\
|
+ =
S
O
H C HHV 9400
8
144200 33950
2
2
+
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
MINYAK BUMI
Sumber energi yang cukup sempurna
Mudah ditangani, disimpan, dan dibakar
Nilai kalornya konstan
Merupakan biota-biota laut yang
membusuk
Tabel Kelompok Hidrokarbon
dalam Minyak
Kelompok hidrokarbon Rumus Umum Contoh senyawa Struktur
C
n
H
2n+2
metana
etana
propana
butana
pentana
C
n
H
2n
etilen
propilen
butilen
Diolefin C
n
H
2n-2
butadien rantai tak jenuh, 2 ikatan rangkap
C
n
H
2n
siklopentana
sikloheksana
benzen
toluen
xilen
cincin jenuh
cincin tak jenuh
Parafin
Olefin
Naften
Aromatik
rantai jenuh
rantai tak jenuh, 1 ikatan rangkap
Tabel Karakteristik Rata-rata Bahan Bakar Minyak
Tugas : Mengapa Fuel Oil No. 4 TIDAK ADA ???
Jenis bb minyak no. 1 no. 2 no. 4 no. 5 no. 6
Kandungan (%-berat)
C 86,5 86,4 86,1 85,55 85,7
H
2
13,2 12,7 11,9 11,7 10,5
O
2
dan N
2
0,2 0,2 0,48 0,7 0,92
S 0,1 0,4 - 0,7 0,4 - 1,5 max. 2 max. 2,8
Air dan sedimen trace trace max. 0,5 max. 1 max. 2
Abu trace trace trace 0,05 0,08
Densitas, 60
o
F (lbm/ft3) 51,46 53,98 57,87 59,43 61,5
Viskositas, 100
o
F (cSt) 1,6 2,68 15 50 360
Titik tuang (
o
F) < 0 < 0 10 30 65
Temperatur atomisasi (
o
F) Atm Atm min. 25 130 200
Higher Heating Value (Btu/lb
m
) 19940 19570 18900 18650 18260
Sumber : Perrys Chem Eng Handbook Edisi 7
kerosin distilat
Residu
sangat
ringan
Residu
ringan
residu
GAS ALAM
Mudah terbakar dan bercampur baik
dengan udara.
Terbakar dengan bersih dan
menyisakan sedikit abu.
Kandungan utama : gas metana (CH4),
sekitar 90%.
Tabel Komposisi Gas Alam
Komponen Batas Komposisi (%)
Metana (CH
4
) 87 - 96
Etana (C
2
H
6
) 1.8 - 5.1
Propana (C
3
H
8
) 0.1 - 1.5
Isobutana (i-C
4
H
10
) 0.01 - 0.3
N-butana (n-C
4
H
10
) 0.01 - 0.3
Isopentana (i-C
5
H
12
) 0 - 0.14
N-pentana (n-C
5
H
12
) 0 - 0.04
Heksana + (C
6
H
14
+) 0 - 0.06
Nitrogen (N
2
) 1.3 - 5.6
Karbodioksida (CO
2
) 0.1 - 1.0
Oksigen (O
2
) 0.01 - 0.1
Hidrogen (H
2
) 0 - 0.02
Nilai Kalor Gas Alam
Sumber (negara) Nilai kalor
(kJ/m)
Russia 38231
United States 38416
Canada 38200
Netherlands 33320
United Kingdom 39710
Indonesia 40600
Algeria 42000
Uzbekistan 37889
Saudi Arabia 38000
Norway 39877
Sumber : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heating_value
Contoh lain Bahan Bakar Gas
Gas Pabrik
- Gas minyak bumi cair (Liquified Petroleum Gas / LPG), terdiri atas
distilat ringan minyak bumi terutama propana dan butana. LPG inilah yang
biasa kita kenal sebagai bahan bakar rumah tangga. Pengangkutan dan
penyimpanan gas dilakukan pada tekanan 4 40 bar.
- Gas air, adalah bahan bakar gas yang dihasilkan dengan mengalirkan uap
dan udara bergantian melalui suatu lapisan kokas pijar sehingga timbul
reaksi yang menghasilkan hidrogen dan karbonmonoksida.
- Gas air karburasi, adalah gas air seperti di atas namun dalam prosesnya
ditambahkan uap minyak ke dalam gas air sehingga menaikkan nilai
pembakarannya.
- Gas alam sintesis (Synthetic Natural Gas / SNG), merupakan bahan
bakar gas hasil konversi senyawa hidrokarbon padat seperti batubara.
Dengan kata lain, proses ini adalah hidrogenasi batubara sehingga diperoleh
sejumlah senyawa hidrokarbon ringan, khususnya metana.
- Gas produser, adalah bahan bakar gas yang terbentuk dengan cara
membakar batubara grade rendah di dalam tanah dengan udara cukup.
Temperatur yang tinggi memungkinkan pembebasan hidrogen dan sebagian
karbon teroksidasi menjadi karbonmonoksida.
Contoh lain Bahan Bakar
Gas
Gas Hasil Sampingan Proses Lain
- Gas dapur tinggi, adalah bahan bakar
berkualitas rendah yang merupakan hasil
samping industri baja. Dihasilkan dengan cara
membakar batubara dengan udara yang tidak
cukup. Komposisi gas dapur ini terutama
adalah nitrogen, karbonmonoksida, dan
karbondioksida. - Gas riol, adalah gas
metana yang dihasilkan melalui proses
fermentasi bahan-bahan organik.
KIMIA BAHAN BAKAR
Combustion or burning is a complex sequence of
exothermic chemical reactions between a fuel and an
oxidant accompanied by the production of heat or both
heat and light in the form of either a glow or flames.
Chemical reaction equation of combustion:
Example: Fuel: Hydrocarbons (C and H)
Oxidant: air (oxygen and nitrogen)
Combustion product gases: CO
2
or CO and H
2
O
Fuel
Combustion
product
gases
Heat
Oxidant
+
+
Combustion of wood (cellulose) that
produce flame, heat and ash/carbon
In a complete combustion reaction, a compound reacts with
an oxidizing element, such as oxygen or fluorine, and the
products are compounds of each element in the fuel with the
oxidizing element. For example:
CH
4
+ 2O
2
CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
CH
2
S + 6F
2
CF
4
+ 2HF + SF
6
A simpler example can be seen in the combustion of
hydrogen and oxygen, which is a commonly used reaction
in rocket engines:
2H
2
+ O
2
2H
2
O(g) + heat
The result is water vapor
In the large majority of the real world uses of combustion,
the oxygen (O
2
) oxidant is obtained from the ambient air
and the resultant flue gas from the combustion will contain
nitrogen:
CH
4
+ 2O
2
+ 7.52N
2
CO
2
+ 2H
2
O + 7.52N
2
+ heat
When air is the source of the oxygen, nitrogen is by far the
largest part of the resultant flue gas.
In reality, combustion processes are never perfect or
complete. In flue gases from combustion of carbon (as in
coal combustion) or carbon compounds (as in combustion of
hydrocarbons, wood etc.) both unburned carbon (as soot)
and carbon compounds (CO and others) will be present.
Also, when air is the oxidant, some nitrogen will be oxidized
to various nitrogen oxides (NOx).
In reality, combustion processes are never perfect or
complete. In flue gases from combustion of carbon (as in
coal combustion) or carbon compounds (as in combustion of
hydrocarbons, wood etc.) both unburned carbon (as soot)
and carbon compounds (CO and others) will be present.
Also, when air is the oxidant, some nitrogen will be oxidized
to various nitrogen oxides (NOx).
Types of
combustion
Rapid combustion
Slow combustion
Complete combustion
Incomplete combustion
Turbulent combustion
Complete combustion:
In complete combustion, the reactant will burn in oxygen,
producing a limited number of products. When a hydrocarbon
burns in oxygen, the reaction will only yield carbon dioxide
and water. When a hydrocarbon or any fuel burns in air, the
combustion products will also include nitrogen. When
elements such as carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and iron are
burned, they will yield the most common oxides. Carbon will
yield carbon dioxide. Nitrogen will yield nitrogen dioxide.
Sulfur will yield sulfur dioxide. Iron will yield iron(III) oxide. It
should be noted that complete combustion is almost
impossible to achieve. In reality, as actual combustion
reactions come to equilibrium, a wide variety of major and
minor species will be present. For example, the combustion of
methane in air will yield, in addition to the major products of
carbon dioxide and water, the minor product carbon monoxide
and nitrogen oxides, which are products of a side reaction
(oxidation of nitrogen)
Incomplete combustion:
Incomplete combustion occurs when there isn't enough
oxygen to allow the fuel (usually a hydrocarbon) to react
completely with the oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and
water, also when the combustion is quenched by a heat sink
such as a solid surface or flame trap. When a hydrocarbon
burns in air, the reaction will yield carbon dioxide, water,
carbon monoxide, pure carbon (soot or ash) and various
other compounds such as nitrogen oxides.
Chemical equation of Combustion
The complete chemical equation for stoichiometric burning
of hydrocarbon in oxygen is as follows:
(g)
O
2
H
2
y
(g) 2
CO x
(g) 2
O
4
y 4x
(g)
y
H
x
C +
+
+
|
.
|
\
|
Example for propane combustion:
Propane: C
3
H
8
(x=3; y=8)
; or
( )
(g)
O
2
H
2
8
(g) 2
CO 3
(g) 2
O
4
12
(g) 8
H
3
C +
+
+
8
(g)
O
2
H 4
(g) 2
CO 3
(g) 2
O
(g) 8
H
3
C + + 5
The complete chemical equation for stoichiometric burning
of hydrocarbon in air as oxidant agent (oxidizer) by
simplification is as follows:
where: a = x + y/4
In that combustion chemical equation, air assumed consist
of 21%v of oxigen (O
2
) and 79%v of nitrogen (N
2
), i.e.,
that for each mole of O
2
in air, there are 3.76 mole of N
2
.
2
N 3.76a O
2
H 2 y
2
CO x
2
3.76N
2
O a
y
H
x
C + + + +
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
Example for propane combustion:
Propane: C
3
H
8
(x=3; y=8)
2
N 18.8 O
2
H 4
2
CO 3
2
3.76N
2
O 5
8
H
3
C + + + +
|
|
.
|
\
|
Term and its formula in complete combustion by
oxidizer of air:
Stoichiometric air-fuel ratio, (A/F)
stoic
fuel
MW
air
MW
1
4.76a
stoic
fuel
m
air
m
stoic
F A = =
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
Equivalence ratio, u
( )
( )
( )
( )
stoic
A F
A F
F A
stoic
F A
= = u
Equivalence ratio, u, is commonly used to to indicate
quantitively wheter a fuel-oxidizer mixture is rich, lean, or
stoichiometric. u > 1 for fuel-rich mixtures, u < 1 for
fuel-lean mixtures, and u = 1 for stoic mixtures
Percent stoichiometric air
% 100
1
u
u
=
|
.
|
\
|
air excess %
Percent excess air
u
=
% 100
air tric stoichiome %
Example:
A small, low-emission, stationary gas-turbine engine
operates at full load (3950 kW) at an equivalence ratio of
0.286 with an air flowrate of 15.9 kg s
-1
. The equivalent
composition of the fuel (natural gas) is C
1.16
H
4.32
.
Determine the fuel mass flowrate and the operating air-
fuel ratio for engine!
Data:
Ar C=12.011; Ar H=1.008; Ar O=15.999; Ar N=14.007