Appendix 2

a 1
Lo nve rsions
The following data use a dot to signify the decimal point (as used in the United States) rather
than a comma (as widely used in the rest of the world, and eventually to be used in the United
States).
Alphabetical List of Units
To Convert From To Multiply By
acre (43,560 square US survey feet)
ampere hour
angstrom
are
atmosphere, standard
bar
barrel (oil, 42 US gallons)
board foot
British thermal unit (Btu) (Intl. Table)
British thermal unit (Btu) (thermochem.)
Btu per cubic foot (Btu/ft3)
Btu per degree Fahrenheit (BtuPF)
Btu per hour (Btu/h)
Btu per hour square foot [Btu/(h. ft')]
Btu per pound (Btuilb)
Btu per pound degree Fahrenheit
Btu per second (Btu/s)
Btu per square foot (Btuift')
bushel (dry, USA)
calorie (thermochemical)
calorie, nutrition or kilocalorie
calorie per gram (cal/g)
calorie per second (calk)
square meter (m2)
coulomb (C)
meter (m)
nanometer (nm)
square meter (m')
pascal (Pa)
kilopascal (kPa)
pascal (Pa)
kilopascal (kPa)
cubic meter (m3)
liter (L)
cubic meter (m3)
joule (J )
joule (J )
joule per cubic meter (J /m3)
joule per kelvin (J iK)
watt (W)
watt per square meter (W/m2)
joule per kilogram (J /kg)
joule per kilogram kelvin
watt (W)
joule per square meter (J/m')
cubic meter (m3)
joule (J )
joule (J )
joule per kilogram (J /kg)
watt (W)
1374
4046.873
3600
1.0 x lo-'"
0.1
100
1.01325 x lo5
101.325
100
0.158988
15 8.987
1055.056
1054.350
3.7259 x lo4
1899.101
0.2930711
3.154591
2326
4186.8
1055.056
1.135653 x lo4
0.03523907
4.184
4184
4184
4.184
1.0 x 105
2.359737 x
Appendix 2: Conversions 1375
To Convert From To Multiply By
candela per square inch (cd/in2)
candle, candlepower
centimeter of water
centipoise
centistokes
chain (66 USA survey feet)
circular mil
cord
cubic foot (ft3)
cubic foot per second (ft'/s)
cubic inch (in')
cubic mile
cubic yard (yd')
cup (USA)
curie
day (mean solar)
degree
degree Celsius (' C) (interval)
degree Celsius ("C) (temperature)
degree Centigrade (interval)
degree Centigrade (temperature)
degree Fahrenheit ("F) (interval)
degree Fahrenheit (OF) (temperature)
degree Fahrenheit hour
per Btu (OF. h/Btu)
degree Fahrenheit square foot hour
per Btu ("F. ft2. h/Btu)
degree Fahrenheit square foot hour
per Btu inch [OF. ft2 . h/(Btu. in)]
degree Rankine (OR) (interval)
degree Rankine (OR) (temperature)
denier
dyne
dyne centimeter
dyne per square centimeter
electron volt (eV)
erg
erg per second
erg per square centimeter
faraday
fathom
fermi
foot
foot, USA survey
foot of water
foot candle
foot lambert
candela per square meter (cd/m2)
candela (cd)
pascal (Pa)
pascal second (Pa. s)
square meter per second (m2/s)
meter (m)
square millimeter (mm')
cubic meter (m3)
cubic meter (m3)
cubic meter per second (m3/s)
cubic meter (m')
cubic meter (m')
cubic kilometer (km')
cubic meter (m3)
cubic meter (m')
liter (L)
milliliter (mL)
becquerel (Bq)
second (s)
radian (rad)
kelvin (K)
kelvin (K)
degree Celsius ("C)
degree Celsius ("C)
kelvin (K)
degree Celsius ('C)
kelvin (K)
degree Celsius ( C)
kelvin per watt (K/W)
kelvin square meter per
watt (K . m2/W)
kelvin meter per watt (K. m/W)
kelvin (K)
kelvin (K)
kilogram per meter (kg/m)
newton (N)
newton meter ( N. m)
pascal (Pa)
joule (J )
joule (J )
watt (W)
watt per square meter (W/m2)
coulomb (C)
meter (m)
meter (m)
femtometer (fm)
meter (m)
meter (m)
pascal (Pa)
kilopascal (kPa)
candela per square meter (cd/m2)
lux (lx)
1550.003
1 .o
98.0665
0.001
1.0 x 10-6
20.11684
3.625
0.02831 7
0.028317
1.638706 x
4.168182 x 10'
4.168182
0.764555
2.366 x lop4
0.2366
236.6
3.7 x 10'0
8.64 104
0.017453
1 .0
TK = T c + 273.15
1 .0
1.0
0.5555556
0.5555556
TK= ( TF + 459.67)/1.8
%=( T F - 32)/1.8
1.895634
5.067 x
0.1761102
6.933472
0.5555556
X~11.8
1.111 10-7
1.0 x 10-5
1.0 x 10-7
0.1
1.602 x
1.0 x 10-7
0.001
9.649 x lo4
1.8288
1.0
0.3048
0.3048006
2989.07
2.98907
10.76391
3.426
1.0 10-7
1.0 10-15
1376 Appendix 2: Conversions
To Convert From To Multiply By
foot pound-force (ft . lbf) (torque)
foot pound-force (ft . Ibf) (energy)
g, (standard acceleration of free fall)
gallon (Imperial)
gallon (USA) (231 in)
gallon (USA) per day
gallon (USA) per horsepower hour
gallon (USA) per minute (gpm)
gamma
gauss
gill (USA)
grad, grade, gon
grain
hectare
horsepower (550 ft . lbf/s)
horsepower (boiler) (%3,3470 Btuih)
horsepower (electric)
horsepower (metric)
horsepower (water)
hour
hour (sidereal)
hundredweight, long (112 lb)
hundredweight, short (100 lb)
inch
inch of mercury
inch of water
kelvin (K) (temperature)
kilocalorie (thermochemical)
kilogram-force
kilogram-force meter
kilogram-force per square centimeter
kilogram-force per square meter
kilometer per hour
kilowatt hour
kip (1000 lbf)
knot (nautical mile per hour)
lambert
light year
liter
lumen per square foot
Maxwell
microinch
micron
mil (0.001 in)
newton meter (N . m)
joule (J )
meter per second squared (m/s2)
cubic meter (m)
liter (L)
cubic meter (m3)
liter (L)
cubic meter per second (mis)
liter per second (Lis)
cubic meter per joule (m3/J )
cubic meter per second (m3/s)
liter per second (Us)
tesla (T)
tesla (T)
cubic meter (m)
radian (rad)
degree of angle ()
kilogram (kg)
square meter (m2)
watt (W)
watt (W)
watt (W)
watt (W)
watt (W)
second (s)
second (s)
kilogram (kg)
kilogram (kg)
meter (m)
pascal (Pa)
kilopascal (kPa)
pascal (Pa)
degree Celsius (C)
joule (J )
newton (N)
newton meter (N. m)
kilopascal (kPa)
pascal (Pa)
meter per second (mis)
joule (J )
megajoule (MJ )
kilonewton (kN)
meter per second (m/s)
candela per square meter (cd/m2)
meter (m)
cubic meter (m3)
lumen per square meter (lm/m2)
weber (Wb)
meter (m)
micrometer (km)
meter (m)
micrometer (pm)
meter (m)
millimeter (mm)
1.355818
1.355818
9.80665
4.54609 x lo-
4.54609
3.785412 x
3.785412
4.381264 x lo-
4.381264 x
1.410089 x lo-
6.309020 x
0.06309020
1.0 10-9
1.0 10-4
1.183 x
0.01570796
0.9
6.4799 x lo-
745.6999
9809.50
746
735.4988
746.043
3600
3590.170
50.80235
45.35924
0.0254
3386.39
3.38639
249.089
4184
9.80665
9.80665
98.0665
9.80665
0.278
3.6 x lo6
3.6
4.448222
0.5 144444
3183.099
9.46053 x
0.001
10.76391
1.0 x 10-8
2.54 x lo-
0.0254
1.0 x 10-6
1.0
2.54 x 10-s
0.0254
1.0 104
Ec = TK - 273.15
Appendix 2: Conversions 1377
To Convert From To Multiply By
mil (angle)
mile, international (5280 ft)
mile, nautical
mile, USA statute
mile per gallon (USA) (mpg)
mile per hour
mile per minute
millimeter of mercury
minute (arc)
minute
minute (sidereal)
ohm centimeter
ounce (avoirdupois)
ounce (Imperial fluid)
ounce (troy or apothecary)
ounce (USA fluid)
ounce-force
parsec
peck (USA dry)
pennyweight
perm (O'C)
perm inch (OC)
pica (computer) (1/6 in)
pica (printer's)
pint (Imperial)
pint (USA dry)
pint (USA liquid)
point (computer) (1/72 in)
point (printer's)
poise
pound (avoirdupois)
pound (troy or apothecary)
poundal
poundal per square foot
pound-force
pound-force foot (Ibf. ft) (torque)
pound-force per foot (Ibfift)
pound-force per pound (Ibf/lh)
pound-force per square inch (Ibf/in2) (psi)
radian (rad)
degree (')
meter (m)
meter (m)
meter (m)
meter per cubic meter (m/m3)
kilometer per liter (km/L)
meter per second (m/s)
kilometer per hour (kmih)
meter per second (mis)
pascal (Pa)
radian (rad)
second (s)
second (s)
ohm meter (Q . m)
kilogram (kg)
cubic meter (m')
milliliter (mL)
kilogram
cubic meter (m')
milliliter (mL)
newton (N)
meter (m)
cubic meter (m')
liter (L)
kilogram (kg)
kilogram per pascal second
square meter (kg/(Pa. s . m2))
kilogram per pascal second
meter (kg/(Pa's. m))
millimeter (mm)
millimeter (mm)
cubic meter (m')
liter (L)
cubic meter (m3)
liter (L)
cubic meter (m')
liter (L)
millimeter (mm)
millimeter (mm)
pascal second (Pa. s)
kilogram (kg)
kilogram (kg)
newton (N)
pascal (Pa)
newton (N)
newton meter (N. m)
newton per meter (N/m)
newton per kilogram (N/kg)
pascal (Pa)
kilopascal (kPa)
gram ( 8)
gram (g)
gram (8)
9.8175 x
0.05625
1609.344
1852
1609.347
4.2514 x 10'
0.4251437
0.44704
1.609344
26.8224
133.3224
2.9089 x
60
59.83617
0.01
0.02834952
28.34952
28.4131
0.0311348
31 .lo348
29.5735
0.2780139
3.08568 x 10"
8.809768 x 1 0-3
8.809768
1.555174 x lo-'
1.555174
5.72135 x lo-"
2.84131 x
2.95735 x
1.45322 x lo-'?
4.233333
4.2175
5.6826 x lop4
0.56826
5.5061 x
0.55061
4.73176 x
0.473176
0.3527778
0.35146
0.1
0.45359237
0.3732417
0.138255
1.488164
4.448222
1.355818
14.59390
9.8066
6894.757
6.894757
1378 Appendix 2: Conversions
To Convert From To Multiply By
pound per cubic foot (Ibift")
pound per cubic inch (lb/in3)
pound per cubic yard (lb/yd3)
pound per foot (lbift)
pound per gallon (USA) (lb/gal)
pound per horsepower hour [lb/(hp. h)]
pound per hour (Ib/h)
pound per inch (Ibiin)
pound per minute (lbimin)
pound per square foot
pound per yard
quart (USA dry)
quart (USA liquid)
rad (absorbed dose)
ream (printing paper)
rem (dose equivalent)
revolution
revolution per minute (rpm)
rod (16.5 USA survey feet)
roentgen
second (angle)
second (sidereal)
square inch (in')
square mile
square yard (yd2)
stokes
tablespoon
teaspoon
tex
therm (EEC)
therm (USA)
ton, assay
ton, long (2240 lb)
ton, metric
ton, register
ton, short (2000 Ib)
ton of refrigeration (12,000 Btu/h)
ton (long) per cubic yard
ton (short) per cubic yard
tonne
torr
watt
watt hour
watt per square centimeter (W/cm2)
watt per square inch (W/in2)
watt second
yard
year (sidereal)
year (tropical)
year of 365 days
kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)
kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)
kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)
kilogram per meter (kgim)
kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)
kilogram per liter (kg/L)
kilogram per joule (kglJ )
kilogram per second (kg/s)
kilogram per meter (kg/m)
kilogram per second (kgis)
kilogram per square meter (kg/m2)
kilogram per meter (kgim)
cubic meter (m3)
liter (L)
cubic meter (m3)
liter (L)
sheets
sievert (Sv)
radian (rad)
radian per second (rad/s)
meter (m)
coulomb per kilogram (Cikg)
radian (rad)
second (s)
square meter (m2)
square meter (m2)
square meter (m')
square meter per second (rn'is)
cubic meter (m3)
milliliter (mL)
cubic meter (m3)
milliliter (mL)
kilogram per meter (kgim)
joule (J)
joule (J)
kilogram (kg)
kilogram (kg)
cubic meter (m3)
kilogram (kg)
watt (W)
kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)
kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)
kilogram (kg)
pascal (Pa)
ergs per second
joule (J)
watt per square meter (w/m2)
watt per square meter (W/m2)
joule (J )
meter (m)
second (s)
second (s)
second (s)
gray (Gy)
gram (8)
16.01846
2.767990 x lo4
0.5932764
1.488164
119.8264
0.1198264
1.689659 x
1.25998 x
17.85797
0.007559873
4.882428
0.4960546
0.001101221
1.101221
0.9463529
0.01
500
0.01
6.283185
0.10471 98
5.029210
9.463529 x
2.58 10-4
4.8482 x
0.9972696
6.4.516 x
2.58999 x 106
0.8361274
1.0 10-4
1.479 x
4.929 x
14.79
4.929
1.0 x 10-6
1.0551 x 10'
1.0548 x 10'
29.16667
1016.047
1000
2.831685
907.1847
3516.853
1328.939
1186.553
1000
133.322
3600
1550.003
1.0
0.9144
1 107
1.0 104
3.1558 107
3.1558 107
3.1.536 x lo7
1379
Appendix 2: Conversions
Temperature Conversionsa
382
388
393
to 750
32 98.6 212
SI Prefixes
Multiplication Factor Prefix Symbol
INTERPOLATION FACTORS
1 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10'8
1 000 000 000 000 000 = 1015
1 000 000 000 000 = 10'2
1 000 000 000 = 109
1 000 000 = 106
1 000 = 103
100 = 102
10 = 10'
0.1 = 10-1
0.01 = 10-2
0.001 = 10-3
0.000001 = 10-6
0.000 000 001 = 10-9
0.000 000 000 001 = 10-12
0.000 000 000 ooo 001 = 10-15
0.000 000 000 000 000 001 = 10-18
exa
peta
tera
mega
kilo
hecto
deka
deci
centi
milli
micro
nano
pic0
femto
atto
gigs
E
P
T
G
M
k
h
da
d
m
w
II
P
f
a
C
1380 Appendix 2: Conversions
Units in Use with SI
Quantity Unit Symbol Definition
Time Minute
Hour
Week, month, etc.
Plane angle Degree
Minute
Day
Second
Volume Liter
Mass Metric ton
Area Hectare
min
h
d
...
L
t
ha
1 min = 60 s
1 h = 60 min = 3600 s
1 d = 24h = 86,400s
...
1 = (?r/180) rad
1 = (1/60)
1 = (1/60)
1 L = 103 cm3 = 10-3 m3
1 t = lo3 kg
1 ha = 1 hzm2 = lo4 m2
= (T 10,800) rad
= (?r 648,800) rad
Recommended Pronunciation
Prefix Pronunciation (USA) Selected LJnits Pronunciation
exa
peta
tera
mega
kilo
hecto
deka
deci
centi
milli
micro
nano
pic0
femto
atto
gigs
ex a (a as in about) candela candell a
pet a (e as in pet, a as in about)
as in terra firma kilometer kill oh meter
jig a (i as in jig, a as in about)
joule
pascal
rhyme with tool
rhyme with rascal
as in megaphone
kill oh
heck toe
deck a (a as in about)
as in decimal
as in centipede
as in military
as in microphone
nan oh (an as in ant)
peek oh
fem toe (fem as in feminine)
as in anatomy
siemens same as seamen k
a The first syllable of every prefix is accented to assure that the prefix will retain its identity.
Pronunciation of kilometer places the accent on the first syllable, not the second.