1.1.
n-
a 0 y (n ) + a1 y (n 1) +...+ a n 1 y + a n y = f (x ) ,
(1.1)
x R - ; y (x ) - ; a 0 , a1 , K , a n - , a 0 0 ; f (x ) , .
a0 y (n ) + a1 y (n 1) +...+ a n 1 y + a n y = 0
(1.2)
.
(1.1)
(1.2)
(1.1):
(1.3)
y (x ) = y o (x ) + y (x ) .
1.2.
(1.2) n
y1 (x ), y 2 ( x ), K , y n ( x ) .
(1.2) , ,
(1.4)
y o = C1 y1 (x ) + C 2 y 2 ( x ) + K + C n y n ( x ) .
, .
, (1.2),
a0 n + a1n 1 +...+ a n 1 + a n = 0 .
(1.5)
1 , 2 ,..., n
(1.5), , .
1.1) (1.5) (1.2), y = e x .
1.2) k
(k 2 ) k e x , xe x , ... , x k 1e x .
(1.2)
y ( x ) = C1 + C 2 x + K + C k x k 1 e x ,
(1.6)
C1 , C 2 ,K , C k - .
1.3) = + i , - , 0 ,
i 2 = 1 ,
(1.5), = i
( ).
, z = x + iy ,
x, y R ,
Re z = x , Im z = y . ,
e ( +i )t = e t (cos t + i sin t ) .
i
(1.2)
Re e ( +i )x = e x cos x
Im e ( + i )x = ex sin x , -
, e ( + i )x , e ( i )x . 5
(1.2)
y (x ) = (C1 cos x + C 2 sin x )ex ,
(1.7)
C1 , C 2 - .
1.4)
(1.5) = + i k (k 2 ) , = i
k . 2k 2k (1.2)
e x cos x , xex cos x , ... , x k 1e x cos x ,
ex sin x , xex sin x , ... , x k 1e x sin x .
(1.2)
y (x ) = C1 + C 2 x + K + C k x k 1 e x cos x +
,
(1.8)
+ D1 + D2 x + K + Dk x k 1 e x sin x
C1 , C 2 ,K , C k , D1 , D2 ,K , Dk - .
, (1.2).
1.3.
f (x )
, ..
.
1.5) (1.1)
f ( x ) = Pm (x )e x , Pm ( x ) = b0 + b1 x + K + bm x m -
m.
(1.5), , ;
(1.1)
y = Qm (x )e x ,
(1.9)
Qm (x ) - m.
(1.5) s , ,
s ; (1.1)
y = x s Qm (x )e x .
(1.10)
Qm (x ) (1.9) (1.10) (1.1), e x
x
.
.
1.6) (1.1)
,
f (x ) = e x (Pm (x ) cos x + Qn (x )sin x ) .
+ i
(1.5), ,
; (1.1)
y = R p cos x + T p sin x e x ,
(1.11)
p = max{m, n} -
Pm ( x ) Q n ( x ) , R p T p - p .
7
+ i (1.5) s , , s ;
(1.1)
y = x s R p cos x + T p sin x e x .
(1.12)
R p T p ,
(1.11) (1.12) (1.1),
.
(1.1)
f (x ) = f1 (x ) + f 2 (x ) +...+ f l (x ) ,
(1.1)
yi
(n )
(n 1)
a0 y k + a1 y k
+...+ a n1 y k + a n y k = f k (x ) k = 1, l .
1.4. ,
1.1 (1-01)
y IV + 4 y = 8e 2 x + 8 x 2 .
c .
1. :
y IV + 4 y = 0 .
: 4 + 42 = 0 .
1, 2 = 0 , 3 = 2i , 4 = 2i .
1, 2 = 0 ( )
y1 = e 0 x = 1 y 2 = xe 0 x = x , 3, 4 = 2i -
y 3 = cos 2 x y 4 = sin 2 x .
y o = C1 + C 2 x + C 3 cos 2 x + C 4 sin 2 x ,
C1 ,C 2 ,C 3 , C 4 - .
2. .
f ( x ) = 8e 2 x + 8 x 2 , .. f (x ) = f1 (x ) + f 2 (x ) ,
f1 (x ) = 8e 2 x , f 2 (x ) = 8x 2 .
:
f1 (x ) = 8e 2 x = Pm ( x )e x , Pm (x ) = 8 , .. m = 0 , = 2 . , , s = 0 . ..
y 1 (x ) = ae 2 x .
y 1 (x ) = ae 2 x ,
f (x ) = f1 (x ) ,
y 2 = ax 4 + bx 3 + cx 2 , -
f ( x ) f 2 ( x ) ,
x2 :
48a
= 8,
1
1
x :
24b
= 0, a = , c = 3a =
6
2
x 0 : 24a + 8c = 0;
1
1
1
y 2 = x 2 x 2 .
2
6
1
x4 x2
y ( x ) = y 1 (x ) + y 2 ( x ) = e 2 x +
4
6
2
3.
y = y o + y = C1 + C 2 x + C 3 cos 2 x + C 4 sin 2 x +
e 2x x 4 x 2
n
+
4
6
2
2 , 3 = 2 4 5 = 2 i .
1 = 1 y1 = e x , 2,3 = 2 i -
y 2 = e 2 x cos x y 3 = e 2 x sin x .
f ( x ) = 10e x 5 x , .. f (x ) = f1 (x ) + f 2 (x ) ,
f1 (x ) = 10e x , f 2 (x ) = 5 x .
:
f1 (x ) = 10e x = Pm (x )e x , Pm ( x ) = 10 , .. m = 0 , = 1 (
1 = 1 ) - ,
s = 1 ,
y 1 = x1Q0 e x = xae x .
y1 (x ) = axe x ,
f (x ) = f1 (x ) ,
10 ae x = 10e x .
, -
10 a = 10 , a = 1 y 1 = xe x .
f 2 ( x ) = 5 x = 5 xe 0 x = Pm ( x )e x , Pm (x ) = 5 x , .. m = 1 ,
= 0 ( ),
.. s = 0 ,
y2 = x 0 Q1e 0 x = ax + b .
y 2 = ax + b ,.
f (x ) f 2 (x ) ,
0 + 3 0 + a 5(ax + b ) = 5 x .
,
x1 :
5a = 5,
x : a 5b = 0;
1
1
1
a = y 2 = x + .
5
5
5
1
y (x ) = y 1 (x ) + y 2 (x ) = xe x + x +
5
b=
11
a = 1 ,
3.
y = y o + y = C1e x + C 2 e 2 x cos x + C 3 e 2 x sin x + xe x + x +
1
.
5
o
1.3. (1-24) 13
y + 4 y + y + 4 y = 34 sin x + 34 x + e 4 x .
4
e .
1.
:
y + 4 y + y + 4 y = 0 .
:
3
2
+ 4 + + 4 = 0 .
1 = 4 , 2,3 = i .
1 = 4 y1 = e 4 x ,
2,3 = i - y 2 = sin x , y 3 = cos x .
f ( x ) = 34 sin x + 34 x + e 4 x , ..
4
f (x ) = f1 (x ) + f 2 (x ) ,
f1 (x ) = 34 sin x ,
13
f 2 ( x ) = 34 x + e 4 x .
4
12
s =1,
y 1 ( x ) = x(a sin x + b cos x )
f (x ) = f1 (x ) ,
8(a cos x b sin x ) 2(a sin x + b cos x ) = 34 sin x .
cos x sin x ,
cos x : 8a 2b = 0,
a = 1,
sin x : 8b 2a = 34;
b = 4
y 1 = x sin x 4 x cos x .
13
13
f 2 ( x ) = 34 x + e 4 x = Pm (x )e x , Pm (x ) = 34 x + , ..
4
4
m = 1 , = 4 , s = 0 ,
y 2 = x 0 Q1e 4 x = (ax + b )e 4 x .
y2 = (ax + b )e 4 x , -
f ( x ) f 2 ( x ) ,
13 .
4
,
x1 :
136 a = 34,
1
1
13 a = , b =
0
x : 136b + 81a = ;
4
8
4
1
1
y 2 = x 2 e 4 x .
8
4
1
1
y = y1 + y2 = x sin x 4 x cos x + x 2 e 4 x .
8
4
3.
13
x 1
x sin x 4 x cos x + e 4 x .p
4 8
1.5.
:
1. (1-01) y IV + 4 y = 8e 2 x + 8 x 2 .
2. (1-02) y IV y = sin x + e x .
3. (1-03) y IV y = 2e x + 5e x sin x .
4. (1-04) y IV + y y y = 2 x + 2 sin x .
5. (1-11) y 3 y + 3 y y = 6e x + x .
6. (1-12) y y y + y = x 2 + 4e x .
7. (1-13) y + 5 y + 9 y + 5 y = 2e x + 5 x + 4 .
8. (1-14) y + 3 y + y 5 y = 10e x 5 x .
9. (1-21) y y + 9 y 9 y = 60 cos 3 x + 4 xe x .
10. (1-22) y + y + 4 y + 4 y = 8 sin 2 x + 20 xe x .
11 9 x
e .
36
13
x
13. (1-31) y 3 y 2 y = 18(1 x )e + 100 cos 2 x .
14
+ cos x .
28. (1-64) y + 2 y + y = 16 ch x 6 xe x .
1.6. :
5.
x 2 1 1 2x
+ e
y = C1 + C 2 x + C 3 cos 2 x + C 4 sin 2 x + x 2
6
2 4
1
y = C1 + C 2 x + C3 x 2 + C 4 e x + xe x + (sin x cos x )
2
1
x
x
y = C1e + C 2 e + C3 sin x + C 4 cos x + xe x e x sin x
2
1
y = C1 + C 2 e x + C 3 xe x + C 4 e x + 2 x x 2 + (sin x + cos x )
2
x
x
2 x
3 x
y = C1e + C 2 xe + C3 x e + x e x 3
6.
y = C1e x + C 2 xe x + C3 e x + x 2 + 2 x + 4 + x 2 e x
7.
1.
2.
3.
4.
8.
9.
x
5
15
7 x
e x(3 cos 3 x + sin 3 x )
50
11
e9 x
72 738
x
4
1
8
15. y = (C1 x + C 2 )e
16. y = C1e
2 x
3x
+ x x 2 e 3 x + cos 3x sin 3x
2
+ C3 e + x 2 x e
2 x
2 x
+ C 2 cos 4 x + C3 sin 4 x + x e
2 cos 2 x sin 2 x
cos x + sin x
1 2
x cos 2 x
4
1
x
sin x + cos 3x
4
16
3 sin x + 4 cos x x
19. y = (C1 + C 2 x )e x + 2 x 2 e x +
e
25
1
1
20. y = (C1 + C 2 x )e x + sin x + x 3 e x
2
6
21. y = C1e x + C 2 cos x + C3 sin x x(cos x + sin x ) + (x 2)e x
1 2
x 6 x e x + cos x sin x
2
1
24. y = C1e x + C 2 cos x + C3 sin x x(cos x + sin x ) + (2 x 1)e x
4
1
1
1
23. y = C1e x + (C 2 + C3 x )e x +
1
26. y = C1 + (C 2 + C 3 x )e x + x 3 2 x 2 e x + e x
2
16
5 2x 3
1
xe + sin x cos x e 2 x
3
2
2
x
x
3
2 x
28. y = C1 + (C 2 + C3 x )e + 2e + x x e
27. y = C1e x + C 2 e 2 x +
17