthropathy
L - Large tongue, nose, hands and feet
Y - Young get gigantism (since growth plates not yet fused)
I PUNCH EAR:
I - Integumental
P - Pulmonary
U - Urogenital
N - Nervous
C - Cardiovascular
H - Hematolymphoid
E - Endocrine
A - Alimentary
R - Reproductive
ICE:
I - Inspection
T - Tone
P - Power
R - Reflexes
C - Co-ordination
S - Sensation (light touch, pain, vibration, proprioception)
INVERT:
I - Ischaemia
N - Normal (especially young, black)
V - Ventricular hypertrophy
E - Ectopic foci (eg calcified plaques)
R - RBBB, LBBB
T - Treatments (digoxin)
IPPA:
I - Inspection
P - Palpation
P - Percussion
A - Ausculation
IT'S COMA:
Causes of a coma:
C - CVA
O - Overdose (opioids, poisoning, eg carbon monoxide)
M - Metabolic, eg hypoglycemia, hyponatremia
A - Alcohol
J
JONES cRITERIA:
Major criteria:
J - Joints (migratory polyarthritis)
O - Obvious (cardiac = carditis with heart failure, pericarditis, or new murmur)
N - Nodule (subcutaneous rheumatic)
E - Erythema marginatum
S - Sydenham's chorea
Minor criteria:
R - Rheumatic fever previously
I - Inflammatory cells (leukocytosis)
T - Temperature (fever)
E - Elevated ESR / CRP
R - Raised PR interval
I - Infection (evidence of Group A Streptococcal infection)
A - Arthralgia
LAMB:
L - Lidocaine
A - Amiodarone
M - Magnesium / Mexiltene
B - Beta-blocker
LOSS:
MAD HIVES:
Causes of delirium:
H - Hypoxia, eg COPD
I - Infection, eg UTI
V - Vascular, eg CVA, MI
E - Epilepsy (postictal)
S - Subdural haemorrhage
MBA College:
M - Membrane stabilisers
B - Beta-blockers
A - Action potential wideners
MI CHAM:
M - Milroys
I - Infection (filariasis)
C - Congenital
H - Hypothyroid
A - Allergy
M - Malignancy
MONA:
M - Morphine
O - Oxygen
N - Nitrates
A - Aspirin
OH BATMAN is a bit more
inclusive.
MOP HAIR:
Characteristics of a JVP:
MUDPILES:
M - Methanol
U - Uraemia
D - DKA
P - Propylene glycol
I - Isoniazid
L - Lactic acidosis
E - Ethylene glycol
S - Salicylates
NERO:
N - Nodules
E - Erosions
R - Reduced joint space
O - Osteoporosis (peri-articular)
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas: 60, 30, 6, 3, 1:
N - Neutrophils 60%
L - Lymphocytes 30%
M - Monocytes 6%
E - Eosinophils 3%
B - Basophils 1%
OH BATMAN:
O - Oxygen
H - Heparin (NSTEMI)
B - Beta blockers
A - Aspirin
T - Thrombolysis (STEMI)
M - Morphine
A - Angioplasty
N - Nitrates
PAD HIM:
Causes of bradycardia:
H - Hypothyroid / Hypothermia
I - Icteric (severe)
M - MI
PAID:
P - Pulmonary and
A - Aortic
I - Insufficiency
produce
D -Diastolic murmurs
PAM:
P - Ptosis
A - Anhydrosis
M - Miosis
PANIC:
PASS:
P - Pulmonary and
A - Aortic
S - Stenosis produce
S - Systolic murmurs
PASTRI:
P - Pulmonary hypertension
A - AF
S - Systemic embolism
T - Tricuspid regurgitation
R - Right heart failure
I - Infective endocarditis
PINTARS:
P - Pneumonia / Pancreatitis
I - Infarction (PE)
N - Neoplasm
T - TB / Trauma
A - Abscess
R - RA
S - Systemic stuff (SLE, Sarcoidosis, Systemic sclerosis)
PIRATES:
Causes of AF:
Ps:
In psoriasis:
psilver pscale over psalmon psikn!
RAISE:
Causes of metabolic acidosis with a normal anion gap and RAISEd K+ (hyperkaleamia):
R - Recent MI
A - Aortic stenosis
M - MI in the last 7 days
P - Pulmonary hypertension
R - 1: Rubella
S - 2: Scarlet fever / Smallpox
C - 3: Chickenpox
M - 4: Measles (with Koplik spots 1 day earlier)
T - 5: Typhus, rickettsia (variable)
N - 6: Nothing
E - 7: Enteric fever (salmonella)
ReDUCE:
Causes of metabolic acidosis with normal anion gap and ReDUCEd K+ (hypokalaemia):
RILE:
SAVER:
S - Sympathoadrenal system
A - Atrial natriuretic peptide
V - Vasopressin
E - Endogenous digitalis-like factor
R - Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
SCRIPT:
S - Site
C - Character (eg harsh, soft, blowing)
R - Radiation
I - Intensity
P - Pitch
T - Timing
SHEEP TIT:
Causes of haemolysis:
T - Trauma to RBCs
I - Immunohaemolytics (warm Ab, cold Ag)
T - Thalassaemias
SHIFT MAID:
M - Male
A - Age (increasing)
I - Inactivity
D - Diet / Drink
SHIT:
S - Stenosis (aortic/pulmonary)
H - Hypertension/Heart Block
I - Ischaemic heart disease
T - Tamponade
SHOVED:
SLIM CV:
Causes of CAP:
S - Streptococcus pneumoniae
L - Legionella
I - Influenzae Hemophilus (HiB)
M - Mycoplasma
C - Chlamydia
V - Viral
SNAP:
Causes of SVT:
S - Sinus tachycardia
N - Nodal tachycardia
A - Atrial fibrillation
P - Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia
SPLINT:
S - Sepsis elsewhere
P - PAN / SLE / RA
L - Limey (vitamin C deficiency)
I - Infective endocarditis
N - Neoplasm (haematological)
T - Trauma
SSAALL:
S - V1 Septum
S - V2 Septum
A - V3 Anterior
A - V4 Anterior
L - V5 Lateral
L - V6 Lateral
T
TAPED TORCH:
T - Tachycardia
A - Ascites
P - Pulsus alternans
E - Elevated jugular venous pressure
D - Displaced apex beat
TICS:
T - Thalassemia
I - Iron deficiency
C - Chronic disease
S - Sideroblastic anemia (can be secondary to lead)
TOM SCHREPFER:
T - trauma
O - obesity
M - malignancy
S - surgery
C - cardiac disease
H - hospitalisation
R - rest (bed-bound)
E - estrogen, pregnancy, post-partum
P - past history
F - fracture
E - elderly
R - road trip
TONS:
T - Thiaminie
O - O2
N - Naloxone
S - Sugar, eg 50% dextrose
TRACKPADS:
TRIP SAM:
T - Trauma
R - Rheumatoid arthritis
I - Infective Endocarditis
P - Poly arteritis nodosum
WiLLiaM MaRRoW:
WiLLiaM - W pattern in V1 & V2 and M pattern in V3, V4 & V6 is Left bundle branch
block.
MaRRoW - M pattern in V1 & V2 and W in V3, V4 & V6 is Right bundle branch block.
WORD:
W - WPW
O - Old MI / pOsterior MI
R - RBBB
D - Dextrocardia