DRYING

PSYCHROMETRIC REVIEW &

EQUIPMENT
SOLIDS DRYING PROCESSES
OBJECTIVE - REMOVAL OF SOLVENTS FROM
SOLIDS
CONTACT SOLIDS WITH FLUID NOT SATURATED
WITH SOLVENT
ECONOMICS
RECOVER SOLVENT
AVOID SHIPPING SOLVENT
MAY AVOID SPOILAGE (BIO-MATERIALS)
SEE PERRYS SECTION 12 SOLIDS DRYING
FUNDAMENTALS
DRYING EQUIPMENT
CATEGORIES
BATCH OR CONTINUOUS
DRYING MECHANISM
MECHANICAL
THERMAL
VACUUM
FREEZING
http://www.grecobrothers.com/centrifugal-
dryers/K94.jpg
http://www.arrowhead-dryers.com/steam-tube-
dryers.html
VACUUM DRYERS
SHELF ROTARY CONICAL




TRAY/BATCH CONTINUOUS BATCH
SEE SECTION 11 IN PERRYS
http://www.mcgillairpressure.com/index.ht
ml
SHELF DRYERS
BATCH UNITS
CIRCULATE AIR PAST TRAYS OF FLUIDS
OVER (CROSS-CIRCULATION)
AND/OR PERPENDICULAR TO (THROUGH-
CIRCULATION)
SEE (FIG. 9.2-1)
CAN OPERATE UNDER VACUUM
LONG BATCH CYCLES (4 - 48 HOURS) ARE COMMON
PRIMARY USES
Plastics
Metals
Chemicals
Pharmaceuticals
Foods
http://www.bocedwards.com/ind
ex.cfm?ProcessVacuum/pharmac
eutical-upgrades.cfm~content
TUNNEL DRYERS
MOVE MATERIAL ON BELT OR CONVEYOR THROUGH DRYING
ZONE
USED FOR A WIDE RANGE OF FREE-FLOWING PARTICULATES
(GRANULAR, FLAKE OR FIBROUS)
USED FOR PASTES AND FILTER CAKES WITH EVEN APPLICATION
TO BELT
DRYING TIMES APPROXIMATELY 5 - 120 MINUTES
LARGE CAPACITY IS PRACTICAL WITH THESE UNITS
http://www.dryer.com/Columbia%20Flyer%2005%20.pdf
ROTARY DRYERS
KILNS AND CALCINERS
DROP SOLIDS THROUGH COUNTERCURRENT FLOWING HOT
GASES
CAN BE LINED WITH REFRACTORY TO ALLOW VERY HIGH
TEMPERATURE OPERATION
HIGH VOLUME WITH WIDE STABLE OPERATING RANGE
RESIDENCE TIMES TYPICALLY MEASURED IN MINUTES
http://www.siko.co.id/images/kiln.jpg
DRUM AND WIPED-FILM DRYERS
DRUM DRYERS
THIN FILM DRYERS WITH INDIRECT HEATING
SLURRY APPLIED TO DRUM AND DRIED SOLID REMOVED (SEE FIG.
9.2-4)
WIPED FILM DRYERS
INVERSE OF DRUM DRYER WITH INTERNAL WIPER TO APPLY FILM TO
VERTICAL SURFACE
MATERIAL LEAVING DRYER MUST BE FREE FLOWING
HIGH THERMAL EFFICIENCY

WIPED FILM DRYER
FINISH DRYER
FEED
http://www.atlascoffee.com/imgz/1br/1br07.jpg
FREEZE DRYERS
USED FOR
BIOLOGICALS
USE SUBLIMATION

http://www.pharmaceutical-
technology.com/contractors/process_automa
tion/telstar/telstar1.html
http://www.niroinc.com/html/ch
emical/freezedryers.html
FLASH OR SPRAY DRYERS
CONTACT FLOW WITH COCURRENT
FLOW OF HOT AIR
SOLIDS MAY BE ENTRAINED
SOLIDS MAY FALL THROUGH AIR
MAY INCORPORATE CYCLONE
MAY INCORPORATE SPRAYER TO
PRODUCE SLURRY DROPLETS
MAY BE INCLUDED ON TALL TOWER
(PRILLING) OPERATION
http://www.oc-
sd.co.jp/english/exampleusage/
index01.html
FLUID BED DRYERS
SUSPEND SOLIDS IN HOT AIR STREAM
GENTLE PROCESSING NO DEGRADATION
UNIFORMITY OF PROCESS CONDITIONS
FED SLURRY FROM A CENTRIFUGE
RECOVER FINES WITH EITHER CYLCONE, FILTER
OR ESP AND RE-SLURRY
http://www.niroinc.com
/html/drying/fluidbed.h
tml
FLUID BED DRYER EXAMPLE
http://www.barr-rosin.com/english/products/fluid-bed-dryer.htm
PSYCHROMETRIC RELATIONSHIPS
HUMIDITY

SATURATION HUMIDITY

PERCENT RELATIVE HUMIDTY

PERCENT HUMIDITY



) 1 3 . 9 (
) (

=
A sys B
A A
p P M
p M
H

) 2 3 . 9 (
) (

=
AS sys B
AS A
p P M
p M
H

) 4 3 . 9 ( 100 =
AS
A
R
p
p
H

) 3 3 . 9 ( 100 =
S
P
H
H
H

PSYCHROMETRIC RELATIONSHIPS
MOLE FRACTION


HUMID HEAT

HUMID VOLUME
(IG Conditions)
v
sat
at
sat
) 14 3 . 9 (
1

+
=
A B
A
M
H
M
M
H
y

) 6 3 . 9 ( + =
PA PB S
c H c c

(

+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|

+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
A B
H
A B m
H
M
H
M
K T
kg
m
v
M
H
M
R T
lb
f t
v

1
) (
2 . 273
41 . 22
) 7 3 . 9 (
1
) (
492
359
3
3
PSYCHROMETRIC RELATIONSHIPS
TOTAL ENTHALPY
REFERENCED TO T
0


USING (9.3-6)


FOR AIR WATER @ IG CONDITIONS
ENGLISH (9.3-8)
SI (9.3-9)
) ( ) (
0 0 0
T T c H T T c H
PA PB y
+ + =

0 0
) ( H T T c H
S y

+ =
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
http://www.thermmax.com/psych-chart.jpg
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART PROPERTIES
FIXED PRESSURE STEADY STATE
CONDITIONS
AXES ARE HUMIDITY & TEMPERATURE
PLOTS CAN INCLUDE
PERCENT HUMIDITY
PERCENT RELATIVE HUMIDITY
ISENTHALPS
WET BULB TEMPERATURE
ISOCHORS

OTHER PSYCHROMETRIC CHARTS
TEXT FIGURE 9.3-2
SI UNITS
ISENTHALPIC PLOTS
PERRYS SECTION 12
LOW, MEDIUM & HIGH TEMPERATURES
TABLES WITH MORE PRECISE VALUES
EXAMPLES OF APPLICATIONS TO SPECIFIC
PROCESSES
SYSTEMS OTHER THAN AIR-WATER

ADIABATIC SATURATION PROCESS
REFERENCING FIGURE 9.3-3 IN
TEXT
OVERALL ENTHALPY BALANCE
T
s
= ADIABATIC SATURATION
TEMPERATURE
Ts =S ENTHALPY REFERENCE
TEMPERATURE FOR MODEL


RESULT IS ADIABATIC
SATURATION LINE
) 10 3 . 9 ( ) ( = +
S S S S S
H H T T c

) 11 3 . 9 (
+
= =

S
PA PB
S
S
S
S
H c c c
T T
H H


WET BULB DETERMINATION
Tw WET BULB TEMPERATURE
A DYNAMIC, STEADY STATE, NON-EQUILIBRIUM
MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE
ACHIEVED BY FORCED EVAPORATION OF LIQUID INTO THE
VAPOR.
SLING PSYCHROMETER
HYGROMETER
http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/CH182
WET BULB EQUATION
HEAT BALANCE FOR HYGROMETER





EQUATING AROUND q YIELDS WET BULB
RELATIONSHIP
) 17 3 . 9 ( ) ( ) (
) 17 3 . 9 ( ) ( ) (
) 13 3 . 9 ( ) ( ) (
) 12 3 . 9 ( ) (
'
=
=
= =
=
A T T h kW q
A H H k M kW q
y y k y y
x
k
N
A N M kW q
W
W W y B
W y W
BM
y
A
W A A

) 18 3 . 9 ( =

W
y B
W
W
k M h
T T
H H

WET BULB & ADIABATIC SATURATION
PSYCHROMETRIC RATIO =
h/M
B
k
y
LEWIS RATIO

FOR SYSTEM AIR/WATER
h/M
B
k
y
=1
ISETHALPS = WET
BULB LINE
WET BULB CAN BE
USED TO MEASURE
HUMIDITY

FOR OTHER SYSTEMS
h/M
B
k
y
1
SYSTEM AIR/BENZENE
PERRYS SECTION 12
WET BULB CAN ALSO BE
MEASURED WITH
WEIGHED DESSICANT