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CH : Trc khi chch hng ngh c k hng dn s dng sau:
- tm hiu k cc bc lm hn th xin mi c bi vit v hai b kp thit lp sai s.
- Trong y ch thit lp sai s tng i ch khng c thit lp sai s tuyt i nn nu mun thit lp
sai s tuyt i th t sng nh.
- i vi mt s trng tr trng BKHN c th khng quan tm n sai s ca hng s nn ti
Bc 3: Bin i rt gn cc bn c th tng thng vo st rc cng c.
- Ch cn g chm na Chc mi ngi c th c v hiu c nhng g trong y ^_^
Bi 1 Lm quen vi cc dng c o di v khi lng
F =
1
4
aD
3

Bc 1: Logarit npe hai v:
lnI = ln _
1
4
n
3
]
Bin !i rt gn: lnI = ln [
1
4
+ln(n) +ln
3
= ln [
1
4
+ ln(n) +Sln
Bc 2: Vi phn ton phn hai v:
J(lnI) = J _ln _
1
4
] +ln(n) +Sln_ = Jln _
1
4
] +Jlnn +JSln
Bc 3: Bin i rt gn ni th d" lm mi kinh.
II = J(lnI) = (lnI)
i
JI =
JI
I

IP =
Jn
n
+ S
J

Bc 4: Gii quyt hu qu bng cch thay d , # y ta th$y khng c%n l$y
gi tr tuyt i na v cc s nhn vi d v dD u dng r&i (tr khi n m
th l$y o d$u li l xong). Tm li ta c
6 =
AF
F
=
Aa
a
+
3AD
D


p =
m
F

Bc 1: Logarit npe hai v:
lnp = ln
m
I
= lnm-lnI
Bc 2: Vi phn tan phn hai v:
Jlnp = J(lnm-lnI) = Jlnm-JlnI
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Bc 3: Bin i rt gn
Jp
p
=
Jm
m
-
JI
I

Bc 4: Thay d thnh v # y ch i lng nhn vi dV mang d$u m
nn nh !i d$u mt ci l xong.
6 =
Ap
p
=
Am
m
+
AF
F


F =
a
4
(D
2
-d
2
)h
Bc 1: Logarit npe hai v:
lnI = ln
n
4
(
2
- J
2
)b = lnn -ln4 +ln(
2
- J
2
) +lnb
Bc 2: Vi phn ton phn hai v:
JlnI = J(lnn -ln4 +ln(
2
-J
2
) +lnb) = Jlnn -Jln4 +Jln(
2
-J
2
) +Jlnb
Bc 3: Bin i rt gn ni th d" lm mi kinh.
JI
I
=
Jn
n
+ ln(
2
- J
2
)

'
J + ln(
2
- J
2
)
J
'
JJ +
Jb
b

JI
I
=
Jn
n
+
2

2
- J
2
J -
2J

2
- J
2
JJ +
Jb
b


Bc 4: Thay d thnh v # y ch i lng nhn vi dd mang d$u m nn
nh !i d$u mt ci l xong.
AF
F
=
Aa
a
+
2D
D
2
- d
2
AD +
2d
D
2
- d
2
Ad +
Ah
h
=
Aa
a
+ 2
DAD + dAd
D
2
- d
2
+
Ah
h


Bi 2 Xc nh mmen qun tnh ca bnh xe v lc ma st trc
J
mx
= mg
h
1
-h
2
h
1
+h
2

Bc 1: Logarit npe hai v:
ln
ms
= ln _mg
b
1
-b
2
b
1
+b
2
] = lnm +lng +ln(b
1
-b
2
) - ln(b
1
+b
2
)
Bc 2: Vi phn tan phn hai v:
J(ln
ms
) = J|lnm+lng +ln(b
1
- b
2
) -ln(b
1
+b
2
)]
Bc 3: Bin i rt gn nhn ci v phi th$y chong vng.
J
ms

ms
=
Jm
m
+
Jg
g
+
J(b
1
-b
2
)
(b
1
-b
2
)
-
J(b
1
+b
2
)
(b
1
+b
2
)

cng thc tnh vi phn ring ta c:
J(b
1
-b
2
) = (b
1
-b
2
)
b
1
'
Jb
1
+(b
1
-b
2
)
b
2
'
Jb
2
= Jb
1
-Jb
2

J(b
1
+b
2
) = (b
1
+b
2
)
b
1
'
Jb
1
+(b
1
+b
2
)
b
2
'
Jb
2
= Jb
1
+Jb
2

J
ms

ms
=
Jm
m
+
Jg
g
+
Jb
1
-Jb
2
(b
1
-b
2
)
-
Jb
1
+Jb
2
(b
1
+b
2
)
=
Jm
m
+
Jg
g
+
2b
2
Jb
1
b
1
2
-b
2
2
+
2b
1
Jb
2
b
1
2
-b
2
2

Bc 4: Thay d thnh . V$n cn li l nm # hai s nhn vi vi dh
1
v dh
2

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ta phi xem d$u m th no cn !i cho chu'n. T bi th nghim ta th$y
h
1
> h
2
nn ch(c ch(n ng tng nhn vi dh
2
kiu g cng m r&i !i d$u
lun. Tm li ta c
6 =
AJ
mx
J
mx
=
Am
m
+
Ag
g
+
2h
2
Ah
1
h
1
2
-h
2
2
+
2h
1
Ah
2
h
1
2
-h
2
2

ch(c cng khng khc sch l m$y nh?
I = mg.
h
2
h
1
(h
1
+h
2
)
. _
t. d
2
]
2

Bc 1: Logarit npe hai v:
lnI = ln _mg
b
2
b
1
(b
1
+ b
2
)
] _
t. J
2
]
2
= lnm + lng + lnb
2
- lnb
1
-ln(b
1
+b
2
) + 2lnt + 2lnJ - ln4
Bc 2: Vi phn tan phn hai v:
J(lnI) = J(lnm + lng + lnb
2
- lnb
1
- ln(b
1
+ b
2
) + 2lnt + 2lnJ - ln4)
Bc 3: Bin i rt gn too terribly!!!
JI
I
=
Jm
m
+
Jg
g
+
Jb
2
b
2
-
Jb
1
b
1
-
J(b
1
+b
2
)
(b
1
+b
2
)
+
2Jt
t
+
2JJ
J

JI
I
=
Jm
m
+
Jg
g
+
b
1
Jb
2
b
2
(b
1
+b
2
)
-
(2b
1
+b
2
)Jb
1
b
1
(b
1
+b
2
)
+
2Jt
t
+
2JJ
J

JI
I
=
Jm
m
+
Jg
g
+
1
(b
1
+b
2
)
_
b
1
Jb
2
b
2
-
(2b
1
+b
2
)Jb
1
b
1
_ +2_
Jt
t
+
JJ
J
]
hoa ht c m(t @@
Bc 4: Thay d thnh . i tng nhn vi dh
1
mang d$u m $y nh
!i d$u lun. Tm li ta c:
AI
I
=
Am
m
+
Ag
g
+
1
(h
1
+h
2
)
_
h
1
Ah
2
h
2
+
(2h
1
+h
2
)Ah
1
h
1
_ +2_
At
t
+
Ad
d
]





Bi 3 Kho st chuyn ng ca con lc Xc nh gia tc trng trng
g =
4. a
2
L
T
2

Bc 1: Logarit npe hai v:
lng = ln _
4. n
2
. I
I
2
_ = ln4 +2lnn +lnI -2lnI
Bc 2: Vi phn ton phn hai v:
J(lng) = J(ln4 +2lnn +lnI -2lnI)
Bc 3: Bin i rt gn ch(c n gin hn v d 3 nhiu
Jg
g
=
2
n
Jn +
1
I
JI -
2
I
JI
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Bc 4: Thay d thnh . i lng nhn vi dT < 0 !i d$u lun. Tm li ta
c
6 =
Ag
g
=
2. Aa
a
+
AL
L
+
2. AT
T


Bi 4 Xc nh bc sng v vn tc truyn m trong khng kh bng phng php cng
hng sng dng
v = .f
Bc 1: Logarit npe hai v:
ln: = ln(z. ) = lnz +ln
Bc 2: Vi phn tan phn hai v:
J(ln:) = J(lnz +ln)
Bc 3: Bin i rt gn:
J:
:
=
Jz
z
+
J

Bc 4: Thay d thnh . Cc i lng nhn vi d v df u dng khng
c%n quan tm. Tm li ta c:
Au
u
=
A2
2
+
AJ
J


Bi 5 Xc nh h s nht ca cht lng theo phng php Stokes
p =
(p
1
-p)J
2
g
18I [1 +2.4
J

Bc 1: Logarit npe hai v:
lnp = ln _
(p
1
- p)J
2
g
18I [1 + 2.4
J

_ = ln(p
1
- p) + 2lnJ + lng + ln - ln18 - lnI - ln _1 + 2.4
J

]
Bc 2: Vi phn ton phn hai v:
J(lnp) = J _ln(p
1
-p) +2lnJ +lng +ln -ln18 -lnI -ln _1 + 2.4
J

]_
Bc 3: Bin i rt gn:
Jp
p
=
J(p
1
-p)
(p
1
-p)
+2
JJ
J
+
Jg
g
+
J

-
JI
I
-
J [1 +2,4
J

[1 + 2,4
J

Jp
p
=
Jp
1
-Jp
(p
1
-p)
+2
JJ
J
+
Jg
g
+
J

-
JI
I
-
2,4
JJ

-2,4
J. J

2
[1 +2,4
J

Jp
p
=
Jp
1
-Jp
(p
1
-p)
+2
dd
d
+
Jg
g
+
J

-
JI
I
-
2, 4dd
(D+2. 4d)
+2,4
J. J
( +2.4J)

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Jp
p
=
Jp
1
-Jp
(p
1
-p)
+
Jg
g
+
J

-
JI
I
+
(2D+2, 4d)dd
d. (D+2. 4d)
+2,4
J. J
( +2.4J)

Jp
p
=
Jp
1
-Jp
(p
1
-p)
+
Jg
g
+
J

-
JI
I
+
1
( +2.4J)
_
(2 +2,4J)JJ
J
+2,4
J. J

_
Bc 4: Thay d thnh . !i d$u # mt s ch) m bo s hng nhn vi vi
phn ca tng bin lun dng. Tm li ta c:
6 =
Aq
q
=
Ap
1
+Ap
p
1
-p
+
Ag
g
+
Az
z
+
AL
L
+
1
D+2. 4d

_(2D+2. 4d

)
Ad
d

+2. 4d

AD
D
_
Vi c luyn @@

Bi 6 Xc nh t s nhit dung phn t kh Cp/Cv ca cht kh

y =
H
H-h

Bc 1: Logarit npe hai v:
lny = ln _
E
E -b
]
Bc 2: Vi phn ton phn hai v:
J(lny) = J|lnE -ln(E -b)]
Bc 3: Bin i rt gn:
Jy
y
=
JE
E
-
J(E -b)
(E -b)
=
JE
E
-
JE -Jb
(E -b)
=
-bJE
E(E -b)
+
Jb
(E -b)

Bc 4: Thay d thnh . i lng nhn vi dH < 0 !i d$u lun. Tm li ta
c.
Ay
y
=
hAH
H(H-h)
+
Ah
(H-h)
=
hAH+HAh
H(H-h)


Bi 7 Xc nh cc i lng c bn trong chuyn ng quay ca vt rn
H =
mgJ
2

Bc 1: Logarit npe hai v:
lnH = ln _
mgJ
2
] = lnm+lng + lnJ -ln2
Bc 2: Vi phn ton phn hai v:
J(lnH) = J(lnm+lng +lnJ -ln2) = Jlnm+Jlng +JlnJ -Jln2
Bc 3: Bin i rt gn:
JH
H
=
Jm
m
+
Jg
g
+
JJ
J

Bc 4: Thay d thnh . Tm li ta c.
AH
H
=
Am
m
+
Ag
g
+
AJ
J


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Bi 8 Xc nh m-men qun tnh ca cc vt rn i xng Nghim li nh lut Steiner-
Huygens
I = D
Z
_
T
2a
]
2

Bc 1: Logarit npe hai v:
lnI = ln _
Z
[
I
2n

2
] = ln
z
+ 2lnI -2ln2 -2lnn
Bc 2: Vi phn ton phn hai v:
J(lnI) = J(ln
z
+2lnI -2ln2 -2lnn) = Jln
z
+2JlnI -2Jln2 -2Jlnn
Bc 3: Bin i rt gn:
JI
I
=
J
Z

Z
+2
JI
I
-2
Jn
n

Bc 4: Thay d thnh v !i d$u thnh ph%n dnh lu ti ch d. Tm li ta
c.
AI
I
=
A
Z

Z
+2
AI
I
+2
An
n


Bi 9 Kho st s phn cc nh sng Nghim li nh lut Malus
y = cos
2
o
Bc 1: Logarit npe hai v:
lny = ln(cos
2
o) = 2ln (coso)
Bc 2: Vi phn ton phn hai v:
J(lny) = 2J(ln (coso))
Bc 3: Bin i rt gn:
Jy
y
= 2
sinoJo
coso
= 2tonoJo
Bc 4: Thay d thnh v ng tan* c th dng ho+c m ty theo gi tr
ca gc * nn tt nh$t cho , l-n t-n ta nht ng vo trong d$u gi tr
tuyt i l tha h& cm no b c,i. Tm li ta c.
Ay
y
= 2|tanu|Au

Bi 10 o in tr bng mch c!u mt chiu o sut in ng bng mch xung i
R
x
= R

.
L
1
L -L
1

Bc 1: Logarit npe hai v:
lnR
x
= ln _R
u
.
I
1
I - I
1
] = lnR
u
+ lnI
1
- ln(I - I
1
)
Bc 2: Vi phn ton phn hai v:
J(lnR
x
) = J(lnR
u
+ lnI
1
- ln(I - I
1
)) = JlnR
u
+ JlnI
1
- Jln(I - I
1
)
Bc 3: Bin i rt gn:
JR
x
R
x
=
JR
u
R
u
+
JI
1
I
1
-ln(I - I
1
)
I
'
JI - ln(I - I
1
)
I
1
'
JI
1

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=
JR
u
R
u
+
JI
1
I
1
-
JI
I - I
1
+
JI
1
I - I
1
=
JR
u
R
u
+
IJI
1
I
1
(I - I
1
)
-
JI
I - I
1

Bc 4: Thay d thnh v d$u ca h s nhn vi dL r rng l m
cmnr. Tm li ta c.
AR
x
R
x
=
AR

+
LAL
1
L
1
(L - L
1
)
+
AL
L - L
1
=
AR

+
LAL
1
+L
1
AL
L
1
(L - L
1
)

F
x
= F

.
L
1
L
1
i

Bc 1: Logarit npe hai v:
lnE
x
= ln _E
u
.
I
1
I
1
'
] = lnE
u
+ lnI
1
- lnI
1
'

Bc 2: Vi phn ton phn hai v:
J(lnE
x
) = J(lnE
u
+ lnI
1
- lnI
1
'
) = JlnE
u
+ JlnI
1
- JlnI
1
'

Bc 3: Bin i rt gn:
JE
x
E
x
=
JE
u
E
u
+
JI
1
I
1
-
JI
1
'
I
1
'

Bc 4: Thay d thnh v d$u ca h s nhn vi JI
1
i
r rng l m
cmnr. Tm li ta c.
AF
x
F
x
=
AF

+
AL
1
L
1
+
AL
1
'
L
1
'


Bi 11 Xc nh in tr in dung bng mch dao ng tch phng dng n neon
X
X
= X

t
x
t

trong X l R ho+c C
Si mi l nh bi 10 thi t qwerty nh.

Bi 12 Kho st mch cng hng RLC bng dao ng k in t
Ch"ng c cng thc no r rng thit lp b lun


Bi 13 Kho st v o cm ng t dc theo chiu di ca mt ng dy th"ng di
C#ng tng t bi 12 tip tc b


Bi 14 Kho st hin tng t tr$ Xc nh n%ng lng tn hao st t
B tp 3


Bi 15 Xc nh in tch ring e/m ca electron theo phng php Magnetron
X =
e
m
=
U
u
2

2
n
2
I
1
2
d
2

Bc 1: Logarit npe hai v:
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lnX = ln _
u
o
2
p
u
2
n
2
I
1
2
J
2
_ = lnu - 2lno - 2lnp
u
- 2lnn - 2lnI
1
- 2lnJ
Bc 2: Vi phn ton phn hai v:
J(lnX) = J(lnu - 2lno - 2lnp
u
- 2lnn - 2lnI
1
- 2lnJ)
= Jlnu - 2Jlno - 2Jlnp
u
- 2Jlnn - 2JlnI
1
- 2JlnJ
Bc 3: Bin i rt gn:
JX
X
=
Ju
u
-2
Jo
o
-2
Jp
u
p
u
-2
Jn
n
-2
JI
1
I
1
-2
JJ
J

Bc 4: Thay d thnh v dung chiu !i lin hon d$u ta c:
AX
X
=
AU
U
+2
Au
u
+2
A

+2
An
n
+2
AI
1
I
1
+2
Ad
d


Bi 16 Xc nh bc sng nh sng bng giao thoa vn trn Newton
2 =
Bh
(k -)R

Bc 1: Logarit npe hai v:
lnz = ln _

( - i)R
] = ln + ln - ln( - i) - lnR
. y (k i) thc ra chnh l 1 hng s nn ta khng c%n quan tm, v k v i u c xc nh chnh
xc khi ta quan st qua knh hin vi. Cn th loi m khng c c n!i ng gi tr k v i th ta
khng ch$p v p tay ton tp lun.
Bc 2: Vi phn ton phn hai v:
J(lnz) = J(ln + ln - ln( - i) - lnR) = Jln + Jln - Jln( - i) - JlnR
Bc 3: Bin i rt gn:
z
z
=

R
(thnh ph%n J ln( -i) b x l l do n l hng s)
Bc 4: Thay d thnh v dng chiu !i lin hon d$u ta c:
A2
2
=
AB
B
+
Ah
h
+
AR
R


Bi 17 Kho st &c tnh diode v transitor
Khng c cng thc thit lp nn khng cn care lm g


Bi 18 Kho st hin tng bc x nhit Kim nghim nh lut Stefan-Boltzmann
Kh Nam Cng. V sao th xin mi nghin cu bo co mu


Bi 19 Xc nh thnh ph!n nm ngang ca t trng tri t
B

= 4a. 1

D
.
I
tg

Bc 1: Logarit npe hai v:
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ln

= ln _4n. 1u
-

.
I
tg
] = ln(4n 1u
-
) + ln + lnI - ln - lntg
= ln(4 1u
-
) + lnn + ln + lnI - ln - lntg
Ch nu trng m khng yu c%u xc nh sai s ca hng s th khng
c%n phi lm bc tch lnn ra m c nguyn c cm m$y bc sau ta tiu
dit gn.
Bc 2: Vi phn ton phn hai v:
J(ln
u
) = J(ln(4 1u
-
) + lnn + ln + lnI - ln - lntg)
Bc 3: Bin i rt gn:
J
u

u
=
Jn
n
+
J

+
JI
I
-
J

-
tg
'
J
tg
=
Jn
n
+
J

+
JI
I
-
J

-
J
cos
2
tg

=
Jn
n
+
J

+
JI
I
-
J

-
J
sincos
=
Jn
n
+
J

+
JI
I
-
J

-
2J
sin2

Bc 4: Thay d thnh v !i d$u mt s thnh ph%n chng i ta c:
A
u

u
=
An
n
+
A

+
AI
I
+
A

+
2A
sin2

Ho+c trong trng hp khng yu c%u tnh n sai s ca hng s
A
u

u
=
A

+
AI
I
+
A

+
2A
sin2

. y khng g%n d$u gi tr tuyt i vo sin2 v gc chng ta ch kho st trong t%m t 0 n 90
. Bonus thm cho cu tr li v sao sai s li nh/ nh$t khi = 4

. D" th$y thnh ph%n sai s

2A
sin2

nh/ nh$t khi mu s ln nh$t tc l thng sin2 phi bng 1 ng vi = 4

. Cc thnh
ph%n cn li nh N, I, D th u l cc thng s c fix s0n r&i nn khng c%n quan tm.