Sekolah Menengah Jenis Kebangsaan Katholik,

Petaling Jaya
ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT ORK
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Title % FANTASTIC CALCULUS
Na&e % Hie' (i Sa
Class ) (ea* % + S, ) !"#$
IC N-&be* % ....../../....
Tea0he* % Pn Tay San San
Contents
No1 Content Page Re&a*ks
# Int*o2-0tion 3
! PART # 4a0kg*o-n2 Histo*y o5 Isaa0 Ne'ton
3 PART ! a6 7*o& the g*a8h A00ele*ation o5 the 0a* in
the #
st
ho-*
A9e*age s8ee2 o5 the 0a*
in 5i*st ! ho-*s
b6 Signi5i0an0e o5 the 8osition
o5 the g*a8h
Abo9e the t/a.is
:n2e* the t/a.is
06 Total 2istan0e t*a9elle2 by
the 0a*
Integ*ate all the lines
Total a*ea o5 8olygons
26 An inte*esting sto*y o5 the ;o-*ney
$ PART 3 a6 E<-ation o5 the 0-*9e line
b6 A88*o.i&ate a*ea -n2e* the
0-*9e
Le5t Rei&ann S-&
Right Rei&ann S-&
Mi28oint Rei&ann S-&
06 i6 Cal0-late the a*ea -n2e* the 0-*9e -sing integ*ation
ii6 Co&8a*e an2 0o&&ent abo-t the 5in2ings
iii6 ays to i&8*o9e the a00-*a0y o5 ans'e* in 0=ii6
26 >ol-&e o5 the satellite 2is0
+ 7:RTHER
E?PLORATION
a6 >ol-&e o5 gol2 nee2e2
b6 Cost o5 gol2 nee2e2 5o* the *ing
@ RE7LECTION
Int*o2-0tion
The ancient period introduced some of the ideas that led to integral calculus, but does not seem to have
developed these ideas in a rigorous and systematic ay! Calculations of volumes and areas, one goal
of integral calculus, can be found in the"gyptian #osco papyrus $c! %&'( )C*, but the formulas are
only given for concrete numbers, some are only appro+imately true, and they are not derived by
deductive reasoning!,%-
In the %.th century, "uropean mathematicians Isaac )arro, /en0 1escartes, 2ierre de Fermat, )laise
2ascal, 3ohn 4allis and others discussed the idea of a derivative! In particular, in Methodus ad
disquirendam maximam et minima and in De tangentibus linearum curvarum, Fermat developed
an ade5uality method for determining ma+ima, minima, and tangents to various curves that as closely
related to differentiation!,%(- Isaac Neton ould later rite that his on early ideas about calculus
came directly from 6Fermat7s ay of draing tangents!6,%%-
8n the integral side, Cavalieri developed his method of indivisibles in the %9:(s and %9;(s, providing a
more modern form of the ancient <ree= method of e+haustion,,disputed discuss- and
computing Cavalieri7s 5uadrature formula, the area under the curves xn of higher degree, hich had
previously only been computed for the parabola, by Archimedes! Torricelli e+tended this or= to other
curves such as the cycloid, and then the formula as generali>ed to fractional and negative poers by
4allis in %9?9! In a %9?@ treatise, Fermat is credited ith an ingenious tric= for evaluating the integral of
any poer function directly!,%'- Fermat also obtained a techni5ue for finding the centers of gravity of
various plane and solid figures, hich influenced further or= in 5uadrature! 3ames <regory, influenced
by Fermat7s contributions both to tangency and to 5uadrature, as then able to prove a restricted
version of the second fundamental theorem of calculus in the midA%.th century!,citation needed- The
first full proof of thefundamental theorem of calculus as given by Isaac )arro!,%:-
Neton and Leibni>, building on this or=, independently developed the surrounding theory
of infinitesimal calculus in the late %.th century! Also, Leibni> did a great deal of or= ith developing
consistent and useful notation and concepts! Neton provided some of the most important applications
to physics, especially of integral calculus!
The first proof of /olle7s theorem as given by #ichel /olle in %9@% using methods developed by the
1utch mathematician 3ohann van 4averen Budde!,%;- The mean value theorem in its modern form
as stated by )ernard )ol>ano and AugustinALouis Cauchy $%.&@C%&?.* also after the founding of
modern calculus! Important contributions ere also made by )arro, Buygens, and many others!
A88li0ation o5 2i55e*ential 0al0-l-s in0l-2e 0o&8-tations in9ol9ing 9elo0ity an2 a00ele*ation, the slo8e o5 0-*9e a
n2 o8ti&iAation1 A88li0ations o5 integ*al 0ala-l-s in0l-2e 0o&8-tations in9ol9ing a*ea, 9ol-&e, a*0 length, 0ent*e
o5 &ass, 'o*k an2 8*ess-*e1 Cal0-l-s is also -se2 to gain a &o*e 8*e0ise -n2e*stan2ing o5 the nat-*e o5 s8a0e, ti&
e an2 &otion1
Pa*t #
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Kensington, Mi22lese.,
Englan2, E*eat 4*itainResting
8la0eest&inste*
AbbeyResi2en0eEnglan2Nation
alityEnglish =late* 4*itish6
Isaa0 Ne'ton
Kno'n 5o*
Ne'tonian &e0hani0s
:ni9e*sal g*a9itation
Cal0-l-s
O8ti0s
4ino&ial se*ies
Principia
Ne'tonFs &etho2
7iel2s
Physi0s
Nat-*al
8hiloso8hy
Mathe&ati0s
Ast*ono&y
Al0he&y
Ch*istian
theology
E0ono&i0s
In5l-en0e2 by
Johannes Ke8le*
Hen*y Mo*eB+C
Polish 4*eth*enB@C
Robe*t 4oyleBDC
Notable st-2ents
Roge* Cotes
illia& histon
In5l-en0e2
Ni0olas 7atio 2e D-illie*
John Keill
>oltai*e
Instit-tions
:ni9e*sity o5
Ca&b*i2ge
Royal So0iety
Royal Mint
Al&a &ate* T*inity College,
Ca&b*i2ge
A0a2e&i0 a29iso*s
Isaa0 4a**o' B!C
4en;a&in P-lleyn B3C B$C
#1 Isaac Neton as born $according to the 3ulian calendar in use in "ngland at the time* on
Christmas 1ay, '? 1ecember %9;' $NS ; 3anuary %9;:,%-*, at 4oolsthorpe #anor in 4oolsthorpeA
byAColsterorth, a hamlet in the county of Lincolnshire! Be as born three months after the death of
his father, a prosperous farmer also named Isaac Neton! )orn prematurely, he as a small childD his
mother Bannah Ayscough reportedly said that he could have fit inside a 5uart mug $E %!% litres*! 4hen
Neton as three, his mother remarried and ent to live ith her ne husband, the /everend
)arnabus Smith, leaving her son in the care of his maternal grandmother, #argery Ayscough! The
young Isaac disli=ed his stepfather and maintained some enmity toards his mother for marrying him,
as revealed by this entry in a list of sins committed up to the age of %@F 6Threatening my father and
mother Smith to burn them and the house over them!6 Neton7s mother had three children from her
second marriage!,@-Although it as claimed that he as once engaged,,%(- Neton never married!
!1 From the age of about telve until he as seventeen, Neton as educated atThe Ging7s School,
<rantham hich taught him Latin but no mathematics! Be as removed from school, and by 8ctober
%9?@, he as to be found at 4oolsthorpeAbyAColsterorth, here his mother, idoed for a second
time, attempted to ma=e a farmer of him! Be hated farming!,%%- Benry Sto=es, master at the Ging7s
School, persuaded his mother to send him bac= to school so that he might complete his education!
#otivated partly by a desire for revenge against a schoolyard bully, he became the topAran=ed student,
,%'- distinguishing himself mainly by building sundials and models of indmills!,%:-
31 In 3une %99%, he as admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge, on the recommendation of his uncle
/ev 4illiam Ayscough! Be started as a subsi>arGpaying his ay by performing valet7s dutiesHuntil
he as aarded a scholarship in %99;, hich guaranteed him four more years until he ould get his
#!A!,%;- At that time, the college7s teachings ere based on those of Aristotle, hom Neton
supplemented ith modern philosophers such as 1escartes, and astronomerssuch
as <alileo and Thomas Street, through hom he learned of Gepler7s or=! Be set don in his
noteboo= a series of 7Iuaestiones7 about mechanical philosophy as he found it! In %99?, he
discovered the generalised binomial theorem and began to develop a mathematical theory that later
became calculus! Soon after Neton had obtained his )!A! degree in August %99?, the university
temporarily closed as a precaution against the <reat 2lague! Although he had been undistinguished
as a Cambridge student,,%?- Neton7s private studies at his home in 4oolsthorpe over the
subse5uent to years sa the development of his theories on calculus,,%9- optics, and the la of
gravitation! In April %99., he returned to Cambridge and in 8ctober as elected as a fello of Trinity!
B#DC B#,C Fellos ere re5uired to become ordained priests, although this as not enforced in the
restoration years and an assertion of conformity to the Church of "ngland as sufficient! Boever, by
%9.? the issue could not be avoided and by then his unconventional vies stood in the ay!
,%@- Nevertheless, Neton managed to avoid it by means of a special permission from Charles II $see
6#iddle years6 section belo*!
$1 Middle years
Mathematics
Neton7s or= has been said 6to distinctly advance every branch of mathematics then studied6!
,'(- Bis or= on the subJect usually referred to as flu+ions or calculus, seen in a manuscript of 8ctober
%999, is no published among Neton7s mathematical papers!,'%- The author of the manuscript De
analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas, sent by Isaac )arro to 3ohn Collins in 3une
%99@, as identified by )arro in a letter sent to Collins in August of that year
+1 Neton later became involved in a dispute ith Leibni> over priority in the development of calculus
$the Leibni>CNeton calculus controversy*! #ost modern historians believe that Neton and Leibni>
developed calculusindependently, although ith very different notations! 8ccasionally it has been
suggested that Neton published almost nothing about it until %9@:, and did not give a full account
until %.(;, hile Leibni> began publishing a full account of his methods in %9&;! $Leibni>7s notation
and 6differential #ethod6, noadays recognised as much more convenient notations, ere adopted by
continental "uropean mathematicians, and after %&'( or so, also by )ritish mathematicians!* Such a
suggestion, hoever, fails to notice the content of calculus hich critics of Neton7s time and modern
times have pointed out in )oo= % of Neton7s Principia itself $published %9&.* and in its forerunner
manuscripts, such as De motu corporum in gyrum $68n the motion of bodies in orbit6*, of %9&;!
ThePrincipia is not ritten in the language of calculus either as e =no it or as Neton7s $later* 7dot7
notation ould rite it! Bis or= e+tensively uses calculus in geometric form based on limiting values
of the ratios of vanishing small 5uantitiesF in the Principia itself, Neton gave demonstration of this
under the name of 7the method of first and last ratios7,':- and e+plained hy he put his e+positions in
this form,,';- remar=ing also that 7hereby the same thing is performed as by the method of
indivisibles7!
@1 )ecause of this, the Principia has been called 6a boo= dense ith the theory and application of the
infinitesimal calculus6 in modern times,'?- and 6le5uel est pres5ue tout de ce calcul6 $7nearly all of it is
of this calculus7* in Neton7s time!,'9- Bis use of methods involving 6one or more orders of the
infinitesimally small6 is present in hisDe motu corporum in gyrum of %9&;,'.- and in his papers on
motion 6during the to decades preceding %9&;6!,'&-
Neton had been reluctant to publish his calculus because he feared controversy and criticism!,'@- Be
as close to the Siss mathematician Nicolas Fatio de 1uillier! In %9@%, 1uillier started to rite a ne
version of Neton7sPrincipia, and corresponded ith Leibni>!,:(- In %9@:, the relationship beteen
1uillier and Neton deteriorated and the boo= as never completed!
D1 Starting in %9@@, other members of the /oyal Society $of hich Neton as a member* accused
Leibni> ofplagiarism! The dispute then bro=e out in full force in %.%% hen the /oyal Society
proclaimed in a study that it as Neton ho as the true discoverer and labelled Leibni> a fraud!
This study as cast into doubt hen it as later found that Neton himself rote the study7s
concluding remar=s on Leibni>! Thus began the bitter controversy hich marred the lives of both
Neton and Leibni> until the latter7s death in %.%9!,:%-
Neton never married
Isaa0 Ne'ton
have a close friendship ith the
Siss mathematician Nicolas
Fatio de 1uillier
never sensible to any passion,
as not subJect to the common
frailties of man=ind, nor had any
commerce ith omenHa
circumstance hich as assured
by the physician and surgeon
ho attended him in his last
moments
The idespread belief that he
died a virgin has been
commented on by riters
including mathematician Charles
Button,,&.- economist 3ohn
#aynard Geynes,,&&- and
physicist Carl Sagan!,&@-
lost heavily hen the South Sea
Company collapsed! Their most
significant trade as slaves and
according to his niece, he lost
around K'(,(((!
Pa*t !
a6 i6 E*a2ient o* 29)2tHa Ans%@"&)s!
ii6 =total 2istan0e6)!h*sH =the a*ea -n2e* g*a8h 6k&)!h*sH=integ*ate the
lines6k&)!h*sH=a22ition a*ea o5 8olygons6k&)!h*s
ans% ++k&)h
b6 i6 t*a9elling to the *ight =ass-&ing 8ositi9e 9elo0ityHgoing to *ight 6
ii6 t*a9elling to the le5t =ass-&ing negati9e 9elo0ityHgoing to le5t 6
06 i6 integ*ate the lines =8ositi9e I negati9e6
ii6total a*ea o5 the 8olygons
ans% #J"k&
26 Ali 'as 2*i9ing his 0a* at !"k&)h on the high'ay 5*o& PJ to S-bang1 A5te* he sta*te2 to ti&e
his ;o-*ney, he 2*o9e 'ith an a00ele*ation o5 @"k&)h! 5o* #h*, then he 2*o9e at ,"k&)h 5o* 3"&ins,
then he 2e00ele*ate2 'ith a 2e00ele*ation o5 #@"k&)h! 5o* 3"&ins -ntil he *ea0h P-0hong, 'he*e he
5o-n2 he &iss the e.it at S-bang1 Dis&aye2, he s8ent 3"&ins to 0al& 2o'n at P-0hong1 He 2*o9e
ba0k to S-bang 'ith an a00ele*ation o5 #@"k&)h! 5o* 3"&ins, then he 2*o9e at ,"k&)h 5o* anothe*
3"&ins, an2 0o&8lete2 his ;o-*ney 'ith a 2e00ele*ation o5 #@"k&)h! 5o* 3"&ins1
Pa*t 3
a6 yHa=.I86 !I< yHa.!Ib.I0
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yHa=.6!I$ yHa=.6!I$
s-b=/$,+6 an2 =$,+6 4y 0o&8a*is&
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iii6 Mi28oint Rei&ann s-&
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Total%
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06 i6 0al0-late the a*ea -n2e* the 0-*9e -sing integ*ation
ii6 Co&8a*e the ans'e* in B0=i6C 'ith the 9al-es obtaine2 in =b61 The 2iag*a& 'hi0h gi9es the
best a88*o.i&ate a*ea is The &i28oint Rei&ann S-&
iii6 I 0an i&8*o9e the 9al-e in B0=i6C by -sing &o*e than eight 9e*ti0al *e0tang-la* sheets1 I 0an
also a88ly the integ*al 0a0-l-s to get an a00-*ate ans'e* by integ*ating the e<-ation o5 the
0-*9e =integ*al5o*&-la6
26 :se the integ*al 5o*&-la 5o* 9ol-&e o5 *e9ol-tion ans% ,=!!)D6&et*e 0-be
7-*the* E.8lo*ation
a6 5in2 the 9ol-&e o5 *e9ol-tion in $=b6 Re&e&be* it is *e9ole2 a*o-n2 the ?/A?IS L
Ans% "1##+!= !!)D 6 0& 0-be
b6 &ass o5 gol2H2ensity . 9ol-&e # o-n0eH!,13$J+!g
H#J13 . "1##+!=!!)D6
H!1!!33@=!!)D6g
P*i0e o5 # o-n0e
o5 gol2 =:SD6
P*i0e o5 #g o5 gol2
=:SD6
A9e*age 8*i0e o5
#g o5 gol2 =:SD6
A9e*age 8*i0e o5
#g o5 gol2 =M(R6
P*i0e o5 gol2 nee2
5o* the *ing
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#!+@13 $$13# 3@+1@$),
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Total% #"3@+1@D Total% 3@+1@$
Re5le0tion
Th-s, by 0on2-0ting this 0o-*se'o*k, I 'as able to lea*n ho' to a88ly 0al0-l-s skills in *eal/
li5e sit-ations1 I also lea*nt to a88ly 2i55e*ential 0al0-l-s in 0o&8-tations in9ol9ing 9elo0ity,
a00ele*ation, the slo8e o5 0-*9e an2 o8ti&isation, 'he*eas a88lying integ*al 0al0-l-s in
0o&8-tations in9ol9ing a*ea, 9ol-&e, a*0 length,0ent*e o5 &ass, 'o*k an2 8*ess-*e1The*e5o*e, it
8*o9i2e2 &e a bette* -n2e*stan2ing o5 the to8i0s 'hi0h a*e being 2is0-sse2 in this 8*o;e0t 'o*k1
A8a*t 5*o& that, this 8*o;e0t has also enhan0e2 &y skills an2 b*oa2en &y kno'le2ge in
te*&s o5 te0hnology1 In o*2e* to 2*a' g*a8hs an2 0olle0t 2atas, I s-*5e2 the inte*net to *e55e* so&e
*eso-*0es to in0*ease &y kno'le2ge in 0o&8-te*s to ens-*e &y 'o*k is 2one 0o**e0tly1
A22itionally, I ha2 be0o&e &o*e in2e8en2ent1 Sin0e this 8*o;e0t is gen-inely 2one by &e, I
a& satis5ie21
Mo*e9e*, sin0e I ha2 to *e9ise 8*e9io-s to8i0s in o*2e* to 0o&8lete this 'o*k, I 0onsi2e*e2
this 0o-*se'o*k as a *e9ision 5o* &y -80o&ing e.a&ination1
POEM
ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS
Easy to learn
You teached me
addition, subtraction, multiplication and division
Then you extend my knowledge to
squares, cubes, square roots, and cube roots
And now I am in learning
logarithms, differentiation and integration.
You have no end
I will be content with you in my life
I will learn from you forever
No life for me without you
I love you, ADD MATHS !
Ti8s%
#1 ant to sa9e &oneyM (o-
0an -se the 5ollo'ing ta0ti0s
!1 4-y this 0o-*e'o*k 'ith
yo-* 5*ien2s an2 sha*e the 0ost
togethe* sin0e this 8*o;e0t
0o-l2 be 2one as a g*o-81
31 7ollo' Isaa0 Hie' (i Sa to
get &o*e in5o&ation on
2is0o-nt instantly1
$1 Like this i5 yo- 5in2 this
-se5-l1
htt8%))'''1s0*ib210o&)2o0)!!D$D#,+!)Co&8lete2/A22itional/Mathe&ati0s/P*o;e0t/o*k/
Selango*/!"#$M9ie'N5-llH#