1
(2n1)(2n
+1)
n =1
1 .
Solucin:
Tenemos :
a n=
1
( 2n1 )( 2n+1 )
a n=
1
1
1
2 2n1 2n+1
a n1=
1
1
1
2 2n3 2n1
S n=
1
1 1 1
1
1
1
1
1 + + ...+
2
3 3 5
2n3 2n1 2n1 2n +1
S n=
1
1
1
2
2n+1
S n=
2n1
4n+ 2
1
2n1 1
2n1 1
n 1 20 1
lim S n=lim
= lim
= lim
=
=
2 n 2n +1 2 n
1 2 2+0
2
n
n 4n +2
2+
n
2
lim 1
2. n
n=1
( 2n1 ) ( 2n+ 1 )
( )
+
=0 y
n=1
1
1
=
( 2n1 ) ( 2n +1 ) 2
SOL :
a n=n
S n =a 1+a 2+ a 3+ ...+a n
S n =1+ 2+3+...+ n=
lim S n=lim
n (n+1)
2
n (n+ 1) 1
= lim n (n+1)=
2
2 n
n es divergente
n=1
5
n=1 ( 3 n +1 )( 3 n2 )
3.
SOL :
Tenemos :
a n=
5
( 3n +1 ) ( 3n2 )
a n=
5
1
1
3 3n2 3n +1
a n1=
5
1
1
3 3n5 3n2
S n=
5 1 1 1 1
1
1
1
1
+ + ...+
3 2 4 4 7
3n5 3n2 3n2 3n +1
S n=
5 1
1
15n5
=
3 2 3n+1 18n+ 6
5
5
15
15n5
n
n 150 5
lim S n=lim
=lim
=lim
=
=
6 n
6 18+0 6
n
n 18n+ 6
n
18+
18+
n
n
15
lim 5
4.
n=1
( 3n+1 ) ( 3n2 )
=0 y
n=1
5
5
=
( 3n+ 1 )( 3n2 ) 6
2
( 4 n3 ) ( 4 n+1 )
SOL :
Tenemos :
a n=
2
( 4n3 ) ( 4n+ 1 )
a n=
1
1
1
2 4n3 4n+ 1
a n1=
1
1
1
2 4n 7 4n3
S n=
1
1 1 1
1
1
1
1
1 + + ...+
2
5 5 9
4n7 4n3 4n3 4n +1
S n=
1
1
1
2
4n+1
S n=
1 4n
2 4n+1
1
4n
1
lim S n= lim
= lim
2 n 4n+ 1 2 n
n
4
4+
1
n
1 4
1
=
2 4+0 2
( )
lim 2
5.
n=1
SOL :
2
5
n 1
( 4n3 ) ( 4n +1 )
2
1
=
2
n=1 ( 4n3 ) ( 4n +1 )
=0 y
a n=n
S n =a 1+a 2+ a 3+ ...+a n
2 2
2
S n =2+ + +...+ n1
5 25
5
2
1
1
1
S n =2+ 2
+2
+...+ 2
5
5
5
() ()
()
( )
1
5
1
1
5
S n =2.
n1
()
5n1 = 2 15
n=1
n=1
n1
()
n=1
6.
n=1
= 2
n1
n=1
1
5
()
n1
2
1
1
5
2 5
= =
4 2
5
2n1
3n
SOL :
a n=n
S n =a 1+a 2+ a 3+ ...+a n
1 2 4
2 n1
S n = + + +...+ n
3 9 27
3
2
1 1 2 1 2
1 2
S n= +
+
+ ...+
3 3 3 3 3
3 3
() ()
()
n1
n=1
2
5
n 1
5
2
1
S n= .
3
( )
2
3
2
1
3
()
1 2 n
12 2
=
2 3
n=1 2 3 3
()
n1
()
+
n=1
1 2 n1
Serie Geom trica
n=1 3 3
+
+
2n1
2n
=
=
3n n=1 2. 3n n=1
=
()
2n 1
1 2
n =
n=1 3
n =1 3 3
()
n1
1
3
1
3
=
= =1
2 1
1
3 3
n=1
2n1
=1
3n
n= 3
1.
S
S n =lim 3n =+
n
lim
es divergente
hallando a n
S n =S n1 +a n
n
n1
3 3
an
2
a n=3n ( 131 )=3n ( )
3
3 n ( 23 )
n=1
n=
2.
1
n
3
S
1
=0
n
n 3
lim
S n =lim
n
es convergente
hallando a n
S n =S n1 +a n
1
1
n1
n
3 3
a n=
= an
1
2
( 13 )= n
n
3
3
=0
2
3n
n=1
n2
n=
n+1
3.
S
2
n
=+
n n+1
lim
S n =lim
es divergente
hallando a n
S n =S n1 +a n
n1
2
an
=
n2
n+1
n1
2
n 3( n+1)
a n=
3
a n=
n ( n+1 )( n1 )( n1)
2
n +n
a n=
a n=
n3n3 +n 2+ n1
2
n +n
a n=
n2 +n1
n 2+ n
n 2+ n1
n2 + n
n=1
4.
2n
3n+1
S
n=
2n
2
=
3
n 3 n+1
lim
S n =lim
es convergente
hallando a n
S n =S n1 +a n
2( n1)
2n
3 n+1 3(n1)+1
a n=
an
12 n2
( 3 n2 ) (3 n+1)
12 n2
( 3 n2
) (3 n +1)
n=1
1 .
n =1
1
n +2
Solucin:
Usando el II criterio de comparacin
+
n+1 2 1n =bn
n=1
1
lim n
an
n+ 2 n
lim =lim
=
=1 0
1
n+2
n bb
n
n
+
n+1 2 divergente
n=1
2.
n=1
1
n1
Solucin:
Usando el II criterio de comparaci n
+
1
1
=bn
n1
n
n=1
1
lim n
an
n1 n
lim =lim
=
=1 0
1
n1
n bb
n
n
1
divergente
n1
n=1
3
2n
3 .
n=1
Solucin:
+
23n = 32 1n
n=1
n=1
+
1n , a n= 1n
n=1
lim a n=lim
1
=0
n
1n =divergente
n=1
n=1
3
=divergente
2n
4 5 n
4 . ( )
n=1 3 7
Solucin:
+
4
5 n 4
5
=
3 n=1 7
3 n=1 7
r=
()
5
7
n1
( )( )
1
7
4
3
n=1
4
5
3
20
n
5
7
21 140
=
= =
=3,3333
7
5
2
42
1
7
7
()
n=1
4 5 n
( ) =3,333 convergente
3 7
7 3 n
5 . ( )
n=1 5 4
Solucin:
+
7
3 n 7
3
=
5 n=1 4
5 n=1 4
r=
()
3
4
n1
( )( )
3
4
5 n=1
7
3
5
21
n
3
4
20 84
=
= = =4,2
4
3
1 20
1
4
4
()
7 3 n
( ) =4,2 convergente
n=1 5 4
6 .
sin
n=1
4
+3
n
4n
Solucin:
sin
4
4
+3
+3
+ sin
n
n
=
4n
4n
n=1
+
n=1
sin
sin
n=1
n=1
4
+
n
3
+ n serie convergente por que tenemos una serie geometrica convergente
n
4
n=1 4
4
4
4
4
se n
sen
sen
n
2
3
5
sen 4
sen
=
+
+
+
+
+
n
1
2
3
4
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
+ + + +
4 42 43 4 4 45
+ + + + +
4 42 43 44 45
n
=
n
sin
n=1
3
4
4
+
+
3
=
4n
n=1
n=1
4
+3
n
=+3
4n
sin
n=1
7 .
n=1
n=1
cos +1
n
2n
cos +1 + cos +1
n
n
=
n
2
2n
n=1
cos
n=1
n=1
n=1
cos
1
serie convergente por que tenemos una serie geometrica convergente
2n
cos
21
cos
+ + + +
2 2 2 23 24 25
+ + + + +
2 22 23 24 2 5
22
cos
23
cos
24
cos
25
cos
n=1
1
2
2
+
+
1
=
2n
n=1
n=1
sin
n=1
8 .
n =1
4
+1
n
=+1
4n
1 1
+
3n 3n
Solucin:
+
1
1 1 n1
=
(
3n 3 )( 3 )
n=1
n =1
S n=
1
3
1
1
3
1
2
1 1
( n n) =
9)
4
n=1 3
31n 41n
n=1
n =1
31n
n=1
1
r= 3
1
; an= 3n
a r
n1
1
1
( )( n1 )
= 3 3
Serie geomtrica
an
1r
Sn=
41n
n=1
1
r= 4
1
3
1
1
3
1
; an= 4n
a r
an
1r
1
4
1
1
4
1
3
1 1
2 3
( 31n 41n )
n=1
1
( n n) =
10)
n=1 3
+
31n
n=1
1
r= 3
Sn=
( 31n ) +
n=1
1
; an= 3n
n1
1
1
( )( n1 )
= 4 4
Serie geomtrica
1
6
+
(n)
n=1
1
1
n1
( )( n1 )
r
a
= 3 3
Serie geomtrica
an
1r
1
3
1
1
3
1
2
Sn=
(n)
n=1
an= n
Sn = a1+ a2+ a3+
Sn = 1 + 2 + 3 =
n(n+1)
2
1
2
lim ( Sn )
n( n+1)
lim
2
n
+
1
1
n
n
n=1 3
n =1 4
11)
( 21n 3n )
n=1
( 21n )
n=1
( 21n )
n=1
an
1r
n=1
1
; an= 2n
a r
1
r= 2
Sn=
(3n )
1
2
1
n1
1
1
( )( n1 )
= 2 2
Serie geomtrica
=1
1
2
(3n )
n=1
n1
n1
a r
= (3)(3 )
n
; an= 3
Serie geomtrica
1
( n 3n ) =
n=1 2
( 21n ) n=1
(3n )
n=1
divergente
12)
(e
n=1
e ) =
(e
n=1
) -
(e n )
n=1
(en )
1
an= e n
n=1
1 1
n1
( ) n1
r
a
= e e
Serie geomtrica
1
r= e
Sn=
a
1r
1
e
1
e
1
e1
(e n )
n=1
an= e
a r
n1
= (e)( e
n1
) Serie geomtrica
(e
n=1
e ) =
(e
n=1
(e n )
) -
= S .Convergente+ S . Divergente
n=1
S . Divergente
IV. EXPRESAR EL NMERO DECIMAL INFINITO PERIDICO PURO COMO UNA
FRACCIN COMN
1. 0.272727
27
100
27
10000
3
2
10
3
4
10
33
10 2
(1+
33
= 10 2
donde r=
1
)
2
10
3
6
10
1
10 4
+)
1 n1
33
n1
)
; Tiene la forma de a r
; donde a= 10 2
10 2
1
10 2
27
1000000
<-1,1>
1
(
y r = 10 2 ) ,
Sn=
a
1r
33
102
1
1 2
10
3
11
0.0454545
2.
Solucin:
0.0454545=
45
45
45
+
+
+ Es una serie geomtrica con
1000 100000 10000000
45
45
1
1000
1
a=
y r=
<1 es convergente y su suma es
=
1000
100
1
22
1
100
3. 1.234234
Solucin:
0.234234 =
234
234
234
+
+
+ Es una serie geomtrica con
1000 1000000 1000000000
234
234
1
1000
26
a=
y r=
<1 es convergente y su suma es
=
1000
1000
1
111
1
1000
Luego 1.234234234=1+
4.
Solucin:
1.234234
26 137
=
111 111
0.234234 =
234
234
234
+
+
+ Es una serie geomtrica con
1000 1000000 1000000000
234
234
1
1000
26
a=
y r=
<1 es convergente y su suma es
=
1000
1000
1
111
1
1000
Luego 1.234234234=1+
26 137
=
111 111
0.46534653
5.
Solucin:
0.465346534653=0.4653+0.00004653+0.000000004653+ Es una serie geomtrica con
a=0.4653 y r =0.0001
0.465346534653=0.4653+0.00004653+ 0.000000004653+ =
0.4653
0.4653 47
=
=
10.0001 0.4653 101
1 .
n =1
1
n 2n
Solucin:
+
n12n , es convergente por comparaci n con una serie geom trica : n12 n 21n
n=1
2.
n=1
1
2 n+1
Solucin:
1
2 n+1 =
1
n
lim
n +
3 .
1
2+
1
n
1
>0
2
sen n
n2
n=1
Solucin:
+
sen n
n=1
4.
n=1
1 sen n 1
;
< 2
n2
n2
n
cos 2 n
3n
Solucin:
+
cos 2 n
cos2 n 1
,
es
convergente
por
comparaci
n
con
una
serie
geom
trica
:
n
3n
3n
3
n=1
+
5 .
n=1
2n
n
Solucin:
2n
---------> n > 0
2n+1
(n+ 1)
un =
2
n
2 n .2 . n
2
= lim
= 0<1
n
(
( n+1 ) . n . 2 n + n+1 )
n +1
2 .n
= lim
( n+1 ) . 2n n +
n +1
2
( n+1 )
= lim
n +
2n
n
un +1
= lim
un
n +
lim
n +
iv)
n2
n=1
es convergente
n
(n+
2)
n=1
6 .
Solucin:
ii) Tenemos
n
n
1
=
=
(n+ 2) ( n+2 ) ( n+ 1 ) n ( n+2 )( n+1 )
1
1
ser divergente
1
1
(
)=1 / 2
2 n+ 2
------>
lim
n
es convergente
( n+2)
n=1
n +
(n1)
n=1 (n+1)
7 .
Solucin:
i) Tenemos
(n1)
(n1)
1
=
=
(n+1) ( n+ 1 ) n ( n1 ) ( n )( n+1 )
1
n+1
ser divergente
(1
1
)= 1
n+ 1
------>
lim
(n1)
( n+1) es convergente
n=1
n +
(n)
n =1 (2 n)
8 .
Solucin:
(n)
---------> (2 n) >0
( n+1 )
(2 n+2)
un =
n
(2 n)
( n+1 ) . n . ( 2 n )
n+1
= lim
= 0<
( 2 n+ 2 ) . ( 2 n+1 ) . ( 2 n ) . n n + ( 2 n+1 )( 2 n+ 2)
( n+1 ) (2 n)
= lim
( 2 n+ 2 ) n
n +
( n +1 )
(2 n+2)
= lim
n
n +
(2 n)
u n +1
= lim
un
n +
lim
n +
iv)
(n)
(2 n)
n=1
es convergente
9 . Sen
n=1
( 1n )
Solucin:
+
( 1n )
i) Sabemos que
n=1
( 1n ) = lim Sen ( n ) =1 0
n
1
(n)
Sen
n + 0
an
= lim
bn
n +
lim
n +
Sen ( 1n )
10 .
n=1
n=1
es divergente
Lnn
n
Solucin:
f ( n )= f ( x ) =
i)
Lnx
0 para x e
x
f ( x ) es continua para x e
ii)
f ( x ) es decreciente
1lnx
<0 para x e
x2
( )
Lnx
Lnx
ln x b
ln b ln 1
dx= lim
dx= lim
= lim
=0
x
x
2 1 b + 2
2
b + 1
b +
+
Por lo tanto
Lnn
n
n=1
es convergente
11.
n=2
1
n ln n
1
x ln x
f ( x) >0 x 2
f ( x ) es continua x 2
f ' ( x )=
ln ( x)+1
< 0 , f ( x ) es decreciente x 2
x 2 ln 2 x
+
f ( x ) dx=
1
1
dx
xlnx
1
dx
xlnx
b +
lim
lim (lnlnx) b
2
b +
lim ( lnlnblnln 2 )
b +
+
+
n=2
12. n en
1
es divergente .
n ln n
n=1
f ( n )= f ( x ) =
i)
x
0 para x 1
ex
2
f ( x ) es continua para x 1
ii)
f ( x ) es decreciente
xe x dx= lim
b +
( 12 e ) b1
x2
xe x dx=blim
+
1
1 b 1 1
e + e = 1
2
2
2e
lim
2
b +
Por lo tanto
+
13.
n=2
xex es convergente
n=1
ln n
n3
a n <b n
ln n< n
ln n 1
< 3
3
n
n
+
Sabemos que :
n=1
n=2
1
ln n
es convergente 3 tambi n es convergente
3
n
n=2 n
ln n
es convergente
n3
14. n 2 en
n=1
n=1
lim
es convergente ,
n +
n=1
1
e
1
e
n 1
( )( )
1
=r 1,1 S . G .
e
n2 en
=
en
n 2 en es convergente .
n=1
15. n en
n=1
x
x
e
f ( x) >0 x 1
f ( x) es continua x 1
f ' ( x )=
e x ( 1 )x e x 1 x
= x
e2 x
e
1
'
>01x >0 x 1 f ( x )<0
x
e
f ( x) es decreciente x 1
+
x e x dx
t +
1
x e x dx
u=x
du=dx
x
dv=e dx
v= ex dx
x
v=e
x e x dx=x e x + ex dx
+
x e e + c
ex ( x +1)
2 e1 lim
t +
( t+1 )
L . H 2 e1 lim 1
t
t + e
1
2e
+
x ex dx
1
n en es convergente
n=1
16.
n=2
1
3
n ( ln n )
1
x ( ln x )3
f ( x) >0 x 2
f ( x) es continua x 2
f ' ( x )=
+
ln x+3
< 0 , f (x) es decreciente x 2
x 2 l n4 x
+
f ( x ) dx=
2
1
dx
3
x ( ln x )
1
dx
3
x ( ln x )
t +
lim
( 2 l 1n x ) 2t
lim
t +
lim
t +
1
1
2
2 l n t 2 l n2 2
1
2
2l n 2
+
1
dx
3
x ( ln x )
n=2
1
es convergente
3
n ( ln n )
+
( n+ 2 1) ( n+ 4 )
17.
n=1
( x+ 2)(1 x +4) dx
1
(u ( x +4 )) 1 du
X= u-2
1
u 2+ 2 u du
( 2 u 2 ( u +2 ) )du
2 u du 2( u+ 2) du
ln ( 2 u ) ln ( 2 ( u+ 2 ) )
2
2
ln ( x+ 2 ) ln ( x +4 )
2
2
( ln ( x2+2) ln ( x2+ 4) )
lim
ln ( x+2 ) ln ( x+ 4)
x 1+
2
2
lim
x
5
ln ( )
3
= 0(
)
2
5
ln ( )
3
2
Convergente
18.
n=1
arctg ( n)
n 2+ 1
arctg (x )
dx
x 2 +1
dx=
1
du
2
cos (u )
arctan ( tan ( u ) )
1
.
du
2
tan ( u )+ 1
cos 2 (u)
tan ( u ) +1
. u udu
2
arctan ( tan ( u ) ) sec 2 (u )
u
. u
2
tan 2 ( u ) +1
tan ( arctan ( x) ) +1
2
arctan ( x )
lim
arctan 2 ( x )
x 1+
2
lim
x
2
2
( )
8
32
( )
3
32
Convergente
19.
en
n2
n=1
1
x
x 2 dx
1
1
x
= e x 2 dx
1
12
x 1x
e
=
12
e x
=
x
. arctan ( x )
2
arctan ( x )
2
arctan 2 ( x )
2
1
x
( )
lim
1
x
( )
e
x
x 1 +
lim
x
= 0e
= e
Convergente
e5 n
20.
n=1
ann =L , y
Si nlim
lim e
lim
1
e5
1
e5
Convergente
B.
SERIES ALTERNANTES
(1)n +1 21n
1)
n=1
(1)n +1 21n
n=1
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ +
2 4 6 8 10 12
1
>0 n
2n
1 1 1 1 1 1
> > < > >
2 4 6 8 10 12
lim
1
2n =
=0
(1)n +1 21n
es convergente
n=1
(1)n n12
2)
n=1
(1 )n n12
n=1
1 1 1
1 1
= 1+ 4 9 + 16 25 + 36
1
>0 n
2
n
1 1 1 1 1
1> > > > >
4 9 16 25 36
lim
1
n2 =
=0
(1)n n12
n=1
es convergente
3.
4
(1)n +1 3 n2
n=1
1.
a n=
2.
> 0 n
a n=
4
3 n2
lim a n
3.
lim
n +
n +
4
3 n2
=0
4
(1)n +1 3 n2
Por lo tanto
es CONVERGENTE.
n=1
(1)n +1 lnnn
4.
n=1
a n=
a n=
I)
ln n
n
a1
Luego
> 0 n
a n >0
=0y
ln x
x
f(x)=
ln n
n
1ln x
2
x
f(x) =
a n > a n+1
. Luego f es decreciente en e ,+ . As
si n 3 ,
III)
n +
lim
n +
ln n
n
lim
n +
1
n
=0
n
n e
(1)
5.
n
n=1
u n
n=1
u n
en
n
en
n=1
u n =
n=1
n
n=1
en
n
n=1
e
n1 /n
= e > 1 La serie
u n
n=1
es divergente.
n
n e
(1)
Por lo tanto la serie
n
n=1
6.
es DIVERGENTE.
(1)n 3n2
n=1
u n =
n=1
n=1
u n
3n
n2
3n
n2
u n +1
n+ 1
=
=
3n+1
n +1
n
3 .3
u n+1
n + u n
lim
n+1
=
3n. 3
lim
lim
n +
3n
2
n + 2 n+1
=3>0
n +
1. (
n=1
2 n
)
3
Solucin:
+
n
n 2
(1)
(
)
3
n=1
U n=( 23 )
CONVERGENTE,
2 n +1
( )
3
= nlim
+
2 n
( )
3
U n+1
n + U n
lim
2
<1
3
2 n
(
3 ) es CONVERGENTE.
n=1
Por lo tanto se concluye que la serie dada es ABSOLUTAMENTE CONVERGENTE.
+
2. (1)n+1
n=1
2n
n3
Solucin:
2n
U
n
|
n3
CRITERIO DE D ALAMBERT
U n+1
lim
n + U n
2n+ 1
( n+1)3
= nlim
+
2n
n3
lim 2 n
n +
(n+1)3
= 2>1
2n 3
n=1
es DIVERGENTE.
+
n
n +1 2
(1)
Por lo tanto
n3
n=1
condicional divergente
2 n
3. n( )
3
n=1
Solucin:
n
2
| U n n ( 3 )
CRITERIO DE D ALAMBERT
U n+1
n + U n
lim
+1
2
n ( )
3
= n+1 =
lim
lim (n+ 1)
n +
(n)
2
3
2
>1
3
n +
2
n( )
3
+
esCONVERGENTE..
n=1
Por lo tanto
+
4.
n=1
(1)n +1 2n 3
n=1
ABSOLUTAMENTE CONVERGENTE.
cos n
n2
Solucin:
Cos n 1
cos n 1
< 2
n2
n
an
1
n2
a n= f n
fx
I.
f x dx
II.
1
n2
1
X2
dx
x12
1
1
3
X
1
=- X
x12
III.
= 0 (-1)
= 1
Entonces la integral si existe : convergente
+
n
cos
2
n
Por lo tanto
+
5.
n=1
n=1
absolutamente convergente
n2
n!
Solucin:
2
U n= nn !
CRITERIO DE D ALAMBERT
U n+1
lim
n + U n
(n+1)2
( n+1)!
= nlim
+
n2
n!
(n+ 1) n !
2
= nlim
+ ( n+1 ) !( n)
lim
n +
2 n
(
3 ) es CONVERGENTE.
n=1
+
Por lo tanto
+
6. (1) n
n=1
nn !
n=1
es ABSOLUTAMENTE CONVERGENTE.
n!
2 n+1
Solucin:
U n=
n!
2n+1
CRITERIO DE D ALAMBERT
n+1
2
n
lim
n +
1
1
2n = 0
(n+1)!
2n +2
lim
= n + n !
2n +1
U n+1
n + U n
lim
lim
n +
n+1
2
= >1
2 n
(
3 ) es DIVERGENTE.
n=1
+
7.
n=1
es CONDICIONAL CONVERGENTE.
sen (n)
n2
Solucin:
| sen ( n ) 1
1
sen ( n ) 2 2
n n
a n= f n
fx
1
2
n
x12
f x dx =
1
X2
dx
1
3
X
AHORA:
+
x12
1
1
=- X
+
1
= 0 (-1)
= 1
Entonces la integral si existe : convergente
n
cos
2
n
Por lo tanto
+
n=1
absolutamente convergente
nn
n!
8.
n=1
Solucin:
n 1
n
n 1
n
nn ! n1!
1
( n+1)!
= nlim
1
+
n!
a n+1
lim
n + a n
1
n!
lim
n +
1
( n+1 )
=0 1
es CONVERGENTE.
+
nn
Por lo tanto
es ABSOLUTAMENTE CONVERGENTE
n=1 n !
9.
1
1+
n
n
e
( )
n=1
2n
Solucin:
n=1
1
n
2n
(
)
n=1
1+
es absolutamente convergente si :
n=1
1
n
en
2n
( )
1+
n=1
1
n
en
( )
2n
1+
1
n
2n
( )
1+
convergente
1
n
2n
( )
1+
1 2
n
1
= lim
= <1
e
e
n +
u n= lim
( )
1+
n +
lim
n +
n=1
1
n
en
2n
( )
1+
absolutamente convergente
1
n
n=1 ( ln n )
10.
Solucin:
+
n=1
1
1
=
n
( ln n ) n=1 ( ln n )n Para todo n=1, 2,3.
1
1
= lim
=0<1
n
ln
n
n +
( ln n )
u n= lim
n +
lim
n +
1
absolutamente convergente
n
n=1 ( ln n )
I.
1.-
f ( x )=
1
; grado=4
x2
Solucin:
Sea el polinomio de Maclaurin de grado 4 para f(x):
P 4 ( x )= f ( 0 ) +
f ( x )=
( 1)
(2 )
2
( 3)
3
(4)
4
f ( 0) x f ( 0) x
f (0 ) x f (0) x
+
+
+
1
2
3
4
1
1
f ( 0) =
x2
2
( x )=
1
1
f ( 1) ( 0 ) =
2
4
( x2 )
f (2) ( x )=
2
2
f (2 ) ( 0 )=
3
8
( x 2 )
f (3) ( x )=
6
6
f (3 ) ( 0 )=
4
16
( x2 )
f (4 ) ( x ) =
24
24
f (4 ) ( 0 )=
5
32
( x2 )
(1)
1
2
6
24
1 4
8 2 16 3 32 4
P 4 ( x )=
+
x+
x +
x +
x
2 1
2
3
4
2
P 4( x )=
Residuo de Lagrange:
f (5) ( x )=
1 x x
x x
+
2 4 8 16 32
5
( x2 )6
5 5
x
( z2 )6
R4 ( x )=
5
R4 ( x )=
f 5 ( z ) x5
( 5)
donde
z < 0, x>
R 4 ( x )=
2.-
f ( x )=
x5
z < 0, x>
( z2 )6 donde
1
; grado=5
x+ 3
Solucin:
Sea el polinomio de Maclaurin de grado 5 para f(x):
f ( 1 ) ( 0 ) x f ( 2) ( 0 ) x 2 f ( 3 ) ( 0 ) x 3 f ( 4 ) ( 0 ) x 4 f ( 5 ) ( 0 ) x 5
P 5 ( x ) = f ( 0 )+
+
+
+
+
1
2
3
4
5
f ( 0 )=
1
3
f (1) ( x )=
1
1
f (1 ) ( 0 ) =
2
9
( x +3 )
f (2) ( x )=
2
2
f ( 2 ) ( 0 )=
3
27
( x +3 )
(3)
( x )=
6
6
f ( 3 ) ( 0 )=
4
81
( x +3 )
(4 )
( x )=
24
24
f ( 4) ( 0 ) =
5
243
( x+3 )
f (5) ( x )=
5
5
f ( 5) ( 0 ) =
6
729
( x +3 )
2
6
24
5
1 1
27 2 81 3 243 4 729 5
P 5 ( x ) = x+
x +
x +
x +
x
3 9
2
3
4
5
2
1 x x
x
x
x
P 5 ( x )= + +
3 9 27 81 243 729
Residuo de Lagrange:
(6)
( x )=
f 6( z ) x6
R5 ( x ) =
(6)
donde
z < 0, x>
6
( x +3 )7
6
x6
7
( z + 3)
R5 ( x )=
6
R 5 ( x )=
x6
z < 0, x>
( z +3 )7 donde
x
3.- f ( x )=e ; grado=5
Solucin:
Sea el polinomio de Maclaurin de grado 5 para f(x):
P 5 ( x ) = f ( 0 )+
(1 )
( 2)
2
(3 )
3
( 4)
4
(5 )
5
f ( 0) x f ( 0) x f ( 0) x
f ( 0) x
f (0) x
+
+
+
+
1
2
3
4
5
f ( x )=ex f ( 0 )=1
f
(1)
(2)
( x )=ex f ( 2) ( 0 )=1
(3)
f (4 ) ( x ) =ex f ( 4) ( 0 )=1
(5)
P 5 ( x ) =1+
1 x 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5
+ x+
x + x+
x
1 2
3
4
5
P 5 ( x )=1 x+
x 2 x 3 x 4 x5
+
2 3 4 5
Residuo de Lagrange:
f 6( z ) x6
R5 ( x ) =
(6)
donde
f (6) ( x )=ex
R5 ( x )=
ez x 6
6
R 5 ( x )=
e z x 6
z < 0, x>
6 donde
(1 )
( 2)
2
(3 )
3
f ( 0 ) x f ( 0) x f ( 0) x
+
+
1
2
3
f ( x )=tanx f ( 0 ) =0
(1)
( x )=s ec 2 x f ( 1) ( 0 )=1
P 3 ( x ) =0+
1
0
2
x + x2+ x3
1
2
3
P 4 ( x ) =x +
x3
3
z < 0, x>
Residuo de Lagrange:
f 4 ( z ) x4
R3 ( x ) =
( 4)
donde
z < 0, x>
8 s ec z tan z (3 tan z + 2) 4
R3 ( x )=
x
4
2
R 3 ( x )=
s ec z tan z (3 tan z + 2) 4
x donde z < 0, x>
3
2
x
5.- f ( x )=e ; grado=3
Solucin:
Sea el polinomio de Maclaurin de grado 3 para f(x):
(1 )
( 2)
2
(3 )
3
f ( 0 ) x f ( 0) x f ( 0) x
P 3 ( x ) = f ( 0 )+
+
+
+
1
2
3
f ( x )=ex f ( 0 )=1
f (1) ( x )=2 xe x f (1 ) ( 0 ) =0
2 x
(2 x) e
f (2) ( x )=
2
P 3 ( x ) =1+
0 x 2 2 0 3
+
x + x
1 2
3
P 3 ( x )=1x 2
f 4 ( z ) x4
R3 ( x ) =
( 4)
Residuo de Lagrange:
donde
z < 0, x>
f (4 ) ( x ) =4 e x (4 x 4 12 x 2 +3)
2
4 e z ( 4 z 412 z 2+ 3) x 4
R3 ( x )=
4
2
e z ( 4 z 4 12 z 2 +3) x 4
R 3 ( x )=
donde z < 0, x>
6
II.
3
2
n= 3 ; x0= 4
F(x) =
x2
f(4)= 8
f1(4)= 3
f2(4)= 3/8
f3(4)=-3/64
F (x)=
3 2
x
2
3
F (x)= 4 x
2
1
2
3
F3(x)=- 8 x
3
2
P3= 8 + 3(x- 4) +
3( x4)
8.2 !
3(x4)
64.3 !
Resto de Lagrange :
R4(x)=
f 4 (z )(x x 0)4
4!
< x 0, x >
f 3 ( x 0 ) ( xx 0 )3
3!
9
x
16
F (x)=
5
2
9
f (z)= 16 z
4
5
2
9 z ( x4) 4
16.4 !
R4(x)=
5
2
z < 4, x >
x ; x0= 4 , n=4
2. f(x) =
f(x) =
1
f1(x)= 2 x
f 2 ( x 0 ) (x x 0)2
2!
3
f (x)= 8 x 5
f(4)=-3/8
45
15
f (x)= 16 x 7
f(4)=15/
47
P4= = 2+
1
4 (x- 4) +
Residuo de Lagrange:
(5)
( x )=
105 9 /2
x
32
105 9 /2
5
z ( x4 )
32
R4 ( x )=
5
f(4)= 1/4
f(4)=1/32
4 x3
f 4 (x 0 )( xx 0 )
4!
f(4)= 2
f2(x)=
f 3 ( x 0 ) ( xx 0 )3
3!
3(x4)3
(x4)
32.2 !
8 45 3!
5
f ( z ) ( xx 0 )
R4 ( x ) =
(5)
15( x4) 4
+
47 .4 !
donde
z < 4, x >
R4 ( x )=
3.
7 z 9 /2 ( x4 )5
donde z < 4, x >
256
f ( x )=sen x ; x 0 = ; n=3
6
x 0=
n=3 y
6 :
f ( 1) ( x 0 )( xx 0 ) f (2 ) ( x 0 ) ( xx 0 )2 f ( 3) ( x 0 ) ( x x 0 )3
P 3 ( x ) = f ( x0 )+
+
+
1
2
3
f ( x )=sen x f
( 6 )=sen 6 = 12
( 6 )=co s 6 = 23
f (2) ( x )=sen x f (2 )
( 6 )=cos 6 =2 3
P3( x )= f
+
6
()
f ( 1)
( 6 )=sen 6 = 12
( )( ) + ( )(
3 x
f ( 2)
x
6
2
6
1 2
P3( x )= +
+
2
1
2
Residuo de Lagrange:
) (
x
2
6
+
3
) + ( )(
f ( 3)
1 3
3 x
P3( x )= +
x x
2 2
6 4
6
12
6
f 4 ( z ) ( xx 0 ) 4
R3 ( x )=
( 4)
(4 )
z < 4, x >
donde
( x ) =sen x
sen z x
R3 ( x )=
sen z x
R3 ( x )=
24
n= 3
1
=ln ( )
f(
3
2
F(x) = )= ln(cos(x))
senx
F (x)= cosx
f1(x)=
sen 2 ( x )+ cos 2 ( x)
F2(x)=
cos 2 (x )
f2(x)= 4
2 senx
cos3 x
f3(x)= 8
F3(x)=
1
P 3 ( x ) =ln ( )+
2
3 x
Residuo de Lagrange:
)+ (
4 x
2
)+ (
8 3 x
f 4 ( z ) ( xx 0 ) 4
R3 ( x ) =
( 4)
donde
z < 4, x >
R3 ( x )=
cos 6 z . ( 4 )
donde
z <
, x >
3
Solucin:
x
Tenemos e , calculamos cuando x=1 usando el polinomio de Taylor:
C n=C 0 +C 1 ( x x 0 )+ C 2 ( xx 0 ) 2+ +C n ( x x 0 )n
n=0
C 0= f ( x 0 )
C 1= f 1 ( x 0 )
2
f ( x0 )
C 2=
2!
Como a=0
f 0 ( x 0 )= f ( x 0 ) =e x =e 0=1
(1+ x +
x2
x3 x4 x5 x6 x7
+ + + + + +)dx
2 ! 3! 4 ! 5! 6 ! 7 !
1
e x dx=
0
x
x
x
x
x
x
+
+
+
+
+
+
e dx=x + x2 + 3.2
! 4.3 ! 5.4 ! 6.5! 7.6! 8.7 !
0
0
x
x
x
x
x
x
+
+
+
+
+
e x dx=x + x2 + 3.2
! 4.3 ! 5.4 ! 6.5! 7.6!
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1+ +
+
+
+
+
2 3.2 ! 4.3 ! 5.4 ! 6.5! 7.6!
1 1 1
1
1
1
1+ + + +
+
+
2 6 24 120 720 5040
=1.718254
El error es 1.71825
El valor de e=1+1.71825=2.71825
2. calcule el valor de e
Si e 1 +
1
2
X1
1!
1
2
X2
2!
X3
3!
X4
4! +
X5
5!
( )
1
2
7!
1+
( )
1
2
3!
( )
1
2
4!
( )
1
2
5!
( )
1
2
6!
-0.000260
0.0000219
( )
1
2
7!
( )
( )
1
2
6!
1
2
2!
( )
1
2
5!
( )
1
2
1
0.00000153 error
Aproximado a 5 decimales:
( )
1
2
1
1
2
1+
1
2
0.60653
( )
1
2
2!
( )
1
2
3!
( )
1
2
4!
( )
1
2
5!
( )
1
2
6!
3. calcule sen31 con una exactitud de 3 cifras decimales usando un polinomio de Taylor.
31
180
sen
31
180
( 31180 )
31
180
senx x -
X3
3!
X5
5!
X7
7!
X9
9!
X 11
11!
sen
31
180
31
180
11!
31
180
3!
31
180
5!
sen
31
180
31
180
3!
31
180
5!
31
180
7!
31
180
9!
11
0.0263
0.000386 error
31
180
31
180
31
180
3!
0.5146
0.515
4. calcule cos59 con una exactitud de 3 cifras decimales usando un polinomio de Taylor.
2
cosx 1 59
180
cos
X
2!
X
4!
X
6!
10
X
8!
10!
59
180
( 59180 )
59
180
59
cos
180
59
180
10 !
59
180
6!
1-
59
180
2!
10
0.001655
59
180
4!
59
180
6!
59
180
8!
59
180
8!
cos
59
180
0.00003135 error
1-
59
180
2!
59
180
4!
59
180
6!
0.515007
0.515
D. SERIE DE POTENCIAS
I.
1.
Xn
n +1
n=0
Un
Xn
n+1
U n+1
X n +1
n+ 2
n +1
lim
U n+ 1
Un
X
n+ 2
lim
n
n
X
n+1
1 x
Si X
-1
Si X
x lim
( n+ 1 )
( n+ 1 )
1
(1 )n . n+1
n=0
n
nX+1
n=0
n
X x( n+1 )
( n +1 ) x n
1 ;1>
n
nX+1
n=0
lim
convergente
n 1+1
divergente
n=0
1 ; 1>
2.
Xn
n 2 +1
n=0
Un
Xn
n2 +1
U n+1
U
lim n+ 1
n U n
x lim
n +1
=
2
n + 2 n+ 2
X n +1
( n+1 )2 +1
X n+1
2
( n+1 ) +1
lim
n
Xn
n 2 +1
x( 1 )
1 x
x lim
( n+ 1 )2+ 1
(1 )n . n21+1
convergente
n=0
n
nX2 +1
n=0
1 ;1>
Xn
n 2 +1
n=0
-1
Si X
( n2 +1 )
Si X
X n x( n 2+ 1 )
lim
2
n
n ( ( n+1 ) +1 ) x
n 21+1
divergente
n=0
1 ; 1>
3.
Un
Xn
n 23
n=0
Xn
2
n 3
U
lim n+ 1
n U n
x lim
( n23 )
( n+ 1 )23
U n+1
X n+1
( n+1 )23
X n+1
2
( n+1 ) 3
lim
n
Xn
2
n 3
x lim
n 22
=
n 2+ 2 n2
X n x( n 23 )
lim
2
n
n ( ( n+1 ) 3 ) x
x( 1 )
1 x
1 ;1>
Si X -1
Xn
n 23
n=0
n=0
Si X
(1 )n . n213
Xn
n 23
n=0
n 213
n=0
X
+
4. (1 )
n +1
n=2
u n=
xn
2
n ( ln n )
xn
n ( l n n )2
u n+1 =
x n +1
x n+ 1
=
2
2
( n+1 ) [ ln ( n+1 ) ] n ln ( n+1 ) +ln ( n+1 )
x n+1
n ln 2 ( n +1 )+ ln ( n+1 )
lim
n
xn
n ( ln n )2
lim
x n +1 n ( ln n )
x n ( n ln 2 ( n+1 ) +ln ( n+1 ) )
x n . x ( ln n )2
lim n
2
n
n x n ln ( n+1 ) +x ln ( n +1 )
divergente
1 ;1>
divergente
x lim
n
( ln n )2
n ln 2 ( n+1 ) +ln ( n+ 1 )
x<1
1< x<1
5.
n=0
u n=
4 n+1 x 2 n
n+3
4 n+1 x 2 n
n+3
4n +1 x 2 n 4n +2 x 2 n+2
=
n+ 3
n+ 4
u n+1 =
lim
n+2
2 n +2
x
n+ 4
n+1 2 n
4 x
n+3
lim
( 4n+ 2 x 2 n+2 ) ( n +3 )
( n+ 4 ) ( 4 n+1 x 2 n )
lim
( 42 . 4n . x 2 . x 2 n ) ( n+ 3 )
( n +4 ) ( 4. 4n . x 2 n )
n+ 3
n+ 4
4 x 2 lim
n 3
+
n n
4 x 2 lim
4
n n
+
n n
4 x 2<1
1< 4 x <1
1 2 1
<x <
4
4
x<
6.
n=1
1
2
xn
nn
+
S . A
xn
U n= n t . g
n !
U n=
n +1
x
U n+ 1=
nn
t . g . s .t . p
n+1
n
n+ 1 x
n+1
n+1
x n n
lim n
U n +1
lim n
=
U n
n+1
n(n+1)
xlim n
nn
Para la convergencia
(1)n +
n n = (1)n1 n1n
n=1
n=1
Aplicar el criterio de Leibniz
1
>0
nn
1 1 1
1> > > > >a n
4 9 16
lim n
1
=0
nn
serie es convergente
Analizando X = 1
+
(1)n +
n n = (1)n1 n1n
n=1
n=1
Aplicar el criterio de Leibniz
1
>0
nn
1 1 1
1> > > > >a n
4 9 16
lim n
1
=0
nn
serie es convergente
s . c x [1 , 1 ]
( x +2 )n
7.
n
n=1 ( n+1 ) 2
+
+
S . A
n
( x+ 2)n
U n=
t .g
( n+ 1 ) 2n
U n=
x +2
( n+1 ) 2
t . g .s .t . p
U n+ 1=
x+2
n +1
( n+ 2 ) 2
n
x+ 2 x +2( n+1 ) 2 n
lim n
n
n
( n +2 ) 2 ( 2 ) x+2
n+1
x+2 ( n+1 ) 2 n
lim n
=
n
( n +2 ) 2 n+1x +2
lim n
U n +1
=
U n
lim n
x+ 2( n+1)
x + 2
(n +2)(2)
lim n
(n+1) x+ 2
=
1
(n+ 2)
2
Para la convergencia
x + 2
2
<1 ,x +22< 0
x + 2 x+ 2 , x + 2 0 , x 2 I
Para I
2,0>
x + 22<0 x +22< 0 x< 0 x 2 x
Para II
x <4,0>
Analizando X = -4
n+1
2
(4+ 2)n
n=1
1
=0
n+1
,
lim n
1 1 1
> > >>a n
2 3 4
serie es convergente
Analizando X = 0
+
(0 +2)
( 2) 1
1
= 1n
(n+1)2n = ( 2)n n+1
n+1
n=1
n=1
n=1
Aplicar el criterio de Leibniz
1
>0
n+1
1 1 1
, > > >> a n
2 3 4
lim n
1
=0
n+1
serie es convergente
s . c x [4,0 ]
+
8. (1) n
n=1
x2 n
2n!
x2n
U n=(1)
t .g
(2 n) !
n
(1) x 2
x2n
U n= ( 2 n)! = (2 n)! t . g . s . t . p
n+1
(1) x 2
U n+ 1=
(2 ( n+1 )) !
( x 2)n +1
(2 ( n+1 )) !
2 n x 2 ( 2 n)!
lim n
( x 2 )n+1 ( 2 n)!
lim n
=
( 2 ( n+1 ) ) ! ( x 2 )n
U
lim n n+1 =
U n
lim n
2
2
x (2 n)!
x
1
x
= lim n
= 0
( 2 n+1 )( n+1) 2
2 ( n+1 )( 2 n+1 )( 2 n)! 2
0<1 x R
s .c x R
x2
cogemos cosx=1
2!
f 4 ( z ) x4
error=R 3 ( x ) error=
4!
error=
cos ( z )x
; z <0, x >
4!
Como:
4
cos ( z )<1
<
4!
x< 0.1
Tambin
error <
cos ( z ) x x4
4!
cos ( z ) x4 ( 0.1 ) 4
<
4!
24
(0.1)4
24
error<0.00000417
1
x x 3 , six<0.005
6
x 3 x5 x7 x9
+ +
3! 5! 7! 9!
cogemos senx= x
f 5 (z ) x5
R4 ( x )=
5!
error=R 4 ( x ) error =
f (z) x
5!
error=
cos ( z )x
5!
; z < 0, x>
Como:
5
cos ( z )<1
cos ( z ) x x5
5!
<
5!
x3
3!
c os ( z )x5 ( 0.005 )5
<
x< 0.005
Tambin
5!
120
error<
(0.005)
120
1+ x se sustituye por
1
1+ x , si 0< x <0.01
2
f ( x )= 1+ x ; f ( 0 )=1
1
f ( x )=
1
1
1
; f ( 0 )=
2
2 1+ x
1
f ( x )=
4 ( 1+ x )
; f ( 0 )=
1
4
1
1 X2
1
+ Cogemos 1+ X =1+ X
1+ X =1+ X
( )
R1 X =
4 2!
2
2
f (Z ) x
; Z <0, X >
2!
error=R 1 ( x ) error=
Como:
Pero
( 1+ z )
<1
3
1
8
1
1
1
x
2
x = (
)
2 4 ( 1+ z )3
8 ( 1+ z )3
2
( )
x
( 1+ z )3
<
x
8
x <0.01
x2
8 ( 1+ z )
<
3
(0.01)2
8
( 0.01)2
error<
=0.0000125
8
4). Aproximar sen (0.1) mediante un polinomio de Maclaurin
Determine el grado del polinomio de Taylor
P 3 (0.1)
y estime el error.
P n ( x ) desarrollado en x = 0.1
Polinomio de Maclaurin
P 3 (0.1)
1
2
3
4
5
f ( x )=senx ; f ( x ) =cosx ; f ( x )=senx ; f ( x )=cosx ; f ( x )=senx ; f ( x )=cosx
senx= x
x x
x x
x
+ + por ser de 3 grado cogemos senx=x
3! 5! 7! 9!
3!
( 0.1 )3
sen ( 0.1 )=0.0998
3!
R3 ( x )=
f 5 ( z ) x5
; z <0, x >
5!
cos ( z ) x5 cos ( z ) x
error=R 3 ( x ) error=
=
5!
5!
Como:
cos ( z )<1
Pero
cos ( z )x5 x5
5!
<
5!
x=0.1
<
5!
error<
(0.1)
=0.00000008
5!
P n ( x ) desarrollado en
x 0=1
usarse para aproximar ln (1.2) de tal manera que el error sea menor que 0.001
1
1
2
6
f ( x )=lnx ; f 1 ( x )= ; f 2 ( x )= 2 ; f 3 ( x )= 3 ; f 4 ( x ) = 4
x
x
x
x
1
2
3
4
f ( 1 ) =ln 1=0 ; f ( 1 )=1 ; f ( x )=1 ; f ( x ) =2 ; f ( x ) =6
que debe
n
f ( x )=
1
n+1 ( x1 )n ( n1 ) !
( x1 )2 2 ( x1 )3 6 ( x 1 )4
lnx=0+ ( x1 )
+
++
2
3!
4!
Pero x=1.2
n+1 ( 0.2 )n ( n1 ) !
2
(0.2)
(0.2)3
( 0.2 ) 4
ln ( 1.2 )=( 0.2 )
+2
6
++
2!
3!
4!
0.2 ; 0.02 ; 0.0026 ; 0.0004
Como error < 0.001
2
(0.2)
(0.2)
+2
2!
3!
( 1.2 )=
0.183
ln
el grado del polinomio es 3
6._ Determinar el grado del polinomio de Maclaurin requerido para que el error en
la aproximacin de la funcin en el valor indicado de x sea menor que 0.001
A)
s e n(0.3)
+
Sabemos que:
f ( x )=senx= (1)
n =1
n1
x 2 n1
x3 x5 x 7
x 2 n1
n1
=x + ++(1)
3 ! 5! 7 !
( 2 n1 ) !
( 2 n1 ) !
e
3
(n+ 1)! 5
3 n 2,297397 3
<
5
(n+ 1) ! 5
( )( )
3
5
( )( )
a n +1 a n
(0.3)2 n +1
0.001
( 2 n+1 ) !
B)
cos (0.1)
+
Sabemos que:
f ( x )=cosx= (1)n
n=1
x2n
x 2 x 4 x6
x2 n
= x + + +(1)n
2! 4! 6!
( 2 n) !
(2 n)!
Rn(x) =
f n+1 ( z ) x n+1
, z < 0, x>
(n+1)!
a n +1 a n
(0.1)2 n +2
( 2 n+ 2 ) !
(0.1)2 n +2
0.001
( 2 n+2 ) !
e =e
C)
3
5
f ( x )=e x =1+ x +
Sabemos que:
x 2 x3 x 4
xn
+ + ++
2! 3! 4 !
n=0 n!
0< z <
e <e
z
e
3
(n+ 1)! 5
()
n+1
3
, z < 0, >
5
3
5
3
5
3
5
e
3 3
e
3 3
<
(n+ 1)! 5 5 ( n+1)! 5 5
()
Para: e <4
()
f n+1 ( z ) x n+1
, z < 0, x>
(n+1)!
e 5 < 2,29739 7
3
5
3 n 2,297397 3
<
5
(n+ 1) ! 5
e
3
(n+ 1)! 5
( )( )
3
5
( )( )
3 1,3784382 3
Rn( ) <
5
( n+1)! 5
Estimando el error:
()
1,3784382 3
< 0.001
(n+1) ! 5
()
0.1
e =e 10
D)
x 2 x3 x 4
xn
f ( x )=e x =1+ x + + + ++
2! 3! 4 !
n!
Sabemos que:
0< z <
ex
3
(n+ 1) ! 5
()
n+1
, z < 0,
3
>
10
3
10
e z <e 10
3
10
e
3 3
e
3 3
<
10
10
10
10
(n+ 1)!
(n+1) !
( )
( )
Para: e <4
3
10
e <1,51571 7
3
e 10
3
(n+ 1)! 10
3
1,515717 3
<
10
(n+1)! 10
( )( )
3
10
( )( )
f n+1 ( z ) x n+1
, z < 0, x>
(n+1)!
0,454715 3
Estimando el error: Rn( x)< (n+1)! 10
( )
0,454715 3
< 0.001
(n+ 1)! 10
( )
A)
x x
f ( x )=e x =1+ x + + , x <0
2! 3!
Rn(x) =
f n+1 (z ) x n+1
, z < 0, x>
( n+1) !
f =e
Dnde:
f 4 (z )x 4
, z <0, x >
(4)!
R3
(x) =
R3
ez x4
(x) = (4)! , z <0, x >
Estimando el error:
x<z<0
z
0< e <1
x 4
24
x 4
24
x 4
e <
24
<0.001
z
4
z
4
e x e x
R3 ( x)= (4) ! = 24 , pero como x< 0
0.3936< x <0.3936
Como x <0
, entonces0.3936< x <0
x3
(
)
f
x
=senx
x
B)
3!
Resto para la serie de
Rn(x) =
Maclaurin:
f n+1 (z ) x n+1
, z < 0, x>
(n+1) !
Como el grado es igual a: n=3
Dnde:
f n=sen (x + n )
2
4
R3
(x) =
, entonces:
f (z )x
, z <0, x >
(4)!
0< z < x
sen (z +2 ) x
< 0.001
R3 ( x)=
( 4)!
4
Estimando el error:
Sabemos que:
sen ( x +2 ) <1
sen ( z + 2 ) x 4 x 4
<
<0.001
24
24
x 4< 0.024
0.3936< x <0.3936
C)
2
4
x x
(
)
f x =cosx 1 +
2! 3!
Rn(x) =
f n+1 (z ) x n+1
, z < 0, x>
( n+1) !
f n=sen (x +(n+1) )
2
5
R4
(x) =
, entonces:
f (z ) x
, z <0, x >
(5)!
0< z < x
sen (z +3 )x
<0.001
(5)!
5
Estimando el error:
Sabemos que:
R4 ( x)=
sen ( x +3 )<1
sen ( z +3 )x 5 x 5
<
<0.001
120
120
x 5<0.120
0,5886< x <0,5886
8. Determine el grado del polinomio de Maclaurin requerido para que el error en la
aproximacin de la funcin en el valor indicado de x sea menor que 0.001
a) F(x) = cos (x)^2
f (0) = 1
f '(0) = 0
f'' ( 0) = -2
f'' '(0) = 0
f'''' (0) = 8
f'''' '(0) = 0
f'''''' (0) = -32
As que todo .de los derivados impares son 0 para el incluso derivados k = {2, 4, 6, ...}, tenemos f
^ k '= -1 ^ (k / 2) * 2 ^ (k - 1) , o f ^ 2k '(0) = -1 ^ k * 2 ^ (k / 2 - 1)
f ( x )=ex
b.
e x =
n=0
xn
n!
e x =1+ x +
x 2 x3
+ +
2! 3!
Hacemos x=x
(x )2 (x )3
+
+
2!
3!
ex =1+ (x ) +
e x =1x +
(1) x
n!
n=0
e x =
x
x
+
2! 3!
n
( et 1 ) dt
c.
x x
e =1+ x + + +
2! 3!
x
Hacemos x=t 2
2
e =1+ (t ) +
t
(t 2 )
2!
(t 2 )
e 1=(t ) +
t
( t 2 )
2!
(1 )n+1 ( t 2 )
e 1=
( n+1 ) !
n=0
t
(e
x +
1 ) dt=
0 n=0
3!
( t 2 )
3!
n +1
(1 )n +1 ( t 2 )
( n+1 ) !
n+1
n+1 x
(1 )
t 2 n+ 2 dt
n=0 ( n+1 ) ! 0
(1 ) n+1 t 2 n +3 x
.
n=0 ( n+1 ) ! 2 n+3 0
+
(1)n+1 x 2 n +3
(e 1)dt = ( 2 n+3 ) ( n+1 ) !
n=0
0
t
d.
f ( x )=xsenx
senx=
(1 )n1 x 2 n1
( 2 n1 ) !
senx= x
x3 x5 x7
+ +
3! 5! 7!
n =1
xsenx=x 2
xsenx =
n=1
x4 x6 x8
+ +
3 ! 5! 7!
(1 )n1 x 2 n
( 2 n1 ) !
dt
9. ex dx
0
Solucin:
- Sabemos que
ex = 1 + x +
x
2! +
x
3! +
xn
=
SPC
n=0 n !
x 2
Hacienda x
x
e =
n=0
(x 2 )n + (1)n x 2 n
=
n!
n!
n=0
(1) n x 2 n
n!
n=0
+
e x =
Integrando:
x
x +
(1 ) x 2 n
dx=
dx
n!
0 n=0
n=0
(1)n x 2 n dx
x
4! + . . . .
x
n!
x 2 n+1
dx= (1)
( 2 n+1 ) n !
n=0
n
11
13
x
x
x
x
x
x
+
+
e x dx=x 31!
52 ! 73 ! 94 ! 115! 136 !
2
1 1
1
1
1
1 + +
3 10 42 216 1320
e x dx=
0.746771425
10. Usar series de potencias para aproximar el valor de la integral con un error menor que
0.0001 (error < 0.0001)
1
dx
senx
x
a.
senx= x
x 3 x5 x7 x9
+ +
3! 5! 7! 9!
senx
x2 x4 x6 x8
=1 + +
x
3! 5! 7! 9!
1
senx
x2
x4
x6
x8
dx=
dx
dx
+
dx
dx
+
x
3! 5 ! 7 ! 9 ! dx
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
dx= x 1
+
senx
x
0 3.3! 0 5.5 ! 0 7.7! 0 9.9 ! 0
0
x 1
x 1
x 1
dx= x 1
+
senx
x
0 3.3! 0 5.5 ! 0 7.7! 0
0
1
2
dx
arctanx
x
b.
arctanx= (1 )
n=0
x 2 n+1
2 n+1
arctanx=x
11
13
x x x x x
x
+ + +
3 5 7 9 11 13
2
10
12
arctanx
x x x x x
x
=1 + + +
x
3 5 7 9 11 13
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
arctan
x
x
x
x
x 10
dx=
dx
dx+
dx
dx
+
dx
x
3 5
7 9 11 dx+
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
1 x 3 1 x 5 1 x7 1 x 9 1 x 11 1
arctanx
x dx= x 2 3 2 2 + 52 2 72 2 + 9 2 2 112 2 +
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
x
x
x
x
dx= x 2 2 2 + 2 2 2 2 + 2 2
arctanx
x
3
5
7
9
0
1
2
1
4
c.
xln ( x +1 ) dx
0
ln ( x +1 )= (1 )
n=0
x n +1
n+1
ln ( x +1 )= x
x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 x 7 x 8 x 9 x 10
+ + + + +
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
xln ( x+ 1 )=x 2
x3 x 4 x 5 x 6 x7 x 8 x 9 x10
+ + + +
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
4
1
4
1
4
xln ( x +1 ) dx= x 2 dx
0
1
4
xln ( x +1 ) dx=
0
1
4
1
4
1
4
x
x
x
x
dx+ dx dx+ dx
2
3
4
0
0
0 5
x3 1
x4 1
x5 1
x6 1
x7 1
3 4 2 4 4 3 5 4 4 6 4 5 7 4
0
0
0
0
0
1
4
x3 1
x4 1
x5 1
x6 1
xln ( x +1 ) dx= 3 4 2 4 4 + 3 5 4 4 6 4
0
0
0
0
0
1
4
A)
f ( x )=
f ( x)
f ( x ) para encontrar lim
x 0
1cosx
x
(1) n x 2 n
x2 x 4 x6
+ ++
2! 4! 6!
( 2 n) !
(1)n +1 x 2 n
x2 x 4 x6
Ahora: 1cosx= 2 ! 4 ! + 6! (2 n)!
Finalmente:
(1) n+1 x 2 n1
1cosx x x 3 x 5
= +
x
2! 4! 6!
( 2 n)!
x x3 x5
+
2! 4! 6!
1cosx
lim
=lim
x
x 0
x0
3
lim
x 0
(0 ) (0 ) (0)
1cosx
=lim (
+
)
x
4! 6!
x 0 2 !
1cosx
=0
x
x0
lim
B)
f ( x )=
senx
x
n1
(1)n+1 x 2 n2
senx
x2 x 4 x6 x8
=1
+
Ahora:
x
3! 5! 7! 9!
(2 n1)!
Ya podemos hallar el lmite de la funcin:
lim
senx
x 2 x 4 x 6 x8
=lim (1 + + )
x
3 ! 5! 7! 9!
x 0
lim
senx
=1
x
x 0
x 0
1 /2
12.
0
Senx
dx
x
Sen x
x 2 x 4 x 6 x 8 x10
=1 + +
+
x
3 ! 5! 7 ! 9! 11!
Error < 0.0001
x 2 x 4 x6
1 +
3! 5 ! 7!
2
3!
5!
7!
2 n1
(1) x
x3 x 5 x 7
+ +=
3! 5 ! 7 !
(2 n1)!
n=1
= 0.5845177
x3
x5
x7
x9
x 11
x 13
x 15
dx=x
+
Error<0.0001
1
11
13
x
x
x
x
x
x
+
+
e x dx=x 31!
52 ! 73 ! 94 ! 115! 136 !
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
e x dx=1 31
! 52 ! 73! 94 ! 115 ! 136!
2
e x dx=0.7468459
0
Sen x =
x3 x5 x7
+ +
3 ! 5! 7!
5/ 2
9 /2
x
x
x
= x 1/ 2
+
Sen
3! 5!
x
0
x 13/ 2 x 17/ 2
+
7!
9!
Error< 0.001
1
Sen x
x 5/ 2 x 9 /2 x 13/ 2
1/ 2
=
x
x
3! 5!
7!
0
5/ 2
9/ 2
1
0
Sabemos que :
= 0.00019841
e x dx ,
13._
13/ 2
1
1
1
+
3! 5!
7!
e x =1+ x +
2 2
x 2 x3 x 4
xn
+ + +=
2! 3! 4 !
n=0 n !
2 3
2 4
(x ) (x ) (x )
=1+(x )+
+
+
+ =
2!
3!
4!
2
(1)n x 2 n
n!
n=0
1
( n)
x2 n
n!
4
x
x 6 x8
e x =1x 2 + + =
2 ! 3! 4!
n=0
2
e x dx= (1x 2 +
0
x
x x
+ ) dx
2! 3! 4!
11
13
15
17
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
+
) 1
e x dx=( x x3 + 5.2!
7.3 ! 9.4 ! 11.5! 13.6 ! 15.7! 17.8 !
0
2
Error = 0.00001
Tomamos los valores hasta: n=6
1
11
13
x
x
x
x
x
+
e x dx=x x3 + 5.2
! 7.3 ! 9.4 ! 11.5 ! 13.6 !
2
e x dx=10,33333+0,10,02381+0,004630,00076+ 0,00011
0
e x dx=
0,74684
14._
dx ,
senx
x
Sabemos que :
senx= x
(1)n1 x 2 n1
x3 x5 x7
+ +=
3! 5! 7!
(2 n1)!
n=0
13
17
2 n
(1)n1 x
senx 1
x2 x2 x 2 x 2
= +
+
(2 n1)!
x x 3! 5 ! 7 ! 9 !
1
13
x2 x2 x 2
dx= x 2 +
+ dx
senx
3! 5 ! 7 !
0 x
0
11
15
19
2 x2 2 x2 2 x 2
2x 2 2x 2
1
dx=
+
senx
3
7.3! 11.5 ! 15.7 ! 19.9 !
0
0 x
3
2
Error = 0.00003
Tomamos los valores hasta: n= 3
1
11
senx
2 x2 2 x2 2 x 2
x dx= 3 7.3 ! + 11.5!
0
1
dx=0,66670,04762+ 0,002
senx
x
0
dx=
senx
x
0
0,62108