REPRODUCTION - INTRODUCTION

Defining Functions of REPRODUCTION

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CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN (SEXUAL) REPRODUCTION
= 2 CELS FUSE = GAMETES = OVUM & SPERMATOZOON: FECUNDATION
= Formation of different cels: Different individuals
= REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
GONADS = Gametes production and sexual hormons
REPRODUCTIVE TRACT
= INDIVIDUAL FORMATION A UNIQUE CEL = ZYGOTE
Advantages of SEXUAL reproduction
Individuals not genetically identical
Increase variety
Easier adaptation to environmental changes
ASEXUAL reproduction
- Only one individual is needed
- Identical descendants
- Identical to their progenitor
SEXUALITY AND REPRODUCTION
REPRODUCTION Sexual organs must get together To get this theres needed an ATTRACTION SEXUALITY
SEXUALITY
It has both a biological and a social aspect.
Sexual orientation is influenced by his or her cultural values, religious beliefs, etc.
SEXUAL DIMORPHISM = DIFFERENCES IN THE EXTERNAL (FISICAL) APPEARANCE BETWEEN MEN AND
WOMEN SEXUAL CHARACTERS:
PRIMARY sexual characters:
-TESTICLES OR OVARIES
SECONDARY secual characters:
- BODY SHAPE, HIPS, SHOULDERS
-DEVELOPMENT OF MAMARY GLANDS
-VOICE
-DISTRIBUTIONS OF FAT
-BEARD, HAIR
FEMALE
HORMONS
OESTROGENS
and ?
MALE HORMONS
..TERON
SEX HORMONES
The male reproductive system
The female reproductive system
ANATOMY OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
TESTICLES
Mens gamete-producing gonads

-Location = outside the abdominal cavitySCROTUM
--Made up of: SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
-Cells that form SPERM
-Cells that form sex hormones: TESTOSTERONE
Testicles
Seminiferous tubules
REPRODUCTIVE DUCTS:
- EPIDIDYMIS: where sperm complete their maturation process
- VAS DEFERENS Sperm are stored here
- URETHRA In comon with urinary system > PENIS
PENIS = The male copulatory organ Erectil tissues + URETHRA
- 2 spongy masses of erectil tissue: CORPORA CAVERNOSA above urethra
-1 CORPUS SPONGIOSUM surrounding urethra > widens at the end: GLANS
-(the Foreskin is a fold of skin that covers it)
Other GLANDS secreting substances:

-2 SEMINAL VESICLES seminal fluid: GLUCOSE= NUTRIENT)
-1 PROSTATE Prostatic fluid (protects against acidity of vagina)
-2 COWPERS GLANDS Lubricans (facilitates penetratrion)
SEMEN = SPERM

-SPERM, SPERMATOZOA (10%) (120 million / ml)
- NUTRIENTS
- SUBSTANCES THAT HELP THEIR MOVEMENT
- SUBSTANCES TO AVOID ACIDITY WITHIN VAGINA
- LUBRICANT MUCUS HELPING COPULATION

SPERM
-PARTS of an spermatozoon:
-HEAD:
-Nucleus : genetic information (chromosomes)
-Acrosome: secretes substances for fertilization of the ovum
-TAIL = FLAGELLUM propels the sperm forward
-MIDPIECE = lots of MITOCHONDRIA providing energy
- 35 C scrotum
-Determination of the sex:
-It can have X chromosoma (female embryo girl)
-Or an Y chromosome (male embryo boy)
THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
OVARIES = GONADS (like an almond)
Function: they produce:
- The OVA (female gametes)
- SEX HORMONES (which?)
PARTS: CORTEX + OVARIAN FOLLICLES:
At birth: 750.000 inmature follicles
From puberty around 450 OVA will develop
40 years = FERTILITY
REPRODUCTIVE DUCTS:
-FALLOPIAN TUBES
-They collect the ova released by ovaries
-Transport them and FERTILIZATION occurs
- secrete a lubricating fluid which feeds the zygote.
-UTERUS OR WOMB
-Where gestation takes place (embryo development)
-MYOMETRIUM (thick muscular layer) & ENDOMETRIUM (mucous membrane)
-VAGINA
-Conected to uterus through UTERUS NECK or CERVIX
-Elastic tract with lubricating glands
-HYMEN (partial membrane). Penis is inserted here and sperm deposited
-VULVA
-External genital organ in the woman.
-Folds of skin (labia majora and minora) Barholins glands (lubrication)
-Clitoris (sensitive organ with erectile tissue similar to the penis)

GAMETOGENESIS
Definition: process by which gametes are formed
GERM CELLS (like all other human cells): 46 chromosomes
CHROMOSOMES Inside de cell nucleus (DNA)
genetic information
they control cell functions

During fertilization 2 cells and their nuclei fuse: Number of chromosomes
should not be double. How do we avoid that?
GAMETES = 23 CHROMOSOMES
MEIOSIS = Special type of cell division



.to be continued


in a 2nd. Part

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