in Publication Data

~ i a n
Sedirnent-hosted stratlforr::
paper, 36)
1986
S33 :989 3 C90-090027-X
'- 1989
Distribution, Settings, and Genesis
Sediment-hosted Stratiform Copper Deposits 1
Geological of Can2da, 601 Booth Ontuio, K lA OEB,
Abstract
Resume
Canada
KIRKHA:\1
+ Cenozo,c
nantes.!
and Yimen districts x"unnan
comes from a few very
as the cemrai
Dzhez
otht!r 81!(iiment-hostc(i
sedimenthosted stratiform
areas in China In addition
ificant
of
copper I
DISTRlBUTIO.\i, SETTIXGS. \,D GEXESIS
Table
reserve infornlation for
35
&
1 5
16
>1
24
5
RKH .\1
1 52
151
17 14
55
3tRl 1 0
5.:kP&Rl 1.9
>lD
19
-4 Q
Tahle I 'continUt:dl
Co
05%
Co
007
03
-32
10
112
--
I :2G
86 g,RI ;)1
38
303
20
41
19 a,R;
lZ5,Rl I tB
,;
I fi
I 2
1 3
1 4
Table I (contmued!
-1. 44
728
'261
D
o
84
1 01
Q
ii 1
I 29
56
fJ
72
Q 19
SETTI).'GS, A D
7
KIRKHAYl
Table I
20
IGlRj
>3liRj 1.33 123
>1 0
,\iRl 2,D
C5
39) S;;:mf 76 0 ~
ry.-,)
75
3S
/\SARCO ~
S 53 52 g ,.)6
g
Q 6 62gA?t 0 02
Table
and unde-
should continue to be an
the foreseeable future_
DISTRlBCTIOX ~ D ESIS
\contmued)
In paper and the
and occurrences under consideration
referred to as "sediment-hosted stratiform copper
many of the under con-
sideration cut the
and are not,
most
(restricted to a stratum, which could
elude an ndefinite number of beds of simIlar
materIal) but are more or less concordant or pene-
concordant. led
and many other names well,
Not all "sediment-hosted stratiform copper de-
are considered in this paper. Ores
gm. Because the enVIronment of sedimentation of
the host rocks is considered to be an essential factor
I
i
I
I
i
I
I
KIRKHAM
and reserve information selected other for
occur 1
scale saline
.. which occur l!1 rocks
351Rl
2Otl0tRl
enVlronments , KIrkham,
10
sediment-hosted
159
053
22
continental
The have several
them from other of copper
characterized disseminated,
distributed that occur
oxidation-reduction boundaries. At the ox ida-
tion-reduction the sequence of minera
the reduced side contains ail or
cop-
associated rock types. These features
and the the
them from other types of copper
effects of syngenesis and on
processes has been as the most
environment of ore formation
et aI., 1968;
Bartholome et al .. 1972; Rentzsch.
and Gustafson and
Chartrand and Brown.
papers in this volume).
are consid-
A few sug
This paper is
framework in which to
and and
vanous of genesis of the
on an extenSive of data as well as perso-
nal and examination of a number
copper and
DISTRIBUTiON. SETTINGS. A GENESIS
Distribution
To iilustrate
hosted stratiform
and evaluate the
tary
understand
distribution
and
of the sedimen
and
occurrences relative to
are shOVlin in a series for various
2- The age of the
rock has been used because of uncertainties deter
the age mineralization. cop
per occurrences as well
have been included for C.'YUHJHC
many of the occurrences included have no ;.JU"''''UJl
economic sources of
of
and occurrence will be
Paleolatitudes based
and the distribution
studies
for a
distribution of sediment
ueuu;,,,.;" and their relation-
1
IRKH
Of
evapor:t8 indicators
COPPER DEPOSITS
e KupferschIefer-type
Redbed-type
b. Undifferentiated
3.
Yenisei (2)
Amelia Dolomite
Wollaston Lake
(16) Lorrmn and Gordon
and Labrador
,e -large, small deposit or dlstnct
occurrences in J1iddle Proterozoic rocks 900-1600 lHa).
and Yimen (4) Chamberlain
and (7) Lurnwana
(10) Klein Aub and (11) Sucunduri (12) Seal Lake (9) Lake N'Gami and
Adeline Island, and Brian),' (13) fi4) Dlsraeli (15) White Pine and Isle
Rock Creek, Rock and Snowstorm); fi7) Gnnnell and
and Creek),' f1S} Scott Creek,' (19) Lake;
Rwer area); and (21) Kent Peninsula.
SETTIXGS, AXD GEXESIS
b
4. (a) Disiribution
570-900
copper and
occurrences and
KIRKHA:Vl
~ -large, small
b
5. iaJ Dlstnbutwn
11984;J in Cambrian and OrdoL'Lczan rocks and UU,U","LiLL
1981). 11; and
(1 Ganderowe Falls.
Proterozoic or (21) Lamotte (23)
South ' (24) Leu'is Lake and (25) Panther Creel?' (26) La Loche;
and (29) CC Lake, (bJ Reconstructed Earth the Ordovician (ca. 500 ;'vIaJ
1981) and occurrences and CambroOrdoviclGl1
Tachs.
14
DISTRIBUTION, SETTINGS_ AND GENESIS
, BeaL-er
and (lei Brodeur Peninsula_ ! b: Recon-
the dlstributwn
and occurrences and
15
KIRKHA::Vl
o Evaponre deposlts
COPPER DEPOSITS
@
I. DLstributwn
(J968) and Zharkou 1198-1))
hase m p ~
16
Line Road, and
the Lare
abbreL'iations on
8. Distributwn
( 1984))
SODS
e,@ -13r::;8,
DISTRIBCTION,
(25) numerous occurrences (26) Hunters
D GEXESIS
(28i ;V1cGuire and Pintada; 129! and Sumner countles; and (30) minor Cu-U occurrences In
uppermost Pictou ibJ Reconstructed Earth the Late Permian (ca. 250 lvfa;
1983) the dlstnoutwn and
I
I
i
I
I
,
!
j
I
i
I
I
,
I
KIRKHAM
b
terranes.
(4;
and
18
o
sedirnent-hosted
belts
and occurrences and
and occurrences and
about 190-170 l"'fa
/ibbre1iiatwn:
(20) Grand
and (23) Deuondal and Orsted Dal
190-170 :\1a;
in Triassic rocks and
the TriassicJ. le) Schematic
Hallam. 1985)
DISTRlBUTIO;';, SETTI:\'GS,
Distribution and occurrences in ,Jurassic
et at (]968)}, and about 140 J,i[a (Jurassic-Cretaceous flUUflfi.!J
1983}, allochthonous terranes, (1)
provinces and (,Jura-Cretaceous); (6)
rocJ?s,
copper
(9)
I''llL Ib) Reconstructed
and occurrences and
ESIS
(Jura-
and i'v1endoza
(SJ
Globe:
19
KIRKHAM
s
UnddferentLated
and occurrences In Cretaceous rocks,
about 100 ,iJa (LiJid-Cretaceous)
20
DISTRIBUTIOX A:'m GE:\'ESIS
12.
et aL (]968}) In
ib) Reconstructed Earth
coppa and occurrences and
1
KIRKHAl'vl
grams to show the distributions of
and occurrences in rocks these ages
tectonic and
on boundaries and
tectonic blocks and
the location of minor tectonic blocks also
pe of
stratiform copper occurrences In
the Andes and central Asia formed in
ith {salt lakes
(1970_ this volume)_
The Late Proterozoic has
favourable age of rocks
stratiform copper
Rowlands
OZOIC
and occurrences
of
rences for which data were
near sea
nd an-
see Glennie
as a
as (about 110 occurrences) and Late Proterozoic (about
host
here.
distribution of sediment-hosted strati-
and occurrences and
basins for the Mesozoic have also been shown in a
\vith belts
and arid and semi-arid environments is
from these Ie. which shows
sediment-hosted stratiform copper and
Late Cretaceous i
Cretaceous uses Hal-
\vith both
in humid
zones for the Late Ju-
Im'i-Iatitude
118 occurrences) and the Permo-Carboniferous
the with occurrences, followed
total of 58. The number of occurrences
Carboniferous rocks (192) IS biased
of 151 minor occurrences from eastern hov;-
ever, the Carboniferous remains a favourable age of
the host rock this type even when these
occurrences are deleted_ The number of
rences in Proterozoic rocks (295) reflects, in
part, the great of time involved
'about 1930 :VIa!. more than three times the duratlOn
of the entire Phanerozoic. Nevertheless. the
fluctuations in abundance
indicated in 13 are
The abundance of occur-
rences also correlates with the identified economic
of
A
stratiform occurrences
recent
that the host rocks are E
the
E Proterozoic.
o
CENO
00
200
300
400
500
600
700 PROT
800-'--
and other
ocean fluxes in
four fadors: the
and the
sediment-hosted

''-.
In evap-
these

J j I
+10 +30 0 50 100 150 200
AGE
13.
tributwn
NUM8ER OF
EVAPORiTES
and occurrences Lcith variations
dis-
copper de-
the 014S
1980j. et
AND
that the main
least 2.3 Ga and be as old as 2.4 et
ai., 1986). Oxidized rocks
dur-
and outward in an
sequence from an oxidation-reduction front located
near the redbed - anoxic marine or lacustrine
14b
schiefer model, which
OZOIC Kona Dolomite
a variation of the
based on the Lower Proter-
In 1972).
11972. p. 20l documentation of the zonal
in the Kana Dolom
nt dIstances
reacted with anoxic
sedIments both above and below it. other
sedimenthosted stratiform copper
influence the are sequence
23
KIRKH
Zambia - based on docu-
Brandt
Studies subeconomic
upper Windsor
limestones in Nova Scotia
ion of the
liferous
and stromatolitic
the northwestern
States iWinswn et ai, 0 1984); the White Pine area,
!Daniels, 1982: and
Northwest Territories (Jefferson and Ruelle,
1986).
14do e, and various continenta
redbed environments where anoxic fluvial units are
the dominant host rocks, The most
mam oxidation-reduction
mixed red and grey fluvial
sediments with grey anoxic wood
dominating n
and red oxidized
with or without caliche nodules and cal-
and over-
14dL In such
indicate
the
metalliferous fluids and the dia-
reduced redbeds with mobile reductants.
Stacked orebodies are centred on sandstone
marine units redbeds both below and above the manne unit and lateral
within the minerahzed unit 198.5). fd) Both red and grey
redbed copper brines are derived
and axidl-zed
late
reside ill
sandstone
cornmunicatwn,
Evaporite
L es one
Grey mudstone,
sandstone; conglomera e
Red mudstone,
sands tone, cong ome ate
DlSTRIBUTIO:J, SETTI:JGS, :JD
Basalt
bn bor ite
cc c alcoc
Basement cp chaicop
gale a
em nema I e
py py e
sp spha rl
te
1""0
,11.,,--,,
e
25
IRKHA:\l
scattered Continued
copper concen-
tration.
The ::Vliddle Precambrian Revett Formation in
Montana and Idaho Lake. Rock and
Rock Lake orebodies (Table I milar
those in the area. Before compac-
the Revett Formation couid been an
oxidized state. broad north-south
from the Coeur district in
the Kootenai River in the
v;aters with or \vithout
Formation from
Revett Formation redbeds.
documented
are consistent with metalliferous
aqueous fluids or sour
salt domes and anticlines cut thick sections
of redbeds . Pictou area. Scotia).
Another process model involves late
fault-controlied infiltration of saline fluids
from for
of time in redbed extracted metals from
the redbeds and were released
and
the metals \vere
140. The Cretaceous Dakota Sandstone and
Triassic Sandstone in Lisbon and
areas in Utah and Colorado are used as the
1968: and
al., 1981; G.X Breit.
munication. 198/
i
.
\vere
Permian to ,Jurassic redbed
ing the Late Cretaceous
faults. such as
flu-
have risen as much as a
their could have
above the ambient
model of Breit and others
tectonic forces to and
Morrison and (986)
the formation
was
of a laccolith
La Sal Moun-
tains_ ore formation occurred
after brine formation and of the host
rocks. Price et at. \
The distribution
de-
and Cretaceous
Texas.
above
2-12) and the rock associations of redbeds evap-
orites of desert sedi-
mentary environments
sediment-hosted stratiform copper The
zonal distributions
oxidation-reduct 10 n
for this de-
source of and reductants
matter, etc.
remain to be defined,
to other types
rifts are also discussed.
and duration of are formation in
and dIstnct are difficult to determine
and for many areas are still much in doubt- An
constraint on for IS
copper minerals tend to
more or less conformable and
n
these have been intra-
post-
dates dolom but pre-
dates cementation of fine dolomites.
Studies of many in other parts of the world
also
tion
of millions of years
{1982) indicated that some sediments
consolidated than
a somewhat later age. Detailed
of some
carbonate rocks Redstone !Chartrand and
Brown. 1985: Chartrand et al.. this volume) indicate
for this copper
as metal and mineral zones in many
section. and in
cases more than 100 m.
cesses must occurred at some
sedIment surface.
Zona! patterns
from above are sup
to many and similar
not in
contact with
that are metals came from below The Stink
schiefer of the Zechstein 2 for exam
lar t the
not anomalous in base meta s.
most. sedlmtmthosted strat form
most areas. the
that have not been documented.
DISTRIBL GENESIS
Cu
ore fluids in the formation
most sedimenthosted stratiform
basins tend
that brines of a
ore fluids.
Much has been written
metals in sedimenthosted
In this review, rnnnPT,np
redbeds are viewed as
of
of metals for most sedimenthosted strati-
formation
minerals are oxidized and can
release the metals to the pore fluids
or leave them in a form that can be
passage of brines !Zielinski
volume)<
KIRKH ::V1
Ore have
been as a
sedIment-hosted
amount of copper contained
of copper contained in some sediment-hosted strati-
form IS even
than 100 illion tormes_ For this reason,
concentrations of copper
sonable metal sources than smaller economic con-
centrations of copper contained In older
Some authors have that "exhalative"
could have
sediment-hosted
Dunham,
con-
to support this
no exhalative have
controls,
sediment-hosted
shoVI evidence that oxida-
the nature and
and reductant;;; are fac-
processes. In many
schiefer- and copper
rocks contained carbonaceous matter and
re
28
imponant reductants,
fueled bacterial reduc-
to then dia-
could haye been copper
textural studies in
do not
fluids
part,
Hamilton (1967)
also demonstrated that native
Sandstone at White Pine
in the Lower
and
and should be evaluated
The interaction of oxidized metalliferous ore fluids
has
and
variable nature and distribution
affect on the
metal concentra-
ward movement of ore fluids in the host rocks. As the
came from below or an
to ask is what would make dense brines
sabkha-redbed
sediments were unconsolidated and finer
sediments were compacting.
could be altered
suited from gTeater sedimentation in centres of
flooded basins and could have been accelerated
vial systems
head vmuld have tended to contain
than saline formation waters.
same buried fluvial systems could have con-
trolled the landward flow of5aline formation waters
DISTRIBCTION. G r ~ N E S S
'T' . .
lectoniC
slve
other mechanisms were
initiated fluid has not been
Jowett (1986) has
uranIum occurrences
In in Nova but in5ufficient
data are available to model the and directions
of flow metalliferous brines and the
influence of any mobile reduced fluids
on the formation of the numerous occurrences I
et al., volume). Most occurrences in the area
indicate that fixed wood trash and
were the dominant
have been present near the salt
domes and anticlines. Dunsmore ( present
that residual brines from the
nisms were involved
that different flow mecha
different areas and that each
and district should be evaluated on its own
merits. In a district such as the central Afri-
can Zambia and Zaire. brine
tion varied detail from one area to
another and could have had
controls.
causes and
The
out of Dve
mg
KIRKHA:'1
SEDIMENTATjON RATE
HYD'10PRESSU'1E
SUBSiDENCE
fl982}f
of about
(the pressure head drives these fluids and over-
Cu.
with the
basin regLnIf!S
if flow is
tion of whether or not such
Pressures
can be and fluids move under the pressure head.
Boundaries between the wnes are broad and diffuse.
Dense oil brines and commercial oil
accumulations are characteristic of the elisian com-
which is also the most reasonable
site of oxic that
such as certain volcanic-hosted
sandstone-hosted U and
carbonate-hosted
of sediment-hosted copper
"volcan redbed copper
1984b). direct I between these
but some dis-
the de-
and eu
\Vhereas Cu most
a mafic detrital the
able bulk source of Pb is from clastic
or
provenance. The aSSOCIatIOn of Cu and Pb
source sediments
felsic provenance.
and Dzhez-
redbed metal
have had mixed rnafie and
Davidson ( noted that carbonate-hosted Pb-
even
have some features in common.
Other of sediment-hosted ""nr,Or
distances up faults
and other structures. such as breccia and form
economIc
'0tJount Isa
are unusual sediment-hosted copper de-
that may have had metalliferous saline
redbed reservoirs m some areas. such as
:\Iount Isa and Kennecott,) as of the are
ids. Far-traveled are fluids of may be diffi-
under suitable conditions
of metalliferous fluids.
DISTRIBUTIOI'<. SETTII'<GS.
In many areas. rift formation is
mafic volummous
flood basalt. Such basalt is an excellent ""'"
source of copper, if eroded. and
into the rift as detritus. Al-
luvial fans. oxidized sedi-
ments with labile components. are excellent
which ore fluids may as well as
sources of D1eta
rifts can
processes. Instantaneous
in a basin
minerals. tectonic
ciated all features of

- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - --'
v
- -"-
-
- -
<:
!.o.
L-
" '"
-"
+
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
be factors in the formation
of some sediment-hosted stratiform copper
In active such as
rites and oxic continemal sediments
been
a
tectonic disturbance_ If hot saline fluids did not
contained metals rocks en
the rock column.
tlon of IS
necessary to evaluate these
stratiform copper
Hation of oxic metalliferous brines into reduced
The main controls
such as their
eiation
sedimentation.
ments of sedimentation
-'-
+ +
..:-
+ +
+ +
-L
-'-
.J-
py
-'--
-'- -'-
-'-
+
+ + +
+ + +
4-
+ + + + -t- +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + +
... .;..
4-
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+
+
+ + + + + -'-
4-
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
Saskatche\van).
than a
...
+ +
+
+ +
+ +
+ +
+
+ + +
...
+ +
+
+ +
+
+
+ +
+ + +
.;.. ...
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
-+- ...
+ -+-
+
"-
+ +
+ +
+
+ +
+ +
+
+ +
4- +

with
subaerial,
sedimentation the
Lake Fold Belt of
and can vary. Nevertheless.
to understand the processes involved in for-
as the case
rameters should be
iUlii
i "j
exist from one area to another each area
should
than others. The distribution and resource data pre-
sented could useful in
on where to search. The
the mineralization and related host rocks
firm the of Besides obvious
features. such as the and thickness of drill
intersections, detailed studies of the zonal distribu-
of
rnetres
zones
fluid flo\v patterns
mineral zones.
source of copper. e g _ ~ vol-
canic rocks and detritus in rift
"dean" 1 carbonate and mature
sandstone sequences: nd (.t) l e ~ well-
It ration model sug-
that both modern shallov! brines
redbed
Lubin in
African
.Ll Carriere contributed much Lime and effort com-
ment-hosted stratiform coppel-
conducted extensive
search. Her
ated. D.G. Garson and
information and n
the world and for various
as noted from
L contributed much personal information on
and reserves and other aspects the
of th Thea
Verbeek and Pete
source data Z;'11re and Zambia. that
were
This
DISTRIBL'TIO:J,
unavaIlable to the
information fi lIs gap
copper resource areas
D GE:JESIS
for one of the
discussions about sediment-hosted stratiform cop-
and
and
search and
this.
on
contact, John Ruelle
on Redstone. Sharad Master on Man-
on Klein Aub, Ken :Ylaiden on
Rowlands on Ade-
KIRKHA:VI
Bogdanov, E.Z., Kutyrev, E.L, Feokbstov.
c
34
1973, Strata-bound Copper
311 rIn

R.H., 196;3, Some vein-waH
White Pine )"1ine. Ontonagon. Co.,
6-t3-666.
origin of
Redstone
Geology, v. 80,
Precam
of '\1ining of Japan. Special Issue ')0
pool.
1980,
maflne
Gcology, v
Region. ;] Symposium:
Survey, Circular- 77. p. 15-24.
Drew, G,rJ. 1980. South Australia
Departme!1t of Energy, Report Book 80/:29.
26 p.

1964,
Economic Geology. 59. 1-2L
Dunsmore, H.E., 1977, A genetic model for
mineralization. Permo-Carboniferous
non-mari ne 3tromatol ites
Sedimentology, v. 30,
Ensign, CO, 'lA'S, Wnght, ,Le.,
RJ., Hathawav, D.,L Trammell,
Conglonlerate,
829-842.
Leone.
V{ .. and
fiSdH
Arnsterciam, v, 6_ p 22:3-352.
American
"'L 1970, Desert Sedimentary
Amsterdam, Developments In Sedimentology,
K. Permian Rotliegendes northv.'st Europe
interpreted in 1 of de3ert sedl
.-\merican Association of Pet-raleum Geologists
56, 1048 -107 1.
eds ..
of :'Vlt:H1S-
Iurgy, Tran;.;act ions,
DISTRIBUTION, SETTINGS. AND GENESiS
Deposits: Geological
;36, p. 319-;338.
Haynes, D.W., 1986a, Stratiform deposits hosted
energy sedirnents. L Timing
Geology,
copper deposits hosted
of sou
I-transporting
81. p. 266-280.
Hire, R.,J. and .Japakasetre,
Plateau, Thai
74, p. 448-458.
H yL Vi. , 1986, Geology
deposit, southwestern Brook:; Range.
1975, Copper in
Minerals Science and
LP, 1978, The
GEOS,
and space:
United
Office
of Energy, 188 p.
35
KIRKHAM
Saxony and
Congress,
the German
speciai reference the
in the s.0utheastern Harz foreland. in
n'iWUUVU" of Strata-bound and Stratiform
Elsevier, Amsterdam, v, 6, p. 353-406.
1942, Untersuchungsergebnisse liber die Metallver
teilung im Kupferschiefer: Archiv fur Lagerstarter ....forschung:
Reichesteile fUr Berlin, v. 74.
Kelly, W.C. and Nishioka, 1985, Precambrian oil
inclusions in late veins and the role hydrocarbons
White Pine, l'vhchigan: Geology,
v
Kirkham, 1973. Environments of formation of concordant
and peneconcordant copper deposits sedimentary
sequences (abstract): Canadian Mineralogist, v.12(2),
145-146.
R.V:, 1978, Base
the Windsor-Horton central
Geological Survey of vcm"u.",
Kirkham. 1984a, Sedimentary
ed., Canadian
Synopsis: Geological Survey
Report 27.
Kirkham, RV:, 1984b, Volcanic redbed
O.R., ed., Canadian
Survey
in upper
limestones in the ./\tlantic
provinces: Geological Survey of Canada, Paper
p.573-585.
Kissln. I.G .. 1976, The P1'lTIcinal distinctive features of the
drodynamic re'gime' of ntens Earth crust
areas, In Ronal, A., ed" Hydrogeology
Basins: International Association
Sciences, no. 120, 178-185.
Kobe, 1960, Cu-Ag deposits the red,bed type at
Huanusha central Peru: Schweizerische
und 163-176.
of saline deposits
Saline Deposits.
Paper 88, p. 43-57.
1968, Incidence
Mattox, RB., ed.,
of America, Special
Kreider, C.W, 1979, Ground,water of
systems, in Galloway, WE., Kreitler, and
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