Abstract

Obesity and hypertension are now considerd as serious health problem, and cause the
huge medical expenditure even more. We aimed to evaluate the status of obesity in Collegy
students population and describe the relationships between obesity and hypertension. A
total of 7875 of the National Chin-Yi University of Technology freshmen were selected as
subjects from 2005 to 2008. Blood pressure, height, and weight were obtained by doctor
and nurse using standard protocols and processure. Obesity was defined according to
Taiwan definition and hypertension was defined according to JNC-7. The method of PCIs
were used to set up obesity indices to evaluate the prevalence of obesity. Logistic
regression analysis was used to find out the associations between obesity and hypertension.
The obesity prevalence of the National Chin-Yi University of Technology was 12.92% in
boy students and 4.01% in girl students. The prevalence of obesity was lower than the
national population based on Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan in 2005~2006 (12.1%
vs. 17%). BMI increased by 1 unit (kg/m2) had 16.7% (95% CI:15.0%~18.4%) fold risk to
get hypertension. Obesity indices were simple and convenient tool of assessing the
prevalence of obesity. Logistic regression analysis revealed that obesity was risk factor for
hypertension. Our study quantifies the associations of obesity and hypertension in college
students population.
Key words: obesity, obseity indices, body mass index, logstic regression, hypertension,
process capability index

147

JNC-7
12.92%
4.01% 17%BMI 1
16.7%(95% CI:15.0%~18.4%)

BMI

(WHO)

(Snijder et al., 2003; Chien, Liou, & Chen, 2004; Hotu, Carter,
Watson, Cutfield, & Cundy, 2004)
5.5-7.0% 2.0-3.5%(Thompson & Wolf, 2001)

2002 2.9%2008
(Ogden, Flegal, Carroll, & Johnson, 2002)

Visscher and Seidell (2001) 1980

1996 3 BMI BMI 25kg/m2
Wu et al. (2001) 20 60 BMI 25
33.1 % 21.5 %

? BMI
(Mei et al., 2002 Lobstein & Frelut, 2003
2008)WHO (2008)
BMI

(process capability indices, PCI)

( )( )

148


BMI
BMI
BMI
BMI BMI
BMI

(Engstrom, Hedblad, & Janzon, 1999)Faber 1924

JNC-7 (2003) 10
5000 1
200315 24.9% 18.2%
BMI
(Lin et al., 2006)
BMI

()
() 94 - 97
()

1/5
1.2.3.
4.5.

12-20%
20-30%
(Himes & Dietz, 1994)
()
WHO WHO (2004)
BMI 30 kg/m2 BMI 30-34.9
kg/m2 BMI 35-39.9 kg/m2 BMI 40 kg/m2

2002
BMI=24 BMI 27
BMI 18.5 BMI 18.5-242002
()

149

(BMI) (Baumgartner, Heymsfield,

& Roche, 1995)
(Chien, Liou, & Chen, 2004; Nassis & Geladas, 2003)
BMI
(Mei et al., 2002Lobstein & Frelut, 2003)(BMI)
(weight-for-height) (populations)

BMI = weight(kg ) height(m)

(1)

(Michele et al., 2001)

WHOACSM

2003

()
1997 WHO
:

1.

(Hall, 1997)

2.

(Wicklgren, 1998)

3.

(Simpson, Bernnan, McGilchrist, &

Blocket, 1982)
4.
(Rathmann, Funkhouser, & Dyer., 1998)

()

(Brownell, 1998)

1.

1994 10%
40% 80%Chen (1997)
5

150

2.
Binkley, Eales, and

Jekanowski(2000)
(Volger, Sorensen,

& Stunkard, 1995)

3.

(Hunter, KeKes-Szabo,

Snyder, 1997)
()
19801987 1990 3
39% 43% 26% 29% 8%
16%6% 13% (Colhoun & Prescott, 1996; Knight, 1994)
NHANES(National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey)
1976 1980 8%1988 1994 15%

2003 2004 31.1% 2005 2006 33.3% (Ogden et al., 2006Ogden et al.,
2007)
1980 1996 3 BMI
BMI 25kg/m2 Lin et al. (2003) 1993-1996

(24BMI<27) (27BMI) 22.9% 10.5% 20.3%

13.2%Wu et al. (2001) 20 60 BMI 25
33.1% 21.5%

2005 9 2006 6 17%

30% 20%2008

BMI 27

2004

()
(systolic blood pressure, SBP) (diastolic blood pressure,

DBP)JNC-7(2003)
140 mmHg 90 mmHg 18
120 mmHg 80 mmHg

151

()

1.

35%
(JNC-, 1997)

2.
(TG)
(TC)
(HDL-C) (Kastarinen et al.,

1997)Eisenmann, Welk, Ihmels, and Dollman(2007) Eisenmann, Welk, Wickel, and Blair (2007)
BMI BMI

3.
50 50
(Whelton, 1994)

4.
Faber 1924
McCarthy et al. (2008)
23-30% (JNC-, 1997)Juhaeri et al. (2002)
1kg 1.36
1.35 1.12 1.43 Gentile et al. (2007)
5 (12 vs. 72 mmHg)
(-14 vs. 51 mmHg)McCarthy et al. (2008)

Barbagallo et al. (2001)BMI 27-29.9

1.64 2.71 BMI30
2.45 5.36 Freemark and Bursey (2001) 1 BMI
10%Field et al. (2001)BMI 25-29.9
1.7
(2003) Eisenmann et al.(2007a,

2007b) BMI BMI Ruiz et al.

(2007) 9-10 Ferrari (2008)
(physical inactivity)

BMI

(Lin et al., 2006) BMI

152

()
JNC-7 (2003) 10 5000
1 1993-1996
26% 19% 2003

15 24.9% 18.2%WHO 2000

22.1 % 16%

()
Juran (1974)
( , ) Kane (1986)

Cp Cpk Cpu Cpl Cpu (smaller the better index)Cpl

(larger the better index) 4

Juran (1974) Cp
(tolerances) Cp

Cp =

USL LSL
6

(2)

USL (upper specification limit) LSL (lower

specification limit) d

( , ) 6 3

99.73% Cp=1 0.27%

(%Yield) Cp

%Yield = (3 C p )

(3)

(x )
2

1 2x
( x ) =
e dx, x = 3C p

2
x

(4)

Cp 1 1
Cp
Cp
0 Cp
Cp Kane (1986)
Cpk

C C pl d m
C pk = pu
,
=
3
3
3
USL
C pu =
3

153

(5)
(6)

C pl =

LSL
3

(7)

m=(USL+LSL) / 2 Cpu (smaller the better)

Cpl (larger the better) Cpk
Cpk Cp
Cp = m 1 1 Cpk
Boyles (1994)

1 1 USL 1 LSL
S pk = -1
+

3 2
2

(8)

1 1

%Yield = 2(3S pk ) - 1

(9)

()

2002
Hung (2005)
Hung (2006) Hung and Su (2007)(BMI)

2002
S I

Perf = S I L

Hung (2005)
F j , j = u ,l , n

Fu =

(10)

(smaller the better fitness)

Fl =

(11)

(larger the better fitness)

U
L
Fn = 1 1 / 2
+ 1 / 2

(nominal the better fitness)(BMI)

Hung (2006) BMI B T

154

(12)

18

B T = 1 W j (B j )
j =2

(13)

BT 2-18 BMI BMI

Hung and Su (2007) B j I BMI

1 1 Y
I BMI = 1
2 Y

1 + Y
+

(14)

BMI BMI
BMI Hung
BMI BMI I BMI
BMI B j

BT

(PCI)

94 ~ 97 7,923

()

(underweight)(normal range)(overweight)(obesity)
BMI BMI
U L BMI U=27 L=24
X BMI BMI X
BMI BMI
(12)
Bow

24
27
Bow = 1 1/2

+ 1/2

(15)

pow % pow % Bow

27
24
pow % = P
Z
= 2 (Bow ) 1

(16)

155


Bow

pow % Bow

pow %
LBMI 27
(11) Bob

Bob =

27

(17)

pob %

pob % Bob

27

pob % = P Z
= (Bob ) 1

(18)

Z Bob

pob %
()
JNC-7 (systolic

blood pressure) 140 mmHg L

(11) H sys

H sys =

140

(19)

psys % H sys

p sys % = (H sys )

(20)

(diastolic blood pressure) 90 mmHg L

(11)

H dia

H dia =

90

(21)

pdia % H dia

pdia % = (H dia )

(22)

() BMI
(logistic regression) BMI
140 mmHg 90 mmHg (high blood

pressure, HBP) 1 0 Forward Wald

p <.05 Omnibus
Wald p <.05BMI
OR (odds ratio) RR(relative risk ratio) 95 %

(confidence interval, CI)

156

BMI

SPSS for Windows 14.0 Microsoft Office Excel 2003

BMI

7875 5586 2289 1.

94-97 BMI 168.228.18

cm(N=7875) 171.776.23 cm(N= 5586) 159.555.46 cm(N=
2289) 62.3013.98 kg 67.0613.38 kg 53.019.8 kg
BMI 22.154.16 kg/m2 BMI 22.714.27 kg/m2 20.803.54

kg/m2
2. 94-97 12.1% 12.92 % 4.01

%94959697 15.15 %16.11 %16.60 %14.23 %

4.36 %4.27 %2.62 %4.63 %

94-97 21.28% 22.06 % 14.28 %

94959697 24.34 %22.82 %20.52 %25.86 %
15.06 %14.28 %10.34 %15.86 %

157

1. 94-97 BMI
(cm)
(N)

94 (2208)
(1638)
( 570)

BMI(kg/m2)

(kg)

168.36
171.63
158.94

7.91
5.74
5.33

63.28
66.82
53.10

13.56
13.00
9.33

22.24
22.68
21.01

4.10
4.21
3.48

95 (1993)
(1455)
( 538)

168.45
171.84
159.3

8.30
6.36
5.58

63.38
67.39
52.53

14.29
13.47
10.23

22.23
22.81
20.66

4.31
4.37
3.69

96 (1783)
(1237)
( 546)

168.10
171.78
159.75

8.56
6.95
5.43

63.02
67.49
52.91

14.18
13.72
9.12

22.17
22.82
20.71

4.11
4.29
3.25

97 (1891)
(1256)
( 635)

167.91
171.84
160.14

7.98
5.92
5.45

62.16
66.56
53.45

13.94
13.42
10.43

21.94
22.51
20.80

4.11
4.19
3.77

(7875)
(5586)
(2289)

168.22
171.77
159.55

8.18
6.23
5.46

62.30
67.06
53.01

13.98
13.38
9.81

22.15
22.71
20.80

4.16
4.27
3.54

2. 94-97 Bow , Bob p ow % , p ob %

(N)

Bow

p ow %

Bob

p ob %

94 (2208)
(1638)
( 570)

0.28
0.31
0.19

22.06
24.34
15.06

-1.12
-1.03
-1.71

12.30
15.15
4.36

95 (1993)
(1455)
( 538)

0.29
0.29
0.18

22.82
22.82
14.28

-1.11
-0.96
-1.72

13.35
16.11
4.27

96 (1783)
(1237)
(546)

0.26
0.28
0.13

20.52
22.06
10.34

-1.18
-0.97
-1.94

11.90
16.60
2.62

97 (1891)
(1256)
( 635)

0.25
0.33
0.20

19.74
25.86
15.86

-1.23
-1.07
-1.68

10.93
14.23
4.65

(7875)
(5586)
(2289)

0.27
0.28
0.18

21.28
22.06
14.28

-1.17
-1.13
-1.75

12.10
12.92
4.01

158

94-97 121.1315.08 mmHg

125.2713.85 mmHg 110.9813.03 mmHg 94-97
73.9910.35 mmHg 74.9610.55 mmHg 71.619.42 mmHg
3.

3. 94-97
(mmHg)

(mmHg)

(N)

94 (2208)
(1638)
( 570)

121.16
124.20
112.42

12.55
11.37
11.67

75.2
76.56
71.29

9.62
9.31
9.42

95 (1993)
(1455)
( 538)

122.21
125.28
113.92

13.84
13.16
12.13

74.51
75.24
72.54

9.48
9.45
9.30

96 (1783)
(1237)
( 546)

122.83
127.64
111.93

16.48
15.36
13.46

74.26
74.85
72.93

11.00
11.63
9.28

97 (1891)
(1256)
( 635)

118.36
124.41
106.39

17.15
15.61
13.37

71.71
72.65
69.99

11.06
11.70
9.42

(7875)
(5586)
(2289)

121.13
125.27
110.98

15.08
13.85
13.03

73.99
74.96
71.61

10.35
10.55
9.42

4. 14.46 % 1.29 %94959697

7.93 %13.14 %20.90%15.83 %94959697
0.89 %1.58 %1.83 %1.29 %
7.64 % 2.56 %94959697
7.49 %5.94 %9.68%6.94 %94959697 2.33

%3.01 %3.29 %1.70 %

159

4. 94-97 H sys H dia psys % pdia %

(N)

H sys

p sys %

H dia

pdia %

94 (2208)
(1638)
( 570)

-1.50
-1.41
-2.37

10.20
7.93
0.89

-1.54
-1.44
-1.99

6.18
7.49
2.33

95 (1993)
(1455)
( 538)

-1.29
-1.12
-2.15

9.85
13.14
1.58

-1.63
-1.56
-1.88

5.16
5.94
3.01

96 (1783)
(1237)
( 546)

-1.04
-0.81
-2.08

14.92
20.90
1.83

-1.43
-1.30
-1.84

7.64
9.68
3.29

97 (1891)
(1256)
( 635)

-1.26
-1.00
-2.51

10.38
15.83
0.60

-1.65
-1.48
-2.12

4.95
6.94
1.70

(7875)
(5586)
(2289)

-1.26
-1.06
-2.23

10.38
14.46
1.29

-1.69
-1.43
-1.95

4.55
7.64
2.56

BMI
BMI 140 mmg 90

mmHg (high blood pressure, HBP) 1 0 5.

BMI BMI 85.73%

(cut value = 0.5)

5.

0
6660

1
61

1067

87

99.1

7.5
85.73

6. 94-97 14.7%
18.5% 5.2% 70.9% 29.1 %
Pearson 2 = 228.54p=.000.05 0.75p=.000.05

160


6.

%
%

2169
32.3%
94.8%

4552
7.7%
81.5%

6721
100.0%
85.3%

%
%

120
10.4%
5.2%

1034
89.6%
18.5%

1154
100.0%
14.7%

%
%

2289
29.1%
100.0%

5586
70.9%
100.0%

7875
100.0%
100.0%

Pearson 2 = 228.54 p = .000 < .05

0.75 p = .000 < .05

7. BMI

Omnibus 2 =749.3p =.000.05

Wald= 42.26p =.000.05
Wald= 454.3p =.000.05(Weight)

p
ln
= 0.693 Sex + 0.051 Weight 5.738 = f ( x )
1 p

(23)

e f (x )
e 0.693Sex + 0.051Weight 5.738
p=
=
1 + e f ( x ) 1 + e 0.693Sex + 0.051Weight 5.738

(24)

7. OR 2.0(95% CI:1.623~2.464) 2.0

(24) OR
1 (kg) e (0.051Weight ) = 1.052
OR 1.052 = (e Weight 1) 100%= 5.2% 1 (kg)
5.2%

7.

S.E.

OR

Wald

N=7875

OR 95%CI

.693

.107

42.3

.000

2.000***

1.623

2.464

.051

.002

454.3

.000

1.052***

1.048

1.057

-5.738

.169

1146.1

.000

.003

Omnibus 2 = 749.3*** , p = .000

* p < .05

**

p < .01

***

p < .001

161


8. BMI

Omnibus 2 =731.8p =.000.05BMI

Wald= 126.5p =.000.05

BMIWald= 443.1p =.000.05BMI

p
ln
= 1.155 Sex + 0.154 BMI 7.176 = f ( x )
1 p

(25)

BMI

p=

e f (x)
e1.155Sex + 0.154BMI 7.176
=
1 + e f ( x ) 1 + e1.155Sex + 0.154BMI 7.176

(26)

8. OR 3.174(95% CI:2.596~3.882)

3.174 (26) OR
BMI 1 (kg/m2) e (0.154BMI ) = 1.167 BMI
OR 1.167 = (e BMI 1) 100% =16.7% BMI 1 (kg/m2)
16.7% BMI

8. BMI

S.E.

OR

Wald

N=7875

OR 95%CI

1.155

.103

126.5

.000

3.174***

2.596

3.882

BMI

.154

.007

443.1

.000

1.167***

1.150

1.184

-7.176

.238

911.1

.000

.002

Omnibus 2 = 731.8*** , p = .000

* p < .05

**

p < .01

***

p < .001

162

94-97 12.92% 4.01

% 22.06 % 14.28 %(NHANES)

33.3%2005-2006 (Ogden et al., 2007)

2005 9
2006 6 17% 30%
20%2008

94-96
23.5%37.9%38.38%Lu et al. (2007)
9.28%2007 2002-2005
BMI
2007 28.7% 4.8%

94-97 14.46 % 1.29 %

7.64 % 2.56 % 2002
19 45

14.7% 18.5% 5.2%

70.9% 29.1% 15 21.38 %
24.9 % 18.2 %WHO 2000

18.9% 22.1% 16%

94-97

BMI
BMI OR

2.0(95% CI:1.623~2.464) 3.147(95% CI:2.596~3.882)

2008 2002 15
2.166

McCarthy et al.(2008)
OR 1.052 (95% CI:1.048~1.057)
(kg) 5.2% BMI

OR 1.167(95% CI:1.150~1.184) BMI (kg/m2)

16.7%2008(1993-1996)
BMI BMI 50

163

(Q2) 75 (Q3) OR 1.72(95% CI:1.15~2.57) 2.36(95%

CI:1.36~4.10) 2.15(95% CI:1.41~3.27)2.82(95% CI:1.58~5.06)
2008 2002
26,755 15 BMI BMI
18-24 OR 2.22(95% CI:1.53~2.23)BMI 24-27 OR 4.29 (95%

CI:2.94~6.26)BMI 27 OR 7.78(95% CI:5.31~11.4) BMI

OR 20082008
20082008
Field et al.(2001) BMI 25-29.9
1.7 Rankinen et al. (2007) BMI
BMI 9% (95%

CI:4~13%)Ikuo et al. (2007)

2007 BMI
(24BMI 28) OR 2.06 (95% CI:1.77~ 2.04)

(BMI28) OR 4.99(95% CI:4.03~6.18)

2007
BMI
4.83% BMI
OR 3.353

BMI Engstrom,

Hedblad, and Janzon (1999)

BMI BMI

12.10% 12.92% 4.01%

OR 1.052 (95% CI:1.048~ 1.057)BMI

OR 1.167 (95% CI:1.150~1.184) BMI
BMI

164

2004
2009 1 5

http://www.acsm.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Search&Template=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm
&ContentID=3580
(20084 9 ) 17% 216 2008

11 12 http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2008/new/apr/9/today-life1.htm
20022008 10 14

http://food.doh.gov.tw/Health_5.asp?idCategory=47
2003

2008 12 4
http://www.bhp.doh.gov.tw/BHPnet/Portal/StatisticsShow.aspx?No=200712250001
(2003)

200723(9)

1077-1079
2008

199419(3)319-334
20082002

20072002~2005, 50, 87-106

2003
9-12

(2007)
29(5)484-486
2008

2008-

2002
8(1)53-58

Barbagallo, C. M., Cavera, G., Sapienza, M., Noto, D., Cefalu, A. B., Pagano, M., Montalto, G., &
Notarbartolo, A. (2001). Prevalence of overweight and obesity in a rural southern Italy
population and relationships with total and cardiovascular mortality: the Venimiglia di Sicilia
project. International Journal of Obesity & Related Metabolic Disorders, 25(2), 185-190.
Baumgartner, R. N., Heymsfield, S. B., & Roche, A. F. (1995). Human body composition and the
epidemiology of chronic disease. Obesity Research, 37, 3-95.

165

Binkley, J. K., Eales, J., & Jekanowski, M. (2000). The relation between dietary change and rising
Metabolic Disorders, 24(8),
US obesity. International Journal Obesity Related
1032-1039.
Boyles, R. A. (1994). Process capability with asymmetric tolerances. Communications in
Statistics-Simulation and Computation, 23, 615 - 643.
Brownell, K. D. (1998). Diet, exercise and behavioural intervention: the nonphar- macological
approach. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 28, (2), 19-21.
Chen, W. (1997). Childhood obesity in Taiwan. Acta Paediatric Sinica, 38, 438-42.
Chien, L.Y., Liou,Y. M., & Chen, J. J. (2004). Association between indices of obesity and fasting
hyperglycemia in Taiwan. Internationl Journal of Obesity Related Metabolism Disorderd, 28,
690-696.
Colhoun, H., & Prescott-Clarke P. (1996). Health Survey for England, 1994. A survey varied out on
behalf of the Department of Health. HMSO.
Eisenmann, J. C., Welk, G. J., Ihmels, M., & Dollman, J. (2007a). Fatness, fitness, and
cardiovascular disease risk factors in children and adolescents. Medicine and Science in Sports
and exercise, 39(8), 1251-1256.
Eisenmann, J. C., Welk, G. J., Wickel, E. E., & Blair, S. N. (2007b). Combined influence of
cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index on cardiovascular disease risk factors among 8-18
year old youth: The Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study. International Journal of Pediartic
Obesity, 2(2), 66-72.
Engstrom, G., Hedblad, B., & Janzon, L. (1999). Hypertensive men who exercise regularly have
lower rate of cardiovascular mortality. Journal of Hypertension, 17, 737-742.
Ferrari, C. K. B. (2008). Metabolic syndrome and obesity: Epidemiology and prevention by physical
activity and exercise. Journal of Exercise Science and Fitness, 6(2), 78-96.
Field, A. E., Coakley, E. H., Must, A., Spadano, J. L., Laird, N., Dietz, W. H., Rimm, E., & Colditz,
G. A. (2001). Impact of overweight on the risk of developing common chronic diseases during a
10-year period. Archives of Internal Medicine, 161(13), 1581-1586.
Freemark, M., & Bursey, D. (2001). The effects of metformin on body mass index and glucose
tolerance in obese adolescents with fasting hyperinsulinemia and a family history of type 2
diabetes. Pediatrics, 107, E55.
Gentile, C. L., Orr, J. S., Davy, B. M., & Davy, K. P. (2007). Cardiorespiratory fitness influences the
blood pressure response to experimental weight gain. Obesity, 15(12), 3005-3012.
Hall, J. E. (1997). Mechanisms of abnormal renal sodium handling in obesity hypertension.
American Journal Hypertensions, 10, 49-55.
Harriet, P., Dustan, M. D. (1985). Obesity and hypertension. Annals of internal Medicine, 103,
1047-1049.
Himes, J. H., & Dietz, W. H. (1994). Guidelines for overweight in adolescent preventive Services:

166

recommendations from an expert committee. American Journal of Clinical Nutrituon, 59,

307-316.
Hotu, S., Carter, B., Watson, P., Cutfield, W., & Cundy, T. (2004). Increasing prevalence of type 2
diabetes in adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Child Health, 40(4), 201-204.
Hung, C. H. (2005). Physical fitness indices. Adnanced and Applications in Statistics, 5(3), 289-299.
Hung, C. H. (2006). A study on group evaluation with Body Mass Index. Journal of Statistics &
Management Systems, 9(3), 651-660.
Hung, C. H., & Su, J. C. (2007). Group evaluation of Body Mass Index. Journal of Statistics &
Management Systems, 11(3), 439-445.
Hunter, G. R., KeKes-Szabo, T., & Snyder, S. (1997). Fat distribution, physical activity, and
cardiovascular risk factors. Medicine Science of Sports Exercise, 29, 362-369.
Ikuo, S., Masaaki, M., Hirotaka, S., Hiroshi, H., Minako, T., & Hiroshi, K. (2006). Prevalence of
Metabolic Syndrome in Young Men in Japan. Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis, 14,
27-30.
JNC-7 (2003). National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. The Seventh Report of the Joint National
Committee on the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure.
The Journal of Americam Medicine Association, 289, 2560-2572.
Juhaeri, S, J., Chambless, L. E., Tyroler, H. A., Rosamond, W., Nieto, F. J., Schreiner, P., Jones, D.
W., & Arneet, D. (2002). Associations between weight gain and incident hypertension in a
bi-ethnic chort: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Commu- nities Study. International Journal of
Obesity & Related Metabolic Disorders, 26(1), 58-64.
Juran, J. M. (1974). Jurans Quality Control Handbook, 3rd edition. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Kane, V. E. (1986). Process capability indices. Journal of Quality Technology, 18(1), 41-52.
Kastarinen, M., Tuomilehto, J., Vartiainen, E., Jousilahti, P., Sundvall, J., Puska, P., & Nissinen, A.
(1997). Trends in lipid levels and hypercholesterolemia in hyper- tensive and normotensive
Finnish adults from 1982 to 1997. Journal of Internal Medicine, 247, 53-62.
Knight, I. (1994). The heights and weights of adults in Great Britain: HMSO.
Lin, Y. C., Yen, L. L., Chen, S. Y., Kao, M. D., Tzeng, M. S., Huang, P. C., & Pan, W. H. (2003).
Prevalence of overweight and obesity and its associated factors: findingsfrom National
Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan, 1993-1996. Preventive medicine, 37, 233-241.
Lin, S., Cheng, T. O., Liu, X., Mai, J., Rao, X., Gao, X., Deng, H., & Shi, M. (2006). Impact of
dysglycemia, body mass index, and waist-to-hip ratio on the prevalence of systemic
hypertension in a lean Chinese population. American Journal of Cardiology, 97, 839-842.
Lobstein, T., & Frelut, M. L. (2003). Prevalence of overweight among children in Europe. Obesity
Reviews, 4, 195-200.
Lu, J. Y., Jiang, D, S., Chou, S, M., Hor, C. B., Lay, J. D., & Wang, H. L. (2007). Prevalence of

167

obesity and its association with cardiovascular disease risk factors in adolescent girls from a
college in central in Taiwan. The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences, 24(3), 144-151.
McCarthy, W. J., Yancey, A. K., Siegel, J. M., Wong, W. K., Ward, A., Leslie, J., & Gonzalez, E.
(2008). Correlation of obesity with elevated blood pressure among racial/ethnic minority
children in two Los Angeles middle schools. Preventing Chronic Disease, 5(2), A46.
Mei, Z., Grummer-Strawn, L. M., Pietrobelli, A., Goulding, A., Goran, M. I., & Dietz, W. H.(2002).
Validity of body mass index compared with other body-composition screening indexes for the
assessment of body fatness in children and adolescents. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,
75(6), 978-985.
Michele, M. L., Wayne, W., Alex, F. R., Cameron, C. W., Guo, S. S., & Siervogy, R. M. (2001).
Childhood body composition in relation to body mass index. Pediatrics, 107(2), 344-350.
Nassis, G. P., Geladas, N. D. (2003). Age-related pattern in body composition change for 18-69 year
old women. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 43, 327-333.
Ogden, C. L., Flegal, K. M., Carroll, M. D., & Johnson, C. L.(2002). Prevalence and trends in
overweight among US children and adolescents, 1999-2000. The Journal of Americam
Medicine Association, 288, 1728-1732.
Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Curtin, L. R., McDowell, M. A., Tabak, C. J., & Flegal, K. M.(2006).
Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999-2004. The Journal of
Americam Medicine Association, 295, 1549-1555.
Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., McDowell, M. A., & Flegal, K. M. (2007). Obesity among adults in
the United States - no change since 2003 - 2004. NCHS data brief no 1. Hyattsville, MD:
National Center for Health statistics. Retrieved July 30, 2007, from Web site:
http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/obesity/index.htm
Rankinen, T., Church, T. S., Rice, T., Bouchard, C., & Blair, S. N. (2007). Cardio- respiratory
fitness, BMI, and risk of hypertension: The HYPGEN study. Medicine & Science in Sports &
Exercise, 39(10), 1687-1692.
Rathmann, W., Funkhouser, E., & Dyer, A. R. (1998). Relations of hyperuricemia with various
components of the insulin resistance syndrome in young black and white adults-The CARDIA
study. AEP, 8(4), 250-261.
Ruiz, J. R., Ortega, F. B., Loit, H. M., Veidebaum, T., & Sjostrom, M. (2007). Body fat is associated
with blood pressure in school-aged girls with low cardiorespiratory fitness: The European
Youth Heart Study. Journal of Hypertension, 25(10), 2027-2034.
Simpson, J. M., Bernnan, P. J., McGilchrist, C. A., & Blocket, R. B. (1982). The inheritance of
serum cholesterol levels for age, sex, and body weight using inverse-polynomial. International
Journal of Epidemiology, 11, 76-81.
Snijder, M. B., Dekker, J. M., Visser, M., Bouter, L. M., Stehouwer, C. D., Kostense, P. J., Yudkin, J.
S., Heine, R. J., Nijpels, G., & Seidell, J. C. (2003). Associations of hip and thigh
circumferences independent of waist circumference with the incidence of type 2 diabetes: The

168

Hoorn Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 77, 1192-1197.

The seven report of the joint national committee on prevention, dectection, and treatment of hight
blood pressure JNC-7 (2003). The Journal of Americam Medicine Association, 289,
2560-2572.
Thompson, D., & Wolf, A. M. (2001). The medical-care cost burden of obesity. Obesity Reviews, 2,
189-97.
Visscher, T. L., & Seidell, J. C. (2001). The public health impact of obesity. Annual Rreview of
Public Health, 22, 355-375.
Vogler, G. P., Sorensen, T. A., & Stunkard, A. J. (1995). Influences of genes and shared family
environment on adult body mass index assessed by a comprehensive path model in an adoption
study. International Journal of Obesity, 19, 40-45
Whelton, P. K. (1994). Epidemiology of hypertension. Lancet, 344, 101-106.
World Health Organization. (2000). The Asia-Pacific perspective: Redefining obesity and its
treatment. Geneva: WHO.
Wold Health Organization expert consultation. (2004). Appropriate body-mass index for Asian
populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. The Lancet, 157-163.
Wold Health Organization. (2008). Global Database on Body Mass Index, Retrieved October 15,
2008, from Web site: http://www.who.int/bmi/index.jsp
Wicklgren, I. (1998). Do applefare worse than pears? Science, 280, 1365.
Wu, D. M., Pai, L., Chu, N. F., Sung, P. K., Lee, M. S., Tsai, J. T., Hsu, L. L., Lee, M. C., & Sun, C.
A. (2001). Prevalence and clustering of cardiovascular risk factors among healthy adults in a
Chinese population: the MJ Health Screening Center Study in Taiwan. International Jourmal of

169