1

PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 6:
CHAPTER 6:
Magnetic field
Magnetic field
(7 Hours)
(7 Hours)
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
2
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

Define Define magnetic field. magnetic field.

Identify Identify magnetic field sources. magnetic field sources.

Sketch Sketch the magnetic field lines. the magnetic field lines.
Learning Outcome:
6! Magnetic field (1 "our)
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PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
3

is defined as a region around a magnet where a magnetic a region around a magnet where a magnetic
force can be eperienced force can be eperienced

A stationary electric charge stationary electric charge is surrounded by an electric surrounded by an electric
field only field only

)"en an electric charge mo!es electric charge mo!es* it is surrounded by an surrounded by an

electric field and a magnetic field electric field and a magnetic field T"e motion of the electric motion of the electric
charge produces the magnetic field charge produces the magnetic field

Magnetic field "as t#o &oles* called north "#$ north "#$ and south "S$ south "S$
T"is %agnetic &oles are al#a's found in pairs found in pairs #"ereas a
single %agnetic &ole "as ne+er ,een found

Like poles "#%# or S%S$ repel Like poles "#%# or S%S$ repel eac" ot"er

Opposite poles "#%S$ attract Opposite poles "#%S$ attract eac" ot"er
&.' (agnetic field
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
4

Magnetic field lines are used to re&resent a %agnetic field

-' con+ention* %agnetic field lines lea!e the north pole lea!e the north pole and
enters the south pole enters the south pole of a %agnet

Magnetic field lines can ,e re&resented ,' straig"t lines or

cur+es T"e tangent to a cur!ed field line tangent to a cur!ed field line at a &oint
indicates t"e direction of the magnetic field direction of the magnetic field at t"at &oint
as s"o#n in .igure 6!

Magnetic field can ,e re&resented ,' crosses crosses or ,' dotted dotted
circles circles as s"o#n in .igures 6/a and 6/,
&.'.' (agnetic field lines
)igure &.' )igure &.'
direction of %agnetic field
at &oint P
* *
)igure &.+a : magnetic field lines )igure &.+a : magnetic field lines
enter enter the page perpendicularly the page perpendicularly
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
)igure &.+b : magnetic field lines )igure &.+b : magnetic field lines
lea!e lea!e the page perpendicularly the page perpendicularly
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
5

A uniform field uniform field is re&resented ,' parallel lines of force parallel lines of force T"is
%eans t"at t"e number of lines passing perpendicularly number of lines passing perpendicularly
through unit area at all cross%sections in a magnetic field through unit area at all cross%sections in a magnetic field
are the same are the same as s"o#n in .igure 60

A non1unifor% field is re&resented ,' non1&arallel lines T"e

number of magnetic field lines !aries at different unit cross% number of magnetic field lines !aries at different unit cross%
sections sections as s"o#n in .igure 62
)igure &.- )igure &.-
unit cross%sectional area unit cross%sectional area
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
6

T"e number of lines per unit cross%sectional area is number of lines per unit cross%sectional area is
proportional to the magnitude of the magnetic field proportional to the magnitude of the magnetic field

Magnetic field lines do not intersect do not intersect one anot"er

)igure &.. )igure &..
stronger field in stronger field in A A
1 1
A A
1 1
A A
2 2
weaker field in weaker field in A A
2 2
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
7

T"e &attern of t"e %agnetic field lines can ,e deter%ined ,'

using t#o %et"ods

compass needles compass needles (s"o#n in .igure 63)

sprinkling iron filings on paper sprinkling iron filings on paper (s"o#n in .igure 66)
&.'.+ (agnetic field lines pattern
)igure &./: plotting a magnetic field line of a bar )igure &./: plotting a magnetic field line of a bar
magnetic. magnetic.
)igure &.&: thin iron filing indicate the magnetic field lines. )igure &.&: thin iron filing indicate the magnetic field lines.
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
8

.igures 67 s"o#s t"e +arious &attern of %agnetic field lines

around t"e %agnets
)igure &.0a )igure &.0a
a -ar %agnet
, Horses"oe or 4 %agnet
)igure &.0b )igure &.0b
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
9
d T#o ,ar %agnets (like poles like poles) 1 repulsi!e repulsi!e
5eutral &oint (&oint where where
the resultant magnetic the resultant magnetic
force is 1ero force is 1ero)
c T#o ,ar %agnets (unlike pole unlike pole) 1
attracti!e attracti!e
)igure &.0c )igure &.0c
)igure &.0d )igure &.0d
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
10

T"e Eart"6s %agnetic field is li$e t"at of a giant ,ar %agnet as

illustrated in .igure 67 #it" a &ole near eac" geogra&"ic &ole of
t"e Eart"
&.'.- 2arth3s magnetic field
)igure &.4 )igure &.4

T"e %agnetic &oles are tilted a#a'

fro% t"e rotational a8is ,' an angle of
!!3

Since t"e nort" &ole of a co%&ass

needle (.igure 67) &oints to#ard t"e
nort" %agnetic &ole of t"e Eart"* and
since o&&osite attract* it follo#s t"at

.igure 67 also s"o#s t"at t"e field

lines are essentiall' hori1ontal hori1ontal
(&arallel to t"e Eart"6s surface) near near
the e5uator the e5uator ,ut enter or lea!e the enter or lea!e the
2arth !ertically near the poles 2arth !ertically near the poles
t"e north geographical pole of the north geographical pole of the
2arth 2arth is actuall' near the south near the south
pole of the 2arth3s magnetic field pole of the 2arth3s magnetic field
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
11
6sing the permanent magnet 6sing the permanent magnet

9ne &er%anent %agnet

A &er%anent %agnet is ,ring near to t"e soft iron and

touc"ing t"e surface of t"e soft iron ,' follo#ing t"e &at" in
t"e .igure 6:

T"is %et"od is called induced magneti1ation induced magneti1ation

T"e arrows arrows in t"e soft iron re&resent t"e %agneti;ation

direction #it" t"e arro#"ead ,eing t"e nort" &ole and arro#
tail ,eing t"e sout" &ole It is also $no#n as domains domains ( the the
tiny magneti1ed region because of spin magnetic tiny magneti1ed region because of spin magnetic
moment of the electron moment of the electron)
&.'.. (agneti1ation of a Soft Iron
)igure &.7 )igure &.7
#
#
S
S
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
12

In an un%agneti;ed &iece of soft iron* t"ese do%ains are

arranged rando%l' ,ut it is aligned in one direction #"en t"e
soft iron ,eco%es %agneti;ed

T"e soft iron ,eco%es a te%&orar' %agnet #it" its sout"

&ole facing t"e nort" &ole of t"e &er%anent %agnet and +ice
+ersa as s"o#n in .igure 6:

T#o &er%anent %agnets

-ring and touc" t"e first %agnet to one end of t"e soft iron
and anot"er end #it" t"e second %agnet as s"o#n in .igure
6!<
#
#
#
#
S
S S
S
)igure &.'8 )igure &.'8
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
13
)igure &.'' )igure &.''
#
#
S
S
S#itc"* S
6sing the electrical circuit 6sing the electrical circuit

A soft iron is &laced inside a solenoid (a long coil of #ire

consisting of %an' loo&s of #ire) t"at is connected to t"e &o#er
su&&l' as s"o#n in .igure 6!!

)"en t"e s#itc" S is closed* t"e current I flo#s in t"e solenoid

and &roduces %agnetic field

T"e directions of t"e fields associated #it" t"e solenoid can ,e

found ,' !iewing the current flows in the solenoid from both !iewing the current flows in the solenoid from both
end end or a&&l'ing t"e right hand grip rule right hand grip rule as s"o#n in .igure
6!!
I I I I
S
S #
#
9urrent % 9urrent %
anticlockwise anticlockwise
9urrent % clockwise 9urrent % clockwise
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
14

9t"er e8a%&les:

If 'ou drop drop a &er%anent %agnet on t"e floor or strike strike it #it" a
"a%%er* 'ou %a' =ar t"e domains into randomness domains into randomness T"e
%agnet can t"us lose some or all lose some or all of its %agnetis%

:eating :eating a %agnet too can cause a loss of %agnetis%

T"e &er%anent %agnet also can ,e de%agneti;ed ,' placing it placing it

inside a solenoid that connected to an alternating source inside a solenoid that connected to an alternating source
#
# S
S
I I
I I
I I I I
S
S
#
#
T"u%, > north pole north pole
9t"er fingers >
direction of current direction of current
in solenoid in solenoid
#ote: #ote:
)igure &.'+a )igure &.'+a )igure &.'+b )igure &.'+b
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
15

is defined as the magnetic flu per unit area across an the magnetic flu per unit area across an
area at right angles to the magnetic field area at right angles to the magnetic field
Mat"e%aticall'*

It also $no#n as magnetic induction magnetic induction (magnetic field intensity magnetic field intensity
O; strength O; strength)

It is a !ector 5uantity !ector 5uantity and its direction follo#s the direction of the direction of
the magnetic field the magnetic field

Its unit is tesla "<$ tesla "<$ 9R weber per metre s5uared "=b m weber per metre s5uared "=b m
+ +
$ $

4nit con+ersion :
&.'./ (agnetic flu density, B

=
A
B

#"ere
flux magnetic :
field magnetic the to angles right at area :

A
) G ( gauss 10 m Wb 1 T 1
4 2
= =


"&.'$ "&.'$
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
16
T"e direction of an' %agnetic field is ta$en to ,e in t"e direction
t"at an Eart"1cali,rated co%&ass &oints E8&lain #"' t"is %ean
t"at %agnetic field lines %ust lea+e fro% t"e nort" &ole of a
&er%anent ,ar %agnet and enter its sout" &ole
Solution : Solution :
E8a%&le ! :

#ear the north pole of a permanent bar magnet, the north #ear the north pole of a permanent bar magnet, the north
pole of a compass will point away from the bar magnet so pole of a compass will point away from the bar magnet so
the field lines lea!e the north pole. the field lines lea!e the north pole.

#ear the south pole of a permanent bar magnet, the north #ear the south pole of a permanent bar magnet, the north
pole of a compass will point toward the bar magnet so the pole of a compass will point toward the bar magnet so the
field lines enter the south pole. field lines enter the south pole.
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
17
E8ercise 6! :
! S$etc" t"e %agnetic field lines &attern around t"e ,ar
%agnets for follo#ing cases
a
,
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
18
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

Apply Apply magnetic field formula magnetic field formula

for a long straight wire, for a long straight wire,

for a circular coil, for a circular coil,

for a solenoid. for a solenoid.

Learning Outcome:
6/ Magnetic &roduced ,' current1carr'ing
conductor (1 "our)
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B

=
2
0
R
I
B
2
0
=
nI B
0
=
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
19

)"en a current flows in a conductor wire current flows in a conductor wire or coil coil* t"e
magnetic field will be produced magnetic field will be produced

T"e direction of magnetic field direction of magnetic field around t"e #ire or coil can ,e
deter%ined ,' using t"e right hand grip rule right hand grip rule as s"o#n in
.igure 6!0
&.+ (agnetic field produced by current >
carrying conductor
)igure &.'- )igure &.'-
T"u%, > direction of current direction of current
9t"er fingers > direction of magnetic direction of magnetic
field field (clockwise clockwise 9R
anticlockwise anticlockwise)
#ote: #ote:
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
20

T"e %agnetic field lines &attern around a straig"t conductor

carr'ing current is s"o#n in .igures 6!2 and 6!3
&.+.' (agnetic field of a long straight conductor
"wire$ carrying current
9R
B

I
9urrent out of the page 9urrent out of the page )igure &.'. )igure &.'.
B

I
I
B

PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
21

Consider a straig"t conductor (#ire) carr'ing a current I is

&laced in +acuu% as s"o#n in .igure 6!6
9R
)igure &.'/ )igure &.'/
I
I
I
, ,
9urrent into the page 9urrent into the page
, ,
B

PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
22

T"e %agnitude of %agnetic flu8 densit' (%agnetic field

intensit')* B at &oint P at distance r fro% t"e #ire carr'ing
current is gi+en ,'
r
* *
I
)igure &.'& )igure &.'&
, ,
B

into the page "paper$ into the page "paper$

r
I
B

=
2
0
#"ere
sace free of t! ermeabili :
0

1 "
# m T 10 4

=
($ire) conductor straight a from oint a of distance : r
"&.+$ "&.+$
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
23

T"e %agnetic field lines &attern around a circular coil carr'ing

current is s"o#n in .igures 6!7
&.+.+ (agnetic field of a circular coil
)igure &.'0 )igure &.'0
I
I
, ,
S
S
#
#
9R
S
S
#
#
I
I
I
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
24

Consider a circular s"a&ed conductor #it" radius R t"at carries

a current I as s"o#n in .igure 6!7
R
NI
B
2
0
=
#"ere
"&.-$ "&.-$

T"e %agnitude of magnetic field magnetic field

intensity intensity B B at &oint 9 (centre of centre of
the circular coil or loop the circular coil or loop) * is
gi+en ,'
R
9
coil circular the of radius : R
(loos) coils of number : N
sace free of t! ermeabili :
0

current : I
)igure &.'4 )igure &.'4
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
25

A solenoid is an electrical de!ice in which a long wire has an electrical de!ice in which a long wire has
been wound into a succession of closely spaced loops with been wound into a succession of closely spaced loops with
geometry of a heli geometry of a heli

T"e %agnetic field lines &attern around a solenoid carr'ing

current is s"o#n in .igure 6!:
&.+.- (agnetic field of a solenoid
S
S
#
#
)igure &.'7 )igure &.'7
I
I
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
26
9R
I
I
, ,
, , , , , ,
I
I
I
I
I
I
S
S
#
#
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
27

T"e magnitude of magnetic field intensity at the end of magnitude of magnetic field intensity at the end of N N
turn solenoid turn solenoid is gi+en ,'
nI B
0
2
1
= "&./$ "&./$
#"ere length unit er turns of number : n

T"e magnitude of magnetic field intensity at the centre magnitude of magnetic field intensity at the centre
"mid%point? inside$ of "mid%point? inside$ of N N turn solenoid turn solenoid is gi+en ,'
l
NI
B
0
=
n
l
N
= and
nI B
0
= "&..$ "&..$
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
28
T#o long straig"t #ires are &laced &arallel to eac" ot"er and carr'ing
t"e sa%e current I. S$etc" t"e %agnetic field lines &attern around ,ot"
#ires
a #"en t"e currents are in t"e sa%e direction
, #"en t"e currents are in o&&osite direction
Solution : Solution :
a
E8a%&le / :
I
I I
I
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
29
I
I
9R
Solution : Solution :
a
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
30
9R
Solution : Solution :
,
I
I
, ,
I
I
I
I
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
31
A long #ire (?) carr'ing a current of 3< A is &laced &arallel to and
3< c% a#a' fro% a si%ilar #ire (Y) carr'ing a current of !< A
a @eter%ine t"e %agnitude and direction of t"e %agnetic flu8
densit' at a &oint %id#a' ,et#een t"e #ires :
i #"en t"e current are in t"e sa%e direction
ii #"en t"e' are in o&&osite direction
, )"en t"e currents are in t"e sa%e direction t"ere is a &oint
so%e#"ere ,et#een ? and Y at #"ic" t"e %agnetic flu8 densit'
is ;ero Ho# far fro% ? is t"is &oint A
(Bi+en
<
C 2 !<
7
H %
!
)
E8a%&le 0 :
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
32
Solution : Solution :
a i
-' using t"e eDuation of %agnetic field at an' &oint near t"e
straig"t #ire* t"en at &oint A
Magnitude of B
%
:
# 10 m& 10 0 ' ( #& (0
)
2
%
= = =

I d I
T 10 0 ' 4
4
%

= B
%
B

)
B

%
B

)
B

%
I
)
I
d
%
r
)
r
#
9R
m 10 ( ' 2
2
2
) %

= = =
d
r r
%
I
#
%
r
)
r
)
I
%
% 0
%
2r
I
B =
@irection : into t"e &age 9R u&#ards
( )
( )
2
"
%
10 ( ' 2 2
(0 10 4

B
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
33
Solution : Solution :
a i Magnitude of B
)
:
T"erefore t"e total %agnetic flu8 densit' at &oint A is
# 10 m& 10 0 ' ( #& (0
)
2
%
= = =

I d I
T 10 0 ' *
(
)

= B
)
) 0
)
2r
I
B =
@irection : out of &age 9R do#n#ards
( )
( )
2
"
)
10 ( ' 2 2
10 10 4

B
) % #
B B B

+ =
) % #
B B B + =
Direction : into the page Direction : into the page 9R upwards upwards
Sign con!ention of Sign con!ention of B B:
9ut of &age &ositi+e (E)
Into t"e &age negati+e ()
#ote: #ote:
( 4
#
10 0 ' * 10 0 ' 4

+ = B
T 10 2 ' +
4
#

= B
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
34
Solution : Solution :
a ii
-' using t"e eDuation of %agnetic field at an' &oint near t"e
straig"t #ire* t"en at &oint A
Magnitude of B
%
:
# 10 m& 10 0 ' ( #& (0
)
2
%
= = =

I d I
T 10 0 ' 4
4
%

= B
%
B

)
B

%
B

)
B

%
I
)
I
d
%
r
)
r
#
9R
@irection : into t"e &age 9R
u&#ards
( )
( )
2
"
%
10 ( ' 2 2
(0 10 4

B
%
I
#
%
r
)
r
)
I
, ,
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
35
Solution : Solution :
a ii Magnitude of B
)
:
T"erefore t"e resultant %agnetic flu8 densit' at &oint A is
# 10 m& 10 0 ' ( #& (0
)
2
%
= = =

I d I
T 10 0 ' *
(
)

= B
@irection : into t"e &age 9R u&#ards
( )
( )
2
"
)
10 ( ' 2 2
10 10 4

B
) % #
B B B

+ =
) % #
B B B =
Direction : into the page Direction : into the page 9R upwards upwards
( 4
#
10 0 ' * 10 0 ' 4

= B
T 10 * ' 4
4
#

= B
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
36
Solution : Solution :
,
Since t"e resultant %agnetic flu8 densit' at &oint C is ;ero
t"us
# 10 m& 10 0 ' ( #& (0
)
2
%
= = =

I d I
%
B

%
I
)
I
d
%
r
)
r
,
9R
r r =
%
%
I
,
%
r
)
r
)
I
%
B

)
B

)
B

r d r =
)
) % ,
B B B

+ =
) %
0 B B + =
) %
B B =
#"ere
%
% 0
%
2r
I
B =
and
)
) 0
)
2r
I
B =
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
37
Solution : Solution :
,
)
) 0
%
% 0
2 2 r
I
r
I
=
( ) r d
I
r
I

=
) %
( ) r r
=
2
10 0 ' (
10 (0
# 10 m& 10 0 ' ( #& (0
)
2
%
= = =

I d I
m 10 2 ' 4
2
= r
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
38
T#o long straig"t #ires are oriented &er&endicular to t"e &age as
s"o#n in .igure 6/<
T"e current in one #ire is I
1
C 0< A &ointing into t"e &age and t"e
current in t"e ot"er #ire is I
2
C 2< A &ointing out of &age @eter%ine t"e
%agnitude and direction of t"e nett %agnetic field intensit' at &oint P
(Bi+en
<
C 2 !<
7
H %
!
)
E8a%&le 2 :
)igure &.+8 )igure &.+8
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
39
Solution : Solution :
-' a&&l'ing t"e eDuation of %agnetic field intensit' for straig"t #ire*
t"us
m 10 0 ' ( #& 0 ' 4 #& 0 ' +
2
1 2 1

= = = r I I
( ) ( )
2
2
2
2
2
10 0 ' ( 10 0 ' (

+ = r
1
r
2
B

2
r
m 10 1 ' "
2
2

= r

2
2
2
1
10 1 ' "
10 0 ' (
cos

= =
r
r

"04 ' 0 cos =

"04 ' 0
10 1 ' "
10 0 ' (
sin
2
2
=

1
1 0
1
2r
I
B =
T 10 20 ' 1
(
1

= B
( )
( )
2
"
1
10 0 ' ( 2
0 ' + 10 4

B
1
B

1
I 2
I
-
, ,
m 10 0 ' (
2

PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
40
Solution : Solution :
and
m 10 0 ' ( #& 0 ' 4 #& 0 ' +
2
1 2 1

= = = r I I
2
2 0
2
2r
I
B =
T 10 1+ ' 1
(
2

= B
( )
( )
2
"
2
10 1 ' " 2
0 ' 4 10 4

B
Fector 81co%&onent (T) '1co%&onent (T)
Fector
su%
(
1
10 20 ' 1

= B
1
B

0
B cos
2

2
B

( )( ) "04 ' 0 10 1+ ' 1

(
=
.
10 /. ' "

=
B sin
2

( )( ) "04 ' 0 10 1+ ' 1

(
=
.
10 /. ' "

=
. (
10 /. ' " 10 20 ' 1

=
x
B
.
10 4'04

=
.
10 /. ' " 0

=
y
B
.
10 '/. "

=
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
41
Solution : Solution :
T"erefore t"e %agnitude of t"e nett %agnetic field intensit' at &oint
P is gi+en ,'
and its direction is
m 10 0 ' ( #& 0 ' 4 #& 0 ' +
2
1 2 1

= = = r I I
2 2
y x
B B B + =
T 10 /+ ' *
.
= B
( ) ( )
2
.
2
.
10 /. ' " 10 04 ' 4

+ =

=

x
y
B
B

1
tan

1 ' .+ =

.
.
1
10 04 ' 4
10 /. ' "
tan
"+70 "+70 from @%ais anticlockwise$ from @%ais anticlockwise$ 9R

1 ' .+
B

1
B

2
B

-
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
42
a A closel' #ound circular coil of dia%eter !< c% "as 3<< turns
and carries a current of /3 A @eter%ine t"e %agnitude of t"e
%agnetic field at t"e centre of t"e coil
, A solenoid of lengt" !3 % and /6 c% in dia%eter carries a
current of !7 A T"e %agnetic field inside t"e solenoid is
/0 %T Calculate t"e lengt" of t"e #ire for%ing t"e solenoid
(Bi+en
<
C 2 !<
7
T % A
!
)
Solution : Solution :
a Bi+en

-' a&&l'ing t"e eDuation for %agnitude of t"e %agnetic field at
t"e centre of t"e circular coil* t"us
E8a%&le 3 :
# ( ' 2 & (00 m& 10 ('0
2
10 10
2
2
= = =

I N R
R
NI
B
2
0
=
T 10 (" ' 1
2
= B
( )( )
( )
2
"
10 0 ' ( 2
( ' 2 (00 10 4

=

B
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
43
Solution : Solution :
, Bi+en
-' a&&l'ing t"e eDuation of %agnetic flu8 densit' inside t"e
solenoid* t"us
Since t"e s"a&ed for eac" coil in t"e solenoid is circle* t"en t"e

circu%ference for one turn is
T"erefore t"e lengt" of t"e #ire for%ing t"e solenoid is
l
NI
B
i
0
=
turns 1(+ = N
( ) ( )
( ' 1
1* 10 4
10 + ' 2
"
+
N

=
T& 10 + ' 2 m& 10 + ' 1
2
10 . ' 2
m& ( ' 1
+
i
2
2

= =

= = B r l
# 1* = I
r 2 nce circumfere = ( )
2
10 + ' 1 2 nce circumfere

=
m 10 1" ' * nce circumfere
2
=
( ) nce circumfere = N L
( )
2
10 *'1" 1(+

= L
m ( ' 12 = L
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
44
E8ercise 6/ :
Bi+en
<
C 2 !<
7
T % A
!
!
T"e t#o #ires s"o#n in .igure 6/! carr' currents of 3<< A in
o&&osite directions and are se&arated ,' !<< c%
a S$etc" t"e %agnetic field lines &attern around ,ot" #ires
, @eter%ine t"e nett %agnetic flu8 densit' at &oints P
!
and
P
/

A#S. : A#S. : '.-- '.-- '8 '8

/ /
<, out of pageA +.&0 <, out of pageA +.&0 '8 '8
& &
<, out of page <, out of page
)igure &.+' )igure &.+'
# 00 ' ( # 00 ' (
cm 0 ' 10
cm 0 ' 1(
cm 0 ' (
2
-
1
-
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
45
E8ercise 6/ :
/
.our long* &arallel &o#er #ires eac" carr' !<< A current A
cross sectional diagra% for t"is #ires is a sDuare* /<< c% on
eac" side as s"o#n in .igure 6//
a S$etc" t"e %agnetic field lines &attern on t"e diagra%
, @eter%ine t"e %agnetic flu8 densit' at t"e centre of t"e
sDuare
A#S. : A#S. : ..8 ..8 '8 '8
. .
< , to the left "'48 < , to the left "'48 $ $
)igure &.++ )igure &.++
, , , ,
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
46
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

6se 6se formulae: formulae:

Describe Describe circular motion of a charge in a uniform circular motion of a charge in a uniform
magnetic field. magnetic field.

6se 6se relationship relationship F F

B B
= = F F
9 9
. .
Learning Outcome:
60 .orce on a %o+ing c"arged &article in a unifor%
%agnetic field (1 "our)
#
#
#

$
%
&
"

%
a
t
r
i
$

e
d
u

%
'
(
&
"
'
s
i
c
s
#
#
#

$
%
&
"

%
a
t
r
i
$

e
d
u

%
'
(
&
"
'
s
i
c
s
( ) B v q F

=
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
47
&.-.' (agnetic force

A stationary stationary electric c"arge in a %agnetic field #ill not not

eperience a magnetic force eperience a magnetic force -ut if t"e charge is mo!ing charge is mo!ing #it"
a +elocit'* v in a %agnetic field* B t"en it will eperience a it will eperience a
magnetic force magnetic force

T"e magnitude magnitude of t"e %agnetic force can ,e calculated ,'

using t"e follo#ing eDuation:
&.- )orce on a mo!ing charged particle
in a uniform magnetic field
qvB F sin =
#"ere force magnetic : F
densit! flux magnetic : B
charge a of 0elocit! : v
charge the of magnitude : q
B v

and bet$een angle :

"&.&$ "&.&$
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
48
B

)igure &.+- )igure &.+-

In !ector form !ector form*

T"e direction of t"e %agnetic force can ,e deter%ined ,' using

t"e .le%ing6s "and rule

)leming3s right hand )leming3s right hand rule for negati!e negati!e c"arge

)leming3s left hand )leming3s left hand rule for positi!e positi!e c"arge
"&.0$ "&.0$
( ) B v q F

=
B

s"o#n in
.igures 6/0
and 6/2
<humb <humb > direction of > direction of )orce )orce
)irst finger )irst finger > direction of > direction of )ield )ield
Second finger Second finger > direction of > direction of Celocity Celocity
)igure &.+. )igure &.+. #ote: #ote:
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
49
@eter%ine t"e direction of t"e %agnetic force* F e8erted on a
c"arge in t"e follo#ing &ro,le%s:
a ,
c d
e
E8a%&le 6 :
+
B

, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
v

+
I
I

PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
50
Solution : Solution :
a -' using .le%ing6s left "and rule* t"us
, -' using .le%ing6s rig"t "and rule* t"us
c -' using .le%ing6s rig"t "and rule* t"us
+
B

"into the page$ "into the page$

F

"to the left$ "to the left$

, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
F

"to the left$ "to the left$

PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
51
Solution : Solution :
d
e
I

v

, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
F

"to the left$ "to the left$

4sing rig"t "and gri& rule to deter%ine t"e direction of %agnetic
field &roduces ,' t"e current I on t"e c"arge
&osition T"en a&&l' t"e .le%ing6s rig"t "and rule* t"us
4sing rig"t "and gri& rule to deter%ine t"e direction of %agnetic
field for%s ,' t"e current I on t"e c"arge &osition T"en a&&l'
t"e .le%ing6s left "and rule* t"us
v

+
I
"upwards$ "upwards$
B

, , , ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, , , ,
F

PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
52
Calculate t"e %agnitude of t"e force on a &roton tra+elling
3< !<
7
% s
!
in t"e unifor% %agnetic flu8 densit' of !3 ), %
/
* if :
a t"e +elocit' of t"e &roton is &er&endicular to t"e %agnetic field
, t"e +elocit' of t"e &roton %a$es an angle 3< #it" t"e %agnetic
field
(Bi+en t"e c"arge of t"e &roton is E!6< !<
!:
C)
Solution : Solution :
a Bi+en
T"erefore
, Bi+en
Hence
E8a%&le 7 :

/0 =
2 1 "
m Wb ( ' 1 & s m 10 ('0

= = B v
qvB F sin =
( )( )( )

/0 sin ( ' 1 10 0 ' ( 10 .0 ' 1
" 1/
=

1 10 20 ' 1
11
= F

(0 =
1 10 1/ ' /
12
= F
( )( )( )

(0 sin ( ' 1 10 0 ' ( 10 .0 ' 1
" 1/
=

F
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
53

Consider a c"arged &article %o+ing in a unifor% %agnetic field

#it" its !elocity perpendicular to the magnetic field !elocity perpendicular to the magnetic field

As t"e &article enters t"e region* it #ill e8&eriences a magnetic magnetic

force force #"ic" t"e force is perpendicular to the !elocity perpendicular to the !elocity of t"e
&article Hence t"e direction of its +elocit' c"anges ,ut t"e
%agnetic force re%ains &er&endicular to t"e +elocit'

T"is %agnetic force* F

B
%a$es t"e path of the particle is a path of the particle is a
circular circular as s"o#n in .igures 6/3a* 6/3,* 6/3c and 6/3d
&.-.+ (otion of a charged particle in a uniform
magnetic field
)igure &.+/a )igure &.+/a
+
v

+
B
F

+
v

B
F

, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
+
v

+
B
F

+
v

B
F

)igure &.+/b )igure &.+/b

PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
54

Since t"e &at" is a circle t"erefore t"e %agnetic force F

B

contri,utes t"e centri&etal force F
c
(nett force) in t"is %otion
T"us
)igure &.+/c )igure &.+/c )igure &.+/d )igure &.+/d

B
F

B
F

B
F

B
F

, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
c B
F F =
r
mv
qvB
2
sin =

/0 = and
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
55

T"e &eriod of t"e circular %otion* T %a$es ,' t"e &article is gi+en
,'

And t"e freDuenc' of t"e circular %otion is

Bq
mv
r =
#"ere article charged the of mass : m
0elocit! the of magnitude : v
ath circular the of radius : r
article charged the of magnitude : q
"&.4$ "&.4$
r v =
T
r
v
2
=
T

2
=
and
Bq
m
T
2
=
Bq
mv
r = and
v
r
T
2
=
"&.7$ "&.7$
T
f
1
=
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
56
An electron at &oint A in .igure 6/6 "as a s&eed v of /3< !<
6

% s
1!
@eter%ine
a t"e %agnitude and direction of t"e %agnetic field t"at #ill cause
t"e electron to follo# t"e se%icircular &at" fro% A to -
, t"e ti%e reDuired for t"e electron to %o+e fro% A to -
(Bi+en eC!6< !<
!:
C and m
e
C :!! !<
0!
$g)
E8a%&le 7 :

v
2
#
cm 0 ' 20
)igure &.+& )igure &.+&
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
57
Solution : Solution :
a Since t"e &at" %a$es ,' t"e electron is a se%icircular t"us t"e
t"e %agnitude of t"e %agnetic field is gi+en ,'
@irection of %agnetic field : into the page into the page
9R
m 10 0 ' 20 & s m 10 (0 ' 2
2 1 .
= = d v
Be
mv
r =
T 10 42 ' 1
4
= B
2
d
r =
Be
mv d
=
2
( )( )
( )
1/
. +1 2
10 .0 ' 1
10 (0 ' 2 10 11 ' /
2
10 0 ' 20

B
and

v
2
#
B

PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
58
Solution : Solution :
, T"e &eriod of t"e electron is
Since t"e &at" is t"e se%icircular t"en t"e ti%e reDuired for t"e
electron %o+es fro% A to - is gi+en ,'
m 10 0 ' 20 & s m 10 (0 ' 2
2 1 .
= = d v
r v =
s 10 (1 ' 2
"
= T
T

2
=

=
T
d
v
2
2
( )
T

2
.
10 0 ' 20
10 (0 ' 2

=
and
T t
2
1
=
( )
"
10 (1 ' 2
2
1

= t
s 10 2. ' 1
"
= t
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
59
E8ercise 60 :
! @eter%ine t"e sign of a c"arge in t"e follo#ing &ro,le%s
a ,
A#S. : A#S. : positi!eA positi!e positi!eA positi!e
/ @eter%ine t"e direction of t"e %agnetic force e8erted on a
&ositi+e c"arge in eac" &ro,le% ,elo# #"en a s#itc" S is
closed
a ,
A#S. : A#S. : into the pageA out of page into the pageA out of page
B

S#itc"* S
+
v

S#itc"* S
+
v

PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
60
E8ercise 60 :
0 An electron e8&eriences t"e greatest force as it tra+els
/: !<
6
% s
!
in a %agnetic field #"en it is %o+ing nort" T"e
force is u&#ard and of %agnitude 7/ !<
!0
5 @eter%ine t"e
%agnitude and direction of t"e %agnetic field
(Bi+en t"e c"arge of t"e electron is !6< !<
!:
C)
"*hysics for scientists D engineers ,- "*hysics for scientists D engineers ,-
rd rd
edition, Eiancoli, F++, edition, Eiancoli, F++,
p.08/$ p.08/$
A#S. : A#S. : '.& < to the east '.& < to the east
2 An electron %o+ing #it" a s&eed of :! !<
3
% s
!
in t"e
&ositi+e x direction e8&eriences ;ero %agnetic force )"en it
%o+es in t"e &ositi+e y direction* it e8&eriences a force of
/< !<
!0
5 t"at &oints in t"e negati+e z direction )"at is t"e
direction and %agnitude of t"e %agnetic fieldA
(Bi+en eC!6< !<
!:
C and m
e
C :!! !<
0!
$g)
"*hysics, - "*hysics, -
rd rd
edition, Games S. =alker, F4, p.0&+$ edition, Games S. =alker, F4, p.0&+$
A#S. : A#S. : '.-0 < to the left "in the negati!e '.-0 < to the left "in the negati!e y y direction$ direction$
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
61
E8ercise 60 :
3 T#o c"arged &articles #it" different s&eeds %o+e one at a
ti%e t"roug" a region of unifor% %agnetic field T"e &articles
%o+e in t"e sa%e direction and e8&erience eDual %agnetic
forces
a If &article ! "as four ti%es t"e c"arge of &article /* #"ic"
&article "as t"e greater s&eedA E8&lain
, Calculate t"e ratio of t"e s&eeds* v
1
3v
2

"*hysics, - "*hysics, -
rd rd
edition, Games S. =alker, F7, p.0&+$ edition, Games S. =alker, F7, p.0&+$
A#S. : A#S. : '?. '?.
6 A !/3 C &article of %ass /7< !<
3
$g %o+es
&er&endicular to a !<! T %agnetic field in a circular &at" of
radius /67 %
a Ho# fast is t"e &article %o+ingA
, Ho# long #ill it ta$e t"e &article to co%&lete one or,itA
"*hysics, - "*hysics, -
rd rd
edition, Games S. =alker, F'4, p.0&-$ edition, Games S. =alker, F'4, p.0&-$
A#S. : A#S. : '+.' m s '+.' m s
' '
A '-.7 s A '-.7 s
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
62
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

6se 6se formulae: formulae:

Learning Outcome:
62 .orce on a current1carr'ing conductor in a
unifor% %agnetic field (1 "our)
#
#
#

$
%
&
"

%
a
t
r
i
$

e
d
u

%
'
(
&
"
'
s
i
c
s
#
#
#

$
%
&
"

%
a
t
r
i
$

e
d
u

%
'
(
&
"
'
s
i
c
s
( ) B l I F

=
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
63

)"en a current%carrying conductor current%carrying conductor is &laced in a magnetic in a magnetic

field field B* t"us a magnetic force will acts on that conductor magnetic force will acts on that conductor

T"e magnitude magnitude of t"e %agnetic force e8erts on t"e current1

carr'ing conductor is gi+en ,'
In !ector form !ector form*
&.. )orce on a current%carrying
conductor in a uniform magnetic field
IlB F sin =
"&.'8$ "&.'8$
( ) B l I F

=
"&.''$ "&.''$
#"ere
force magnetic : F
densit! flux magnetic the of magnitude : B
current : I
conductor the of length : l
B I

and of direction bet$een angle :
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
64

T"e direction of t"e %agnetic force can ,e deter%ined ,' using

t"e )leming3s left hand rule )leming3s left hand rule as s"o#n in .igure 6/7

.ro% t"e eDuation (6!<)*

t"e magnetic force magnetic force on t"e conductor "as its maimum maimum
+alue #"en t"e conductor "and therefore the current$ and conductor "and therefore the current$ and
the magnetic field are perpendicular the magnetic field are perpendicular (at rig"t angles) to
eac" ot"er t"en = =78 78 (s"o#n in .igure 6/7a)
<humb <humb > direction of > direction of )orce )orce
)irst finger )irst finger > direction of > direction of )ield )ield
Second finger Second finger > direction of > direction of 9urrent 9urrent
)igure &.+0 )igure &.+0
#ote: #ote:
B

I
F

PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
65

t"e magnetic force magnetic force on t"e conductor is 1ero 1ero #"en t"e
conductor "and therefore the current$ is parallel to the conductor "and therefore the current$ is parallel to the
magnetic field magnetic field t"en

H8 H8 (s"o#n in .igure 6/7,)

)igure &.+4a )igure &.+4a
IlB F =
max
B

/0 =
I

/0 sin
max
IlB F =
B

0 =
I
)igure &.+4b )igure &.+4b
0 = F

0 sin IlB F =
One tesla One tesla is defined as the magnetic flu density of a field in which as the magnetic flu density of a field in which
a force of ' newton acts on a ' metre length of a conductor which a force of ' newton acts on a ' metre length of a conductor which
carrying a current of ' ampere and is perpendicular to the field. carrying a current of ' ampere and is perpendicular to the field.
#ote: #ote:
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
66
@eter%ine t"e direction of t"e %agnetic force* e8erted on a current1
carr'ing conductor in t"e follo#ing cases
a ,
Solution : Solution :
.or ,ot" cases* use .le%ing6s left "and rule :
a
E8a%&le : :
B

I
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
B

I
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
B

I
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
F

"to the left$ "to the left$

,
B

I
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
F

"to the right$ "to the right$

PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
67
A #ire of !<< c% long is &laced &er&endicular to t"e %agnetic field
of !/< ), %
/

a Calculate t"e %agnitude of t"e force on t"e #ire #"en a current

of !3 A is flo#ing
, .or t"e sa%e current in (a)* deter%ine t"e %agnitude of t"e force
on t"e #ire #"en its lengt" is e8tended to !3< c%
c If t"e force on t"e #ire in &art (,) is 6< !<
/
5 and t"e current
flo#s is !/ A* calculate t"e %agnitude of %agnetic field #as
su&&lied
Solution : Solution :
a Bi+en
E8a%&le !< :

/0 & m Wb 20 ' 1 & m 00 ' 1

2
= = =

B l
# 1( = I
IlB F sin =
( ) ( ) ( )

/0 sin 20 ' 1 00 ' 1 1( =
1 1* = F
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
68
Solution : Solution :
, Bi+en
T"e %agnitude of t"e %agnetic force on t"e #ire is gi+en ,'
c Bi+en
T"e %agnitude of t"e %agnetic field is gi+en ,'
m (0 1 #& 1( . l I = =
IlB F sin =
( ) ( ) ( )

/0 sin 20 ' 1 (0 ' 1 1( =
1 2" = F
1 10 .0 m& (0 1 #& 12
2
= = = F . l I
IlB F sin =
( ) ( )

/0 sin (0 ' 1 12 10 .0
2
B =

T 10 ++ ' +
2
= B
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
69
A straig"t "ori;ontal rod of %ass 3< g and lengt" <3 % is &laced in
a unifor% %agnetic field of </ T &er&endicular to t"e rod T"e force
acting on t"e rod =ust ,alances t"e rod6s #eig"t
a S$etc" a la,elled diagra% s"o#s t"e directions of t"e current*
%agnetic field* #eig"t and force
, Calculate t"e current in t"e rod
(Bi+en g C :7! % s
/
)
Solution : Solution :
a
, Since t"e %agnetic force acting on t"e rod =ust ,alances t"e
rod6s
#eig"t* t"erefore
E8a%&le !! :

/0 & T 2 ' 0 & m ( ' 0 g& 10 (0

+
= = = =

B l m
IlB F sin =
IlB mg sin =
# /1 ' 4 = I
( ) ( )( )

/0 sin 2 ' 0 ( ' 0 *1 ' / 10 (0
+
I =

I
F

g m

PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
70
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

Deri!e Deri!e force per unit length of two parallel current% force per unit length of two parallel current%
carrying conductors. carrying conductors.

6se 6se formulae: formulae:

Define Define one ampere. one ampere.

Learning Outcome:
63 .orces ,et#een t#o &arallel current1carr'ing
conductors (1 "our)
#
#
#

$
%
&
"

%
a
t
r
i
$

e
d
u

%
'
(
&
"
'
s
i
c
s
#
#
#

$
%
&
"

%
a
t
r
i
$

e
d
u

%
'
(
&
"
'
s
i
c
s
d
I I
l
F
2
2 1 0
=
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
71
&./.' )orce per unit length

Consider t#o identical straig"t conductors ! and / carr'ing

currents I
1
and I
2
#it" lengt" l are &laced &arallel to eac" ot"er
as s"o#n in .igure 6/:
&./ )orces between two parallel current%

carrying conductors
)igure &.+7 )igure &.+7
d
1
2
1
I
1
I
2
I
2
I
-
1
B

12
F

21
F

PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
72

T"e conductors are in +acuu% and t"eir se&aration is d

T"e %agnitude of t"e %agnetic flu8 densit'* B

1
at &oint P on t"e
conductor / due to t"e current in t"e conductor ! is gi+en ,'

Conductor / carries a current I

2
and in t"e %agnetic field B
1
t"us
t"e conductor / #ill e8&eriences a %agnetic force* F
12

T"e %agnitude of F
12
is gi+en ,'
d
I
B

2
1 0
1
= @irection : into t"e &age
sin
1 2 12
lB I F =

/0 = and

/0 sin
2
1 0
2

=
d
I
l I

d
l I I
F

2
2 1 0
12
=
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
73

T"e %agnitude of F
21
is gi+en ,'

Conclusion :
and t"e type type of the force is attracti!e of the force is attracti!e

.ro% t"e eDuation (6!/)* t"us t"e force &er unit lengt" is gi+en
,'
sin
2 1 21
lB I F =

/0 = and

/0 sin
2
2 0
1

=
d
I
l I

d
l I I
F

2
2 1 0
21
=
d
l I I
F F F

2
2 1 0
21 12
= = =

"&.'+$ "&.'+$
d
I I
l
F
2
2 1 0
=
"&.'-$ "&.'-$
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
74

If t"e direction of current in t"e conductor / is c"ange to u&side

do#n as s"o#n in .igure 60<

T"e %agnitude of F
12
and F
21
can ,e deter%ined ,' using t"e eD
(6!/) and t"eir direction can ,e deter%ined ,' a&&l'ing
.le%ing6s left "and rule
Conclusion : <ype of the force is repulsi!e <ype of the force is repulsi!e
)igure &.-8 )igure &.-8
2
I
2
I
1
I
1
I
d
1
2
#ote: #ote:

T"e currents are in t"e

same direction same direction > /
conductors attract attract
eac" ot"er

T"e currents are in

opposite direction opposite direction > /
conductors repel repel eac"
ot"er
21
F

4
2
B

12
F

1
B

-
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
75
T#o long straig"t &arallel #ires are &laced </3 % a&art in a
+acuu% Eac" #ire carries a current of /2 A in t"e sa%e direction
a S$etc" a la,elled diagra% to s"o# clearl' t"e direction of t"e
force on eac" #ire
, Calculate t"e force &er unit lengt" ,et#een t"e #ires
c If t"e current in one of t"e #ires is reduced to <62 A* calculate
t"e current needed in t"e second #ire to %aintain t"e sa%e force
&er unit lengt" ,et#een t"e #ires as in (,)
(Bi+en
<
C 2 !<
7
T % A
!
)
Solution : Solution :
a T"e diagra% is
E8a%&le !/ :
12
F

21
F

d
1
1
I
2
2
I
m 2( 0 #& 4 ' 2
2 1
. d I I = = =
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
76
Solution : Solution :
, T"e force &er unit lengt" ,et#een t"e #ires is gi+en ,'
c Bi+en
T"erefore t"e current needed in t"e second #ire is
m 2( 0 #& 4 ' 2
2 1
. d I I = = =
d
I I
l
F
2
2 1 0
=
( )( )( )
( ) 2( ' 0 2
4 ' 2 4 ' 2 10 4
"

l
F

=
1 .
m 1 10 . ' 4

=
l
F
# .4 ' 0
1
= I
d
I I
l
F
2
2 1 0
=
( )( )
( ) 2( ' 0 2
.4 ' 0 10 4
10 . ' 4
2
"
.

=
# /* ' *
2
= I
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
77

.ro% t"e eD (6!0)* if t#o long straig"t &arallel conductors are

&laced !< % a&art in a +acuu% and carr' eDual currents of
!< A t"us t"e force &er unit lengt" t"at eac" conductor e8erts
on eac" ot"er is gi+en ,'

<he ampere <he ampere is defined as the constant current, which the constant current, which
flowing in each of two infinitely long parallel straight flowing in each of two infinitely long parallel straight
conductors of negligible of cross sectional area separated conductors of negligible of cross sectional area separated
by a distance of '.8 metre in !acuum, would produce a by a distance of '.8 metre in !acuum, would produce a
force per unit length between the conductors of force per unit length between the conductors of
+.8 +.8 '8 '8
0 0
# m # m
' '
. .
&./.+ <he ampere
d
I I
l
F
2
2 1 0
=
( )( )( )
( ) 1 2
1 1 10 4
"

=
1 "
m 1 10 0 ' 2

=
l
F
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
78
E8ercise 62 :
Bi+en
<
C 2 !<
7
T % A
!
! A +ertical straig"t conductor Y of lengt" <3 % is situated in a
unifor% "ori;ontal %agnetic field of <! T
a S$etc" a la,elled diagra% to s"o# t"e directions of t"e
current* field and force
, Calculate t"e force on Y #"en a current of 2 A is &assed
into it
c T"roug" #"at angle %ust Y ,e turned in a +ertical &lane
so t"at t"e force on Y is "al+edA
"Ad!anced le!el physics, 0 "Ad!anced le!el physics, 0
th th
edition, #elkonD*arker, F&, p.--&$ edition, #elkonD*arker, F&, p.--&$
A#S. : A#S. : 8.+ #A &8 8.+ #A &8
/ A current1carr'ing conductor e8&eriences no %agnetic force
#"en it is &laced in a unifor% %agnetic field E8&lain t"e
state%ent
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
79
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

6se 6se formulae: formulae:

where where N N H number of turns H number of turns

2plain 2plain the working principles of a mo!ing coil the working principles of a mo!ing coil
gal!anometer. gal!anometer.

2plain 2plain the D9 electrical measuring instruments. the D9 electrical measuring instruments.
Learning Outcome:
66 TorDue on a coil (1 "our)
#
#
#

$
%
&
"

%
a
t
r
i
$

e
d
u

%
'
(
&
"
'
s
i
c
s
#
#
#

$
%
&
"

%
a
t
r
i
$

e
d
u

%
'
(
&
"
'
s
i
c
s
( ) B A NI !

=
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
80
&.&.' )ormula of tor5ue

Consider a rectangular coil (loo&) of #ire #it" side lengt"s " and
# t"at it can turn a,out a8is PG T"e coil is in a %agnetic field of
flu8 densit' B and t"e &lane of t"e coil %a$es an angle #it"
t"e direction of t"e %agnetic field A current I is flo#ing round
t"e coil as s"o#n in .igure 60!
&.& <or5ue on a coil
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
81
4
-
#
"
)igure &.-'a )igure &.-'a

1
F

I I
I
I
1
F

PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
82

.ro% t"e .igure 60!,* t"e %agnitude of t"e force F

1
is gi+en ,'

.ro% t"e .igure 60!a* t"e forces F lie along t"e a8is PG
sin
2
#
sin
2
#

1
F

1
F

2
#
rotation rotation
rotation rotation
)igure &.-'b: side !iew )igure &.-'b: side !iew

/0 sin
1
IlB F = " l = and
I"B F =
1
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
83

.ro% t"e .igure 60!a* t"e forces F lie along t"e a8is PG

T"e resultant force resultant force on t"e coil is 1ero 1ero ,ut t"e nett tor5ue nett tor5ue is
not 1ero not 1ero ,ecause t"e forces F
1
are &er&endicular to t"e a8is PG
as s"o#n in .igure 60!a

T"e forces F
1
cause t"e coil to rotate coil to rotate in t"e clockwise clockwise
direction about the ais *F direction about the ais *F as s"o#n in .igure 60!,

T"e %agnitude of t"e nett torDue a,out t"e a8is PG (refer to

.igure 60!,) is gi+en ,'

= sin
2
sin
2
1 1
#
F
#
F !
I"B F =
1

= sin
2
2
1
#
F
and
( )

= sin
2
2
#
I"B
sin I"#B = coil) of area ( A "# = and
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
84
since t"us

.or a coil of N turns* t"e %agnitude of t"e torDue is gi+en ,'

sin IAB ! =
=

/0
( ) IAB =

/0 sin
IABcos =
sin NIAB ! =
9R
NIAB ! cos =
"&.'.$ "&.'.$
"&.'/$ "&.'/$
#"ere coil on the tor5ue : !
densit! flux magnetic : B
coil in the flo$s current : I
B A

and area ctor bet$een 0e angle :
B

and coil the of lane e bet$een th angle :
(coils) turns of number : N
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
85

.ro% t"e eD (6!2)* t"us t"e for%ula of torDue in t"e +ector

for% is gi+en ,'

T"e tor5ue is 1ero tor5ue is 1ero #"en

H 78 H 78 or or

H 8 H 8 and is maimum maimum

#"en

H 8 H 8 or or

H 78 H 78 as s"o#n in .igures 60/a and 60/,

( ) B A NI !

=
"&.'&$ "&.'&$

0 =

/0 =
B

0 sin NIAB ! =

/0 cos NIAB ! =
9R
0 = !
)igure &.-+a )igure &.-+a
B

0 =

/0 =
)igure &.-+b )igure &.-+b

/0 sin NIAB ! =

0 cos NIAB ! =
9R
NIAB ! =
max
&lane of t"e coil
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
86

In a radial field radial field* t"e plane of the coil plane of the coil is always parallel always parallel to t"e
magnetic field magnetic field for an' orientation of t"e coil a,out t"e +ertical
a8is as s"o#n in .igure 600
Hence t"e tor5ue tor5ue on t"e coil in a radial field radial field is al#a's
constant constant and maimum maimum gi+en ,'
Radial field is used in %o+ing coil gal+ano%eter

0 =

/0 =
9R
S
S
#
#
coil fi8ed soft
iron c'linder
radial field
)igure &.--: *lan !iew of mo!ing coil meter )igure &.--: *lan !iew of mo!ing coil meter

/0 sin NIAB ! =

0 cos NIAB ! =
9R
NIAB ! =
maimum maimum
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
87
A 3< turns rectangular coil #it" sides !< c% /< c% is &laced
+erticall' in a unifor% "ori;ontal %agnetic field of %agnitude /3 T
If t"e current flo#s in t"e coil is 70 A* deter%ine t"e torDue acting
on t"e coil #"en t"e &lane of t"e coil is
a &er&endicular to t"e field*
, &arallel to t"e field*
c at 73 to t"e field
Solution : Solution :
T"e area of t"e coil is gi+en ,'
a
E8a%&le !0 :
# "'+ T& ( ' 2 turns& (0 = = = I B N
( )( )
2 2 2 2
m 10 0 ' 2 10 20 10 10

= = A
.ro% t"e figure* C :< and C < * t"us
t"e torDue on t"e coil is
sin NIAB ! = NIAB ! cos = 9R
B

/0 =

/0 cos NIAB =

0 sin NIAB =
0 = !
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
88
Solution : Solution :
,
c
B

/0 =
.ro% t"e figure* C < and C :< * t"us
t"e torDue on t"e coil is
NIAB ! cos =
( ) ( ) ( )( )

0 cos ( ' 2 10 0 ' 2 + ' " (0
2
=
m 1 + ' 1* = !
# "'+ T& ( ' 2 turns& (0 = = = I B N
B

1( =

"( =
.ro% t"e figure* C 73 and C
!3*t"us t"e torDue on t"e coil is
NIAB ! cos =
( ) ( ) ( )( )

"( cos ( ' 2 10 0 ' 2 + ' " (0
2
=
m 1 "2 ' 4 = !
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
89

A gal+ano%eter consists of a coil of #ire sus&ended in t"e

%agnetic field of a &er%anent %agnet T"e coil is rectangular
s"a&e and consists of %an' turns of fine #ire as s"o#n in
.igure 602
&.&.+ (o!ing%coil gal!anometer
)igure &.-. )igure &.-.
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
90

)"en t"e current I I flows through the coil flows through the coil* t"e magnetic field magnetic field
eerts a tor5ue on the coil eerts a tor5ue on the coil as gi+en ,'

T"is torDue is o&&osed ,' a s&ring #"ic" e8erts a torDue*

$

gi+en ,'

T"e coil and pointer will rotate coil and pointer will rotate onl' to t"e &oint #"ere t"e
spring tor5ue balances the tor5ue due to magnetic field spring tor5ue balances the tor5ue due to magnetic field*
t"us
NIAB ! =
% !
$
=
#"ere
constant torsional : %
radian in coil the of angle rotation :
$
! ! =
% NIAB =
NAB
%
I =
"&.'0$ "&.'0$
"&.'4$ "&.'4$
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
91
A rectangular coil of !< c% 2< c% in a gal+ano%eter "as 3<
turns and a %agnetic flu8 densit' of 3< !<
/
T T"e resistance of
t"e coil is 2< and a &otential difference of !/ F is a&&lied across
t"e gal+ano%eter* calculate t"e %a8i%u% torDue on t"e coil
Solution : Solution :
T"e area of t"e coil is gi+en ,'
T"e current t"roug" t"e gal+ano%eter is
T"erefore t"e %a8i%u% torDue on t"e coil is
E8a%&le !2 :
( )( )
2 + 2 2
m 10 0 ' 4 10 0 ' 4 10 10

= = A
( ) 40 12 I =
IR & =
# + ' 0 = I
NIAB =
max

m 1 10 0 ' +
+
max

= !
& 0 4 T& 10 0 ' ( turns& (0
2
= = =

R B N
6 12 = &
( ) ( ) ( )( )
2 +
10 0 ' ( 10 0 ' 4 + ' 0 (0

=
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
92
Ohmmeter Ohmmeter

It is used to measure the unknown resistance of the resistor measure the unknown resistance of the resistor

.igure 603 s"o#s t"e internal connection of an 9"%%eter

&.&.- 2lectrical instruments
4 -

0
7
R
S
R
'
%
R

#"ere
resistance (coil) meter :
7
R
resistance 0ariable :
S
R
resistance un8no$n :
%
R
)igure &.-/ )igure &.-/
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
93

)"en nothing is connected to terminals * and F nothing is connected to terminals * and F* so t"at t"e
circuit is o&en (t"at is* #"en R R
)* t"ere is no current and no current and
no deflection no deflection

)"en ter%inals * and F are short circuited * and F are short circuited (t"at is #"en
R R H 8 H 8)* t"e o"%%eter deflects full%scale deflects full%scale

.or an' +alue of R

%
t"e %eter deflection de&ends on t"e +alue of
R
%

Ammeter Ammeter

It is used to measure a current flows in the circuit measure a current flows in the circuit

A%%eter is connected in series connected in series #it" ot"er ele%ents in t"e

circuit ,ecause t"e current current to ,e %easured must pass directly must pass directly
through the ammeter through the ammeter

An a%%eter s"ould "a+e low internal resistance low internal resistance (R

7
) so t"at
t"e current current in t"e circuit would not affected would not affected
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
94

T"e maimum reading maimum reading fro% t"e a%%eter is $no#n as full scale full scale
deflection deflection (fs)

If t"e full scale current &assing t"roug" t"e a%%eter t"en t"e
&otential difference (&d) across t"at a%%eter is gi+en ,'

If t"e %eter is used to %easure currents t"at are larger t"an its
full scale deflection (I >I I >I
fs fs
)* so%e %odification "as to ,e done

A resistor has to be connected in parallel with the meter resistor has to be connected in parallel with the meter
"coil$ resistance "coil$ resistance R R
M M
so t"at so%e of t"e current will current will
bypasses the meter "coil$ resistance bypasses the meter "coil$ resistance

T"is &arallel resistor is called a shunt shunt denoted as R

S

.igure 606 s"o#s t"e internal connection of an a%%eter #it"

a s"unt in &arallel
7 fs fs
R I & =
#"ere
resistance ) meter(coil :
7
R
current scale full :
fs
I
('d') difference otential scale full :
fs
&
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
95

Since s"unt is connected in &arallel #it" t"e %eter (coil)

resistance t"en
0
max
#
7
R
S
R
I
fs
I
S
I
I
)igure &.-& )igure &.-&
S 7
R R
& & =
and
fs S
I I I =
S S 7 fs
R I R I =
( )
S fs 7 fs
R I I R I =
7
fs
fs
S
R
I I
I
R

= "&.'7$ "&.'7$
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
96
Coltmeter Coltmeter

It is used to measure a potential difference "p.d.$ across measure a potential difference "p.d.$ across
electrical elements in the circuit electrical elements in the circuit

Folt%eter is connected in parallel connected in parallel #it" ot"er ele%ents in t"e circuit
t"erefore its resistance must be larger resistance must be larger than the resistance of the than the resistance of the
element so that a !ery small amount of current only can flows element so that a !ery small amount of current only can flows
through it through it An ideal !oltmeter ideal !oltmeter "as infinity resistance infinity resistance so t"at no
current e8ist in it

To %easure a &otential difference t"at are larger t"an its full scale
deflection (V > V V > V
fs fs
)* t"e +olt%eter "as to ,e %odified

A resistor has to be connected in series A resistor has to be connected in series with the meter with the meter
"coil$ resistance "coil$ resistance R R
M M
so t"at onl' a fraction of t"e total &d
a&&ears across t"e R
7
and t"e re%ainder a&&ears across t"e
serial resistor

T"is serial resistor serial resistor is called a multiplier multiplier 9R bobbin bobbin denoted
as R
2

PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
97

.igure 607 s"o#s t"e internal connection of a +olt%eter #it" a

%ulti&lier in series

Since t"e %ulti&lier is connected in series #it" t"e %eter (coil)

resistance t"en t"e current through them are the same, current through them are the same, I I
fs fs

0
max
6
7
R
2
R
2lectrical 2lectrical
element element
&
1
I
fs
I
I
)igure &.-0 )igure &.-0
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
98

T"e &d across t"e electrical ele%ent is gi+en ,'

Hence t"e %ulti&lier resistance is
7 2
R R
& & & + =
7 fs 2 fs
R I R I & + =

=
fs
7 fs
2
I
R I &
R
"&.+8$ "&.+8$
#ote: #ote:

To con+ert a gal!anometer to ammeter gal!anometer to ammeter* a shunt shunt

"parallel resistor$ "parallel resistor$ is used

To con+ert a gal!anometer to !oltmeter gal!anometer to !oltmeter* a multiplier multiplier

"serial resistor$ "serial resistor$ is used
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
99
A %illia%%eter #it" a full scale deflection of /< %A and an internal
resistance of 2< is to ,e used as an a%%eter #it" a full scale
deflection of 3<< %A Calculate t"e resistance of t"e s"unt
reDuired
Solution : Solution :
-' a&&l'ing t"e for%ula of s"unt resistor* t"us
E8a%&le !3 :
# 10 (00 & 40 #& 10 20
+
7
+
fs

= = = I R I
7
fs
fs
S
R
I I
I
R

=
= ." ' 1
S
R
( ) 40
10 20 10 (00
10 20
+ +
+

PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
100
A gal+ano%eter "as an internal resistance of 0< and deflects full
scale for a 3< A current @escri,e "o# to use t"is gal+ano%eter
to %a$e
a an a%%eter to read currents u& to 0< A
, a +olt%eter to gi+e a full scale deflection of !<<< F
Solution : Solution :
a )e %a$e an a%%eter ,' &utting a resistor in &arallel (R
S
) #it"
t"e internal resistance* R
7
of t"e gal+ano%eter as s"o#n in
figure ,elo#
E8a%&le !6 :
= =

+0 #& 10 (0
7
.
fs
R I
S
I
I
7
R
fs
I
E
E
S
R
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
101
Solution : Solution :
a Bi+en
Since R
S
in &arallel #it" R
7
t"erefore

, )e %a$e a +olt%eter ,' &utting a resistor in series (R
2
) #it" t"e

internal resistance* R
7
of t"e gal+ano%eter as s"o#n in figure
,elo#
= =

+0 #& 10 (0
7
.
fs
R I
# +0 = I
S 7
R R
& & =
and
fs S
I I I =
( )
S fs 7 fs
R I I R I =
in parallel. in parallel.
S S 7 fs
R I R I =
( )( ) ( )
S
. .
10 (0 +0 +0 10 (0 R

=
=

10 0 ' (
(
S
R
&
fs
I
7
R
E
E
2
R
fs
I
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
102
Solution : Solution :
, Bi+en
Since R
2
in series #it" R
7
t"erefore
= =

+0 #& 10 (0
7
.
fs
R I
6 1000 = &
7 2
R R
& & & + =
7 fs 2 fs
R I R I & + =
( ) ( )( ) +0 10 (0 10 (0 1000
.
2
.
+ = R
= 10 0 ' 2
"
2
R
in series. in series.
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
103
E8ercise 63 :
! A %o+ing coil %eter "as a 3< turns coil %easuring !< c% ,'
/< c% It is "eld in a radial %agnetic field of flu8 densit'
<!3 T and its sus&ension "as a torsional constant of 0< !<
6

5 % rad
!
@eter%ine t"e current is reDuired to gi+e a
deflection of <3 rad
A#S. : A#S. : '.8 '.8 '8 '8
- -
A A
/ A %illia%%eter of negligi,le resistance &roduces a full scale
deflection #"en t"e current is ! %A Ho# #ould 'ou con+ert
t"e %illia%%eter to a +olt%eter #it" full scale deflection of
!< FA
A#S. : A#S. : '.8 '.8 '8 '8
. .
in series in series
0 A %o+ing1coil %eter "as a resistance of 3< and full scale
deflection is &roduced ,' a current of !< %A Ho# can t"is
%eter ,e ada&ted for use as :
a a +olt%eter reading u& to !< F*
, a a%%eter reading u& to /A
A#S. : A#S. : 777/ 777/ in seriesA +./ in seriesA +./ '8 '8
- -
in parallel in parallel
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
104
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

2plain 2plain the motion of a charged particle in both the motion of a charged particle in both
magnetic field and electric field. magnetic field and electric field.

Deri!e and use Deri!e and use formulae formulae

in a !elocity selector. in a !elocity selector.
Learning Outcome:
67 Motion of c"arged &article in %agnetic field and
electric field (1 "our)
#
#
#

$
%
&
"

%
a
t
r
i
$

e
d
u

%
'
(
&
"
'
s
i
c
s
#
#
#

$
%
&
"

%
a
t
r
i
$

e
d
u

%
'
(
&
"
'
s
i
c
s
B
(
v =
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
105

Consider a &ositi+el' c"arged &article #it" %ass m* c"arge q

and +elocit' v enters a region of s&ace #"ere t"e electric and
%agnetic fields are &er&endicular to t"e &article6s +elocit' and to
eac" ot"er as s"o#n in .igure 607
&.0 (otion of charged particle in magnetic

field and electric field
)igure &.-4 )igure &.-4
(

++++++++++++++++++

, , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , ,
B

+
v

+
v

+
B
F

(
F

PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
106

T"e c"arged &article #ill e8&eriences t"e electric force F

(
is
do#n#ards #it" %agnitude q( and t"e %agnetic force F
B
is
u&#ards #it" %agnitude qvB as s"o#n in .igure 607

If t"e &article tra+els in a straig"t line #it" a constant +elocit'

"ence t"e electric and magnetic forces are e5ual in electric and magnetic forces are e5ual in
magnitude magnitude T"erefore

9nl' t"e &articles #it" !elocity e5ual to !elocity e5ual to E/B E/B can pass through can pass through
without being deflected by the fields without being deflected by the fields

ED (6/!) also #or$s for electron or ot"er negati+el' c"arged

&articles
( B
F F =
q( qvB =

/0 sin
B
(
v =
"&.+'$ "&.+'$
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
107

.igure 607 $no#n as !elocity selector !elocity selector

5or%all'* after t"e c"arged &article &assing t"roug" t"e +elocit'

selector it #ill enter t"e ne8t region consist of a uniform uniform
magnetic field only magnetic field only T"is a&&aratus $no#n as mass mass
spectrometer spectrometer as s"o#n in .igure 60:
)igure &.-7 )igure &.-7
(

++++++++++++++++++

, , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , ,
B

+
(
F

, , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , ,
v

+
, , , , , , , , , ,
B
F

B
F

r
+
v

+
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
108

)"en t"e charged particle entering the region consist of charged particle entering the region consist of
magnetic field only magnetic field only* t"e particle will make a semicircular particle will make a semicircular
path path of radius r as s"o#n in .igure 60:T"erefore

.ro% t"e eD (6//)* t"e %ass s&ectro%eter can ,e used to

determine the !alue of determine the !alue of q/ q/m m for an' c"arged &article
) B
F F =
rB
v
m
q
=
and
r
mv
qvB
2
=
B
(
v =
2
rB
(
m
q
=
"&.++$ "&.++$
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
109
An electron #it" $inetic energ' of 7< !<
!6
H &asses &er&endicular
t"roug" a unifor% %agnetic field of <2< !<
0
T It is found to follo#
a circular &at" Calculate
a t"e radius of t"e circular &at"
, t"e ti%e reDuired for t"e electron to co%&lete one re+olution
(Bi+en e*m C !76 !<
!!
C $g
1!
* m
e
C :!! !<
0!
$g)
Solution : Solution :
a T"e s&eed of t"e electron is gi+en ,'
E8a%&le !7 :
T 10 40 ' 0 9& 10 0 ' *
+ 1.
= = B +
2
2
1
mv + =
( )
2 +1 1.
10 11 ' /
2
1
10 0 ' * v

=
1 "
s m 10 1/ ' 4

= v
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
110
Solution : Solution :
a Since t"e &at" %ade ,' t"e electron is circular* t"us
, T"e ti%e reDuired for t"e electron to co%&lete one re+olution is
gi+en ,'
T 10 40 ' 0 9& 10 0 ' *
+ 1.
= = B +
) B
F F =
r
mv
evB
2
/0 sin =

r
v
B
m
e
=

( )( )
r
"
+ 11
10 1/ ' 4
10 40 ' 0 10 ". ' 1

=

m (/( ' 0 = r
T
r
v
2
=
( )
T
(/( ' 0 2
10 1/ ' 4
"
=
s 10 /2 ' *
*
= T
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
111
E8ercise 66 :
! An electron %o+ing at a stead' s&eed of <3< !<
6
% s
!
&asses ,et#een t#o flat* &arallel %etal &lates /< c% a&art
#it" a &otential difference of !<< F ,et#een t"e% T"e
electron is $e&t tra+elling in a straig"t line &er&endicular to t"e
electric field ,et#een t"e &lates ,' a&&l'ing a %agnetic field
&er&endicular to t"e electron6s &at" and to t"e electric field
Calculate :
a t"e intensit' of t"e electric field
, t"e %agnetic flu8 densit' needed
A#S. : A#S. : 8./8 8./8 '8 '8
. .
C m C m
' '
A 8.8'8 < A 8.8'8 <
/ A &roton %o+ing in a circular &at" &er&endicular to a constant
%agnetic field ta$es !<< s to co%&lete one re+olution
@eter%ine t"e %agnitude of t"e %agnetic field
"*hysics for scientist and engineers, & "*hysics for scientist and engineers, &
th th
edition, SerwayDGewet, edition, SerwayDGewet,
F-+, p.7+'$ F-+, p.7+'$
(m

C!67 !<
/7
$g and c"arge of t"e &roton* qC!6< !<
!:
C)
A#S. : A#S. : &./& &./& '8 '8
+ +
< <
112
PHYSICS CHAPTER 6
Next Chapter
CHAPTER 7 :
Electro%agnetic induction