1

PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 2:
CHAPTER 2:
Physical optics
Physical optics
(9 Hours)
(9 Hours)
The study of
interference, diffraction interference, diffraction
and polarization of and polarization of
light light !i"ht is treated as
#a$es rather tha% as
rays
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
2
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

Explain Explain Huygens principle governing the propagation of Huygens principle governing the propagation of
wave fronts. wave fronts.

Include spherical and plane wavefronts. Include spherical and plane wavefronts.

Explain Explain diffraction patterns by using Huygens principle. diffraction patterns by using Huygens principle.
earning !utco"e:
2& Huy"e%'s pri%ciple (& hour)
#
#
#

(
)
p
h

)
a
t
r
i
(

e
d
u

)
y
*
p
h
y
s
i
c
s
#
#
#

(
)
p
h

)
a
t
r
i
(

e
d
u

)
y
*
p
h
y
s
i
c
s
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
3
#.$.$ %avefronts

is defi%ed as a line or surface, in the path of a wave "otion, a line or surface, in the path of a wave "otion,
on which the disturbances at every point have the sa"e on which the disturbances at every point have the sa"e
phase phase

+i"ure 2& sho#s the #a$efro%t of the si%usoidal #a$es

!i%e ,oi%i%" all poi%t of ad,ace%t #a$e- e" A- . a%d C or /-E

a%d + are i% phase

0a$efro%t al#ays perpe%dicular to the directio% of #a$e

propa"atio%
&igure #.$ &igure #.$
#.$ Huygens principle
A
.
C
/
E
+

#a$efro%t
v
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
4
'ype of wavefronts 'ype of wavefronts

(ircular wavefronts (ircular wavefronts as sho#% i% +i"ure 22 are produced 1y a

poi%t source "e%erates t#o2di)e%sio%al #a$es
&igure #.# &igure #.#
circular #a$efro%t
ray
poi%t source

PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
5

)pherical wavefronts )pherical wavefronts as sho#% i% +i"ure 23 are produced 1y

a poi%t source "e%erates three2di)e%sio%al #a$es
&igure #.* &igure #.*
spherical #a$efro%ts
rays
poi%t source
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
6

+lane wavefronts +lane wavefronts as sho#% i% +i"ures 24a a%d 241 are
produced 1y a poi%t source "e%erates three2di)e%sio%al #a$es
at lar"e dista%ce fro) the source
rays
pla%e #a$efro%t
&igure #.,a : -*./0 &igure #.,a : -*./0
pla%e #a$efro%t
rays
&igure #.,b : -#./0 &igure #.,b : -#./0
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
7
1ay 1ay

is defi%ed as a line represents the direction of travel of a a line represents the direction of travel of a
wave wave

It is at ri"ht a%"le to the #a$efro%ts as sho#% i% +i"ure 25

2ea" of light 2ea" of light

is a collection of rays or a colu"n of light a collection of rays or a colu"n of light

parallel 1ea)- e" a laser 1ea) (sho#% i% +i"ure 26a)

&igure #.3 &igure #.3
ray
#a$efro%t

Source of li"ht
fro) i%fi%ity
&igure #.4a &igure #.4a
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
8

di$er"e%t 1ea)- e" a la)p %ear you (sho#% i% +i"ure 261)

co%$er"e%t 1ea) as sho#% i% +i"ure 26c

&igure #.4b &igure #.4b
&igure #.4c &igure #.4c
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
9
seco%dary #a$efro%t

states that every point on a wavefront can be considered as every point on a wavefront can be considered as
a source of secondary wavelets that spread out in the a source of secondary wavelets that spread out in the
forward direction at the speed of the wave. 'he new forward direction at the speed of the wave. 'he new
wavefront is the envelope of all the secondary wavelets . wavefront is the envelope of all the secondary wavelets .
i.e. the tangent to all of the" i.e. the tangent to all of the"
#.$.# Huygens principle
&igure #.5 &igure #.5
#a$elets
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
10
P
&
P
2
P
3
P
4
A
.
A'
.'
7
&
7
2
7
3
7
4
s
Application of Huygens principle Application of Huygens principle
a Co%structio% of %e# #a$efro%t for a pla%e #a$e
&igure #.6 &igure #.6

If the #a$e speed is v- he%ce i%

ti)e t the dista%ce tra$els 1y the
#a$elet is s = vt.

+ro) Huy"e%s' Pri%ciple- poi%ts

P
&
- P
2
- P
3
a%d P
4
o% the
#a$efro%t A. are the sources of
seco%dary #a$elets

+ro) the poi%ts- dra# cur$es of

radius s

The% dra# a strai"ht li%e A'.'

#hich is ta%"e%t to the cur$es at
poi%ts 7
&
-7
2
-7
3
a%d 7
4

He%ce- li%e A'.' is the %e#

#a$efro%t after t seco%d
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
11
A
A'
.
.'
s
P
&
P
2
P
3
P
4
7
&
7
2
7
3
7
4
source
ray
1 Co%structio% of %e# #a$efro%t for a circular #a$e
&igure #.7 &igure #.7

E8pla%atio% as i% the
co%structio% of %e# #a$efro%t
for a pla%e #a$efro%t

.ut the #a$efro%t A'.' is a

cur$e touchi%" poi%ts
7
&
-7
2
-7
3
a%d 7
4

The cur$e A'.' is the %e#

(circular) #a$efro%t after t
seco%d
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
12
c /iffractio% of #a$e at a si%"le slit
&igure #.$8 &igure #.$8

Huy"e%s' pri%ciple ca% 1e used to e8plai% the

diffractio% of #a$e

Each of the poi%t i% +i"ure 2&9- acts as a

seco%dary source of #a$elets (red circular
arc)

The ta%"e%t to the #a$elets fro) poi%ts 2- 3

a%d 4 is a pla%e #a$efro%t

.ut at the ed"es- poi%ts & a%d 5 are the last

poi%ts that produce #a$elets

Huy"e%s' pri%ciple su""est that i% co%for)i%"

to the cur$ed shape of the #a$elets %ear the
ed"es- the %e# #a$efro%t 1e%ds or diffracts
arou%d the ed"es 2 applied to all (i%ds of
#a$es
Sti)ulatio% 2&
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
13
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

/efine /efine coherence. coherence.

)tate )tate the conditions to observe interference of light. the conditions to observe interference of light.

)tate )tate the conditions of constructive and destructive the conditions of constructive and destructive
interference. interference.
earning !utco"e:
22 Co%structi$e i%terfere%ce a%d destructi$e
i%terfere%ce (& hour)
#
#
#

(
)
p
h

)
a
t
r
i
(

e
d
u

)
y
*
p
h
y
s
i
c
s
#
#
#

(
)
p
h

)
a
t
r
i
(

e
d
u

)
y
*
p
h
y
s
i
c
s
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
14
#.#.$ Interference of light

!i"ht #a$e is a% electro)a"%et #a$es (e)#)

It co%sists of varying electric field varying electric field E E a%d varying "agnetic varying "agnetic
field field B B #hich are perpendicular to each other perpendicular to each other as sho#% i%
+i"ure 2&&
#.# (onstructive interference and
destructive interference
&igure #.$$ &igure #.$$
Electric field: E = E
0
sin (t-kx)
:a"%etic field: B = B
0
sin (t-kx)
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
15

Interference Interference is defi%ed as the effect of interaction between the effect of interaction between
two or "ore waves which overlaps or superposed at a point two or "ore waves which overlaps or superposed at a point
and at a particular ti"e fro" the sources and at a particular ti"e fro" the sources

&or light &or light the I%terfere%ce is occurred #he% t#o li"ht #a$es )eet
at a poi%t- a bright or a dar9 region bright or a dar9 region #ill 1e produced produced i%
accorda%ce to the Pri%ciple of superpositio%

+rinciple of superposition +rinciple of superposition states the resultant displace"ent the resultant displace"ent
at any point is the vector su" of the displace"ents due to at any point is the vector su" of the displace"ents due to
the two light waves the two light waves

(onstructive interference (onstructive interference is defi%ed as a reinforce"ent of a reinforce"ent of

a"plitudes of light waves that will produce a bright fringe a"plitudes of light waves that will produce a bright fringe
-"axi"u"0 -"axi"u"0

/estructive interference /estructive interference is defi%ed as a total cancellation of a total cancellation of

a"plitudes of light waves that will produce a dar9 fringe a"plitudes of light waves that will produce a dar9 fringe
-"ini"u"0 -"ini"u"0
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
16

Per)a%e%t i%terfere%ce 1et#ee% t#o sources of li"ht o%ly ta(e

place if they are coherent coherent sources It )ea%s

the sources )ust ha$e the sa"e wavelength or fre:uency sa"e wavelength or fre:uency
()o%ochro)atic)

the sources )ust ha$e a constant phase difference constant phase difference
1et#ee% the)

The li"ht #a$es that are i%terferi%" )ust ha$e the sa"e or sa"e or
approxi"ately of a"plitude approxi"ately of a"plitude to o1tai% total cancellation total cancellation at
)i%i)u) or to o1tai% a good contrast good contrast at )a8i)u)

The distance between the coherent sources distance between the coherent sources should 1e as
s"all s"all as possi1le of the light wavelength - of the light wavelength -

0 0
#.#.# (onditions for per"anent interference
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
17
x
2
x
1

is defi%ed as the difference in distance fro" each source the difference in distance fro" each source
to a particular point to a particular point
#.#.* +ath difference, L
Path difference, L = |S
2
P S
1
P|
= |x
2
x
1
|
&igure #.$# &igure #.$#
S
1
S
2
scree%
P
L
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
18
Interference of two coherent sources in phase Interference of two coherent sources in phase

+ath difference for constructive interference +ath difference for constructive interference

S
&
a%d S
2
are t#o cohere%t sources i% phase
S
1
S
2
x
1
x
2
P (maximum)
&igure #.$* &igure #.$*
+
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
19

A 1ri"ht fri%"e is o1ser$ed at P thus

At P-
the%
therefore

;ote :
m 2
#here ,... 2 , 1 , 0 t t m
) sin(
1 0 P 1
kx t E E
) sin(
2 0 P 2
kx t E E
) ( ) (
1 2
kx t kx t
) (
2 1
x x k
si%ce

2
k a%d L x x ) (
2 1
L

L m

2
2
,..... 2 , 1 , 0 t t m
m L
#here
wavelength :
Ce%tral 1ri"ht fri%"e
m = 0
&
st
1ri"ht fri%"e (&
st
order 1ri"ht)
m = t 1
2
%d
1ri"ht fri%"e (2
%d
order 1ri"ht) m = t 2
0he%
(<eroth order 1ri"ht)
order
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
20

+ath difference for destructive interference +ath difference for destructive interference

S
&
a%d S
2
are t#o cohere%t sources i% phase
S
1
S
2
x
1
x
2
(minimum)
&igure #.$, &igure #.$,
+
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
21

A dar( fri%"e is o1ser$ed at 7 thus

At P-
the%
therefore

;ote :
( ) m 1 2 +
#here ,... 2 , 1 , 0 t t m
) sin(
1 0 P 1
kx t E E
) sin(
2 0 P 2
kx t E E
) ( ) (
1 2
kx t kx t
) (
2 1
x x k
L

( ) L m +

2
1 2
,..... 2 , 1 , 0 t t m

,
_

+
2
1
m L
#here
&
st
dar( fri%"e (<eroth order dar()
m = 0
2
%d
dar( fri%"e (&
st
order dar()
m = t 1
3
rd
dar( fri%"e (2
%d
order dar() m = t 2
0he%
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
22
+ri%"e
m L

Interference pattern for two coherent sources in phase Interference pattern for two coherent sources in phase
&igure #.$3 &igure #.$3
S
1
S
2
scree%
!"
2"
#"

0
2
0
0
1
1
2


2
1

0
Ce%tral 1ri"ht
&
st
dar(
0

2
1

&
st
dar(
&
st
1ri"ht
2" 1

&
st
1ri"ht

2
!

2
%d
dar(
!" 1

2
!

2
%d
dar(
2
%d
1ri"ht
#" 2
2 2
%d
1ri"ht
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
23
Interference of two coherent sources in antiphase Interference of two coherent sources in antiphase

+ath difference for constructive interference +ath difference for constructive interference

S
&
a%d S
2
are t#o cohere%t sources i% a%tiphase
S
1
S
2
x
1
x
2
P (maximum)
&igure #.$4 &igure #.$4
+
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
24

A 1ri"ht fri%"e is o1ser$ed at P thus

At P-
the%
therefore

;ote :
m 2
#here ,... 2 , 1 t t m
) sin(
1 0 P 1
kx t E E
) sin(
2 0 P 2
kx t E E
) ( ) (
1 2
kx t kx t
) (
2 1
x x k

,
_

L
2

,
_

L m
2
2
,..... 2 , 1 , 0 t t m
#here
0he%

,
_

+
2
1
m L
&
st
1ri"ht fri%"e (<eroth order 1ri"ht)
m = 0
2
%d
1ri"ht fri%"e (&
st
order 1ri"ht) m = t 1
3
rd
1ri"ht fri%"e (2
%d
order 1ri"ht) m = t 2
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
25

+ath difference for destructive interference +ath difference for destructive interference

S
&
a%d S
2
are t#o cohere%t sources i% a%tiphase
S
1
S
2
x
1
x
2
(minimum)
&igure #.$5 &igure #.$5
+
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
26

A dar( fri%"e is o1ser$ed at 7 thus

At P-
the%
therefore

;ote :
( ) m 1 2 +
#here ,... 2 , 1 , 0 t t m
) sin(
1 0 P 1
kx t E E
) sin(
2 0 P 2
+ kx t E E
) ( ) (
1 2
kx t kx t +
+ ) (
2 1
x x k

,
_

L
2

( )

,
_

+ L m
2
1 2
,..... 2 , 1 , 0 t t m #here
Ce%tral dar( fri%"e (<eroth order dar()
m = 0
&
st
dar( fri%"e (&
st
order dar() m = t 1
2
%d
dar( fri%"e (2
%d
order dar() m = t 2
0he%
m L
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
27
+ri%"e
m L

Interference pattern for two coherent sources in antiphase Interference pattern for two coherent sources in antiphase
&igure #.$6 &igure #.$6
#"
!"
$"
2"

2
0
0
1
1
2


2
1

0
Ce%tral dar(
&
st
1ri"ht
2" 0

2
1

&
st
1ri"ht
&
st
dar(
!" 1

&
st
dar(

2
!

2
%d
1ri"ht
#" 1

2
!

2
%d
1ri"ht
2
%d
dar(
$" 2
2 2
%d
dar(
S
1
S
2
scree%
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
28
'wo (oherent
sources
2right fringe 2right fringe /ar9 fringe /ar9 fringe
In phase In phase
Antiphase Antiphase

Ta1le 2& sho#s the su))ary of chapter 223

'able #.$ 'able #.$
,... 2 , 1 , 0 t t m
m L
,... 2 , 1 , 0 t t m

,
_

+
2
1
m L
m 2
,... 2 , 1 , 0 m
m ) 1 2 ( +
,... 2 , 1 , 0 m
,... 2 , 1 , 0 t t m

,
_

+
2
1
m L
,... 2 , 1 , 0 t t m
m L
m 2
,... 2 , 1 m
m ) 1 2 ( +
,... 2 , 1 , 0 m
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
29
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

/erive /erive with the aid of a diagra" and with the aid of a diagra" and use use
for bright fringes -"axi"a0 for bright fringes -"axi"a0
for dar9 fringes -"ini"a0, for dar9 fringes -"ini"a0,
where where m m ; 8, <$, <#, <*, = . ; 8, <$, <#, <*, = .

>se >se expression and expression and

explain explain the effect of changing any of the variables. the effect of changing any of the variables.
earning !utco"e:
23 I%terfere%ce of tra%s)itted li"ht throu"h dou1le2
slits (2 hours)
#
#
#

(
)
p
h

)
a
t
r
i
(

e
d
u

)
y
*
p
h
y
s
i
c
s
#
#
#

(
)
p
h

)
a
t
r
i
(

e
d
u

)
y
*
p
h
y
s
i
c
s
d
D m
y
m

( )
d
D m
x
m

2
1
+

d
D
y


PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
30
#.*.$ ?ethods of obtaining two coherent sources
/ivision of wavefront /ivision of wavefront
#.* Interference of trans"itted light
through double.slits
&igure #.$7 &igure #.$7

A slit S is placed at e=ual

dista%ce fro) slits S
&
a%d S
2
as
sho#% i% fi"ure

!i"ht #a$es fro) S that arri$ed

at S
&
a%d S
2
are i% phase

Therefore- 1oth slits S

&
a%d S
2

are t#o %e# cohere%t sources-
e" i% You%"'s dou1le slit
e8peri)e%t
)o%ochro)atic
li"ht source
S
si%"le
slit
S
&
dou1le
slits
S
2
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
31
air
fil)
air
t
/ivision of a"plitude /ivision of a"plitude
&igure #.#8 &igure #.#8

The i%cide%t #a$efro%t is di$ided

i%to t#o #a$es 1y partial
reflectio% a%d partial
tra%s)issio%

.oth reflected #a$es & a%d 2 are

cohere%t a%d #ill result i%
i%terfere%ce #he% they
superpose

e" ;e#to%'s ri%"- air #ed"e

fri%"es a%d thi% fil) i%terfere%ce
i%cide%t ray
$ $ # #
partial reflectio%
partial
tra%s)issio%
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
32

+i"ure 22& sho#s the sche)atic dia"ra) of You%"'s dou1le2slit

e8peri)e%t
#.*.# @oungs double.slit experi"ent
&igure #.#$ &igure #.#$
?ax ?ax
?ax ?ax
?ax ?ax
?ax ?ax
?ax ?ax
?in ?in
?in ?in
?in ?in
?in ?in
scree%
Intensity
i%terfere%ce
patter%
)o%ochro)atic
li"ht 1ea)
S
si%"le
slit
S
&
dou1le
slits
S
2
m = 2
m = 1
m = 0
m = 1
m = 2
Picture 2&
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
33
Explanation of @oungs double.slit experi"ent by using Explanation of @oungs double.slit experi"ent by using
Huygens principle Huygens principle

0a$efro%t fro) li"ht source falls o% a %arro# slit S a%d

diffractio% occurs

E$ery poi%t o% the #a$efro%t that falls o% S acts as sources of

seco%dary #a$elets that #ill produce a %e# #a$efro%t that
propa"ate to slits S
&
a%d S
2

S
&
a%d S
2
are produced t#o %e# sources of cohere%t #a$es i%
phase 1ecause they ori"i%ate fro) the sa)e #a$efro%t a%d their
dista%ce fro) S are e=ual

A% i%terfere%ce patter% co%sisti%" of 1ri"ht a%d dar( fri%"es is

for)ed o% the scree% as sho#% i% +i"ure 22&

The 1ri"ht fri%"es are occurred #he% the li"ht fro) slits S
&
a%d S
2

superposes co%structi$ely

The dar( fri%"es are occurred #he% the li"ht fro) slits S
&
a%d S
2

superposes destructi$ely
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
34
/erivation of @oungs double.slit e:uations /erivation of @oungs double.slit e:uations

E:uation for separation between E:uation for separation between central bright fringe central bright fringe and and " "
th th

bright fringe bright fringe
&igure #.## &igure #.##
S
&
S
2
P
:
m

7
;
>
d
D
m
y
y
1 + m
y

dou1le2slit
scree%
(entral (entral 1ri"ht
" "
th th
1ri"ht
-"A$0 -"A$0
th th
1ri"ht
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
35

Suppose P i% +i"ure 222 is the )

th
order 1ri"ht fri%"e- thus

!et >P ? y
m
? dista%ce fro) P to >

I% practice d is $ery s)all (@&))) a%d D>>d- the% S

&
;
)eets P7 at ri"ht a%"le He%ce

;P = S
&
P the% S
2
; = S
2
P ;P = m

a%"le P7> ? a%"le S2S&; ?

+ro) the fi"ure-

AS
2
S
&
;
AP7>
Si%ce is s)all- thus
m P S P S
1 2
d
m

1 2
2
S S
% S
sin
D
y
m

&
P&
tan
tan sin
D
y
d
m
m

PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
36

Therefore- the separatio% 1et#ee% ce%tral 1ri"ht a%d )

th

1ri"ht fri%"es- y
m
is "i$e% 1y

;ote: +or bright bright fri%"es

d
D m
y
m

,... 2 , 1 , 0 'rder : t t m #here

wavelength :
screen the and slits ( d'u)le )etween distance : D
slits ( d'u)le )etween se*arati'n : d
0 m
(entral (entral 1ri"ht fri%"e (Beroth order Beroth order )a8i)u))
$ $
st st
1ri"ht fri%"e ($ $
st st
order order )a8i)u))
# #
nd nd
1ri"ht fri%"e (# #
nd nd
order order )a8i)u))
* *
rd rd
1ri"ht fri%"e (* *
rd rd
order order )a8i)u))
1 t m
2 t m
! t m
-#.$0 -#.$0
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
37

E:uation for separation between E:uation for separation between central bright fringe central bright fringe and and " "
th th

dar9 fringe dar9 fringe
&igure #.#* &igure #.#*
S
&
S
2
R

7
;
>
d
D
m
x
y

dou1le2slit
scree%

,
_

+
2
1
m
(entral (entral 1ri"ht
" "
th th
order order dar(
-" -" $0 $0
th th
order order dar(
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
38

Suppose R i% +i"ure 223 is the )

th
order dar( fri%"e- thus

!et >R ? x
m
? dista%ce fro) R to >

I% practice d is $ery s)all (@&))) a%d D>>d- the% S

&
;
)eets R7 at ri"ht a%"le He%ce-

;R = S
&
R the%

a%"le R7> ? a%"le S

2
S
&
; ?

+ro) the fi"ure-

AS
2
S
&
;
AR7>
Si%ce is s)all- thus

,
_

+
2
1
+ S + S
1 2
m
d
m

,
_

+
2
1
S S
% S
sin
1 2
2
D
x
m

&
+&
tan
tan sin
D
x
d
m
m

,
_

+

2
1

,
_

+
2
1
%+ + S % S
2 2
m
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
39

Therefore- the separatio% 1et#ee% ce%tral 1ri"ht a%d )

th
order
dar( fri%"es- x
m
is "i$e% 1y

;ote: +or dar9 dar9 fri%"es

d
D
m x
m

,
_

+
2
1
,... 2 , 1 , 0 'rder : t t m #here
0 m
$ $
st st
dar( fri%"e (Beroth order Beroth order )i%i)u))
# #
nd nd
dar( fri%"e ($ $
st st
order order )i%i)u))
* *
rd rd
dar( fri%"e (# #
nd nd
order order )i%i)u))
, ,
th th
dar( fri%"e (* *
rd rd
order order )i%i)u))
1 t m
2 t m
! t m
-#.#0 -#.#0
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
40

E:uation for separation between successive -consecutive0 E:uation for separation between successive -consecutive0
bright or dar9 fringes, bright or dar9 fringes,

y y (+i"ure 222)

is "i$e% 1y
m m
y y y
+1
d
D m
y
m

#here a%d
( )
d
D
m y
m

1
1
+
+
d
D
y


( )
d
D m
d
D
m y

+ 1
#here
wavelength :
screen the and slits ( d'u)le )etween distance : D
slits ( d'u)le )etween se*arati'n : d
)right e c'nsecutiv )etween se*arati'n : y
fringes dar, 'r
-#.*0 -#.*0
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
41
Appearance of @oungs double.slit experi"ent Appearance of @oungs double.slit experi"ent

+ro) the e=uatio% -#.*0 -#.*0-

y depe%ds o% :

the #a$ele%"th of li"ht-

the dista%ce apart- d of the dou1le slits-

dista%ce 1et#ee% slits a%d the scree%- D

Explanation for the above factors: Explanation for the above factors:

if is short a%d thus y decreases for fi8ed D a%d d. The

i%terfere%ce fri%"es are closer to each other a%d $ice2$ersa

if the dista%ce apart d of the slits di)i%ished- y i%creased

for fi8ed D a%d a%d $ice2$ersa

if D i%creases y also i%creases for fi8ed a%d $ice2$ersa

d
D
y


PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
42

if a source slit S (+i"ure 22&) is #ide%ed the fri%"es

"radually disappear The slit S the% e=ui$ale%t to lar"e
%u)1er of %arro# slits- each produci%" its o#% fri%"e syste)
at differe%t places The 1ri"ht a%d dar( fri%"es of differe%t
syste)s therefore o$erlap- "i$i%" rise to a differe%t
illu)i%atio%

if o%e of the slit- S

&
or S
2
is co$ered up- the fri%"es disappear

if the source slit S is )o$ed %earer the dou1le slits- y is

u%affected 1ut their i%te%sity i%creases

if the e8peri)e%t is carried out i% a differe%t )ediu)- for

e8a)ple #ater- the fri%"e separatio% y decreased or
i%creased depe%di%" o% the #a$ele%"th- of the )ediu)

if #hite li"ht is used the ce%tral 1ri"ht fri%"e is #hite- a%d the
fri%"es o% either side are coloured Biolet is the colour %earer
to the ce%tral fri%"e a%d red is farther a#ay as sho#% i%
+i"ure 224
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
43

Ta1le 22 sho#s the ra%"e of #a$ele%"th for colours of $isi1le

li"ht
&igure #.#, &igure #.#,
'able #.# 'able #.#
(olour
1ange of C n"
Biolet 499 C 459
.lue 459 C 529
Dree% 529 C 569
Yello# 569 C 699
>ra%"e 699 C 625
Red 625 2 E99
Sti)ulatio% 22
Sti)ulatio% 23
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
44
A dou1le2slits patter% is $ie# o% a scree% &99 ) fro) the slits If
the third order )i%i)a are 259 c) apart- deter)i%e
a the ratio of #a$ele%"th a%d separatio% 1et#ee% the slits-
1 the dista%ce 1et#ee% the first order )i%i)u) a%d fourth order
)a8i)u) o% the scree%
)olution : )olution :
a
+ro) the fi"ure-
E8a)ple & :
! m- 2$ . 0 m- 00 . 1
!
m x D
S
&

S
2

D D
d
3 3
rd rd
order )i%i)u) order )i%i)u)
<eroth order )a8i)u) <eroth order )a8i)u)
3 3
rd rd
order )i%i)u) order )i%i)u)
!
x
!
x
!
x
2
2$ . 0
2
!
!

x
x
m 12$ . 0
!
x
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
45
)olution : )olution :
a .y usi%" the e=uatio% of separatio% 1et#ee% ce%tral 1ri"ht a%d

)
th
order dar( fri%"es- thus
1 The separatio% 1et#ee% ce%tral )a8 a%d the &
st
order )i% is
! m- 2$ . 0 m- 00 . 1
!
m x D
d
D
m x
m

,
_

+
2
1
d
D
x

,
_

+
2
1
!
!
( )
d
00 . 1
2
1
! 12$ . 0

,
_

+
2
10 $. . !


d

d
D
x

,
_

+
2
1
1
1
d
D
x

$ . 1
1

PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
46
)olution : )olution :
1 a%d the separatio% 1et#ee% ce%tral )a8 a%d the 4
th
order )a8
(m ? 4) is "i$e% 1y
Therefore the dista%ce 1et#ee% the first order )i%i)u) a%d
fourth order )a8i)u) o% the scree% is
d
D m
y
m

d
D
y

#
#

1 #
x y d

,
_

,
_

d
D
d
D
d

$ . 1 #
d
D
d

$ . 2
( )( ) 00 . 1 10 $. . ! $ . 2
2
d
m 10 /! . 0
2
d
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
47
a Ho# #ould you e8pect the i%terfere%ce patter% of a dou1le2slit
e8peri)e%t to cha%"e if #hite li"ht is used i%stead of
)o%ochro)atic li"htF
1 /escri1e the cha%"es that #ould 1e o1ser$ed i% a dou1le2slit
i%terfere%ce patter% if the e%tire e8peri)e%t #ere su1)er"ed i%
#ater
-+hysics, * -+hysics, *
rd rd
edition, D. ). %al9er, E,FE4, p.74*0 edition, D. ). %al9er, E,FE4, p.74*0
)olution : )olution :
a The locatio%s of 1ri"ht a%d dar( fri%"es depends on the depends on the
wavelength of light wavelength of light Therefore- if #hite li"ht is used i% a
dou1le2slit e8peri)e%t- each bright fringe will show so"e bright fringe will show so"e
separation into colours separation into colours- "i$i%" a GrainbowH effect GrainbowH effect
E8a)ple 2 :
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
48
)olution : )olution :
1 Su1)er"i%" the dou1le2slit e8peri)e%t i% #ater would reduce would reduce
the wavelength of the light fro" the wavelength of the light fro"

to to

/n /n- #here n ? &33

is
the refractio% i%de8 of #ater Therefore- the 1ri"ht or dar(
fringe separation would be reduced fringe separation would be reduced- accordi%" to the
e=uatio% 1elo#:
It follo#s that the i%terfere%ce patter% fringes get closer to each fringes get closer to each
other other
d
D
y


PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
49
I% a You%"'s dou1le2slit e8peri)e%t- #he% a )o%ochro)atic li"ht
of #a$ele%"th 699 %) shi%es o% the dou1le slits- the fri%"e
separatio% of the i%terfere%ce patter% produced is E9 )) 0he%
a%other )o%ochro)atic li"ht source is used- the fri%"e separatio%
is 59 )) Calculate the #a$ele%"th of the seco%d li"ht
)olution : )olution :
&
st
case:
.y applyi%" the fri%"e separatio% e=uatio%- thus
E8a)ple 3 :
m- 10 0 . . m- 10 100
!
1
/
1

y
m 10 0 . $
!
2

y
S
&

S
2

D D
d
Ce%tral of i%terfere%ce patter% Ce%tral of i%terfere%ce patter%
1
y
1
y
d
D
y
1
1


( )
d
D
/
!
10 100
10 0 . .

-$0 -$0
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
50
)olution : )olution :
2
%d
case:
(2) (&):
m- 10 0 . . m- 10 $00
!
1
/
1

y
m 10 0 . $
!
2

y
d
D
y
2
2


d
D
2
!
10 0 . $



-#0 -#0
/
2
!
!
10 100 10 0 . .
10 0 . $

m 10 #2/
/
2

nm 2/ # >R
S
&

S
2

D D
d
Ce%tral of i%terfere%ce patter% Ce%tral of i%terfere%ce patter%
2
y
2
y
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
51
+i"ure 225 sho#s t#o cohere%t sources (S
&
a%d S
2
) of li"ht i%
phase The separatio% of S
&
a%d S
2
is &2 )) a%d the scree% is
25 ) fro) the sources
a The fre=ue%cy of the li"ht is 5EE &9
&4
H< Calculate
i the #a$ele%"th of the li"ht used
ii the separatio% 1et#ee% t#o co%secuti$e 1ri"ht fri%"es if the
e8peri)e%t is carried out i% air
1 If the e8peri)e%t is carried out i% #ater of refracti$e i%de8 &33-
calculate the separatio% of t#o co%secuti$e dar( fri%"es
(The speed of li"ht i% $acuu)- c ? 399 &9
G
) s
&
)
E8a)ple 4 :
A
.
25 )
&2 ))
S
2
S
&
&igure #.#3 &igure #.#3
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
52
)olution : )olution :
a i Di$e%
.y applyi%" the #a$e speed e=uatio%- thus
ii .y usi%" the e=uatio% of fri%"e separatio%- thus
m $ . 2 m- 10 2 . 1
!


D d
23 10 .. . $
1#
f
f c
( )
1# 0
10 .. . $ 10 00 . !
m 10 $20
/
nm 20 $ >R
d
D
y


m 10 00 . 1
!
y
( )( )
!
/
10 2 . 1
$ . 2 10 $20

y
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
53
)olution : )olution :
1 Di$e%
The #a$ele%"th of li"ht i% #ater is "i$e% 1y
Therefore the dar( fri%"es separatio% is
m $ . 2 m- 10 2 . 1
!


D d
w

n
w
/
10 $20
!! . 1

m 10 /1 . !
.
w


d
D
x


m 10 1$ . 0
#
x
( )( )
!
.
10 2 . 1
$ . 2 10 /1 . !

x
!! . 1 n
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
54
E8ercise 2& :
& You%"'s dou1le2slit e8peri)e%t is perfor)ed #ith 5G92%) li"ht
a%d a dista%ce of 299 ) 1et#ee% the slits a%d the scree%
The te%th i%terfere%ce )i%i)u) is o1ser$ed E26 )) fro)
the ce%tral )a8i)u) /eter)i%e the spaci%" of the slits
-+hysics for scientists and engineers,4 -+hysics for scientists and engineers,4
th th
edition,)erwayFDewett, edition,)erwayFDewett,
E*5.3, p.$$760 E*5.3, p.$$760
AI). : AI). : $.3, "" $.3, ""
2 A You%"'s i%terfere%ce e8peri)e%t is perfor)ed #ith
)o%ochro)atic li"ht The separatio% 1et#ee% the slits is
9599 ))- a%d the i%terfere%ce patter% o% a scree% 339 )
a#ay sho#s the first side )a8i)u) 349 )) fro) the ce%tre
of the patter% 0hat is the #a$ele%"thF
-+hysics for scientists and engineers,4 -+hysics for scientists and engineers,4
th th
edition,)erwayFDewett, edition,)erwayFDewett,
E*5.#, p.$$750 E*5.#, p.$$750
AI). : AI). : 3$3 n" 3$3 n"
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
55
E8ercise 2& :
3 A cohere%t li"ht that co%tai%s t#o #a$ele%"th- 669 %) (red)
a%d 4E9 %) (1lue) passes throu"h t#o %arro# slits separated
1y 93 )) a%d the i%terfere%ce patter% is o1ser$ed o% a
scree% 599 ) fro) the slits /eter)i%e the dista%ce
1et#ee% the first order 1ri"ht fri%"es for each #a$ele%"th
->niversity physics,$$ ->niversity physics,$$
th th
edition, @oungF&reed"an, E*3.$,, edition, @oungF&reed"an, E*3.$,,
p.$*4#0 p.$*4#0
AI). : AI). : *.$5 "" *.$5 ""
4 A )o%ochro)atic li"ht of #a$ele%"th 569 %) passes throu"h
a You%"'s dou1le2slit syste) of u%(%o#% slit separatio% After
that- the slits is illu)i%ated 1y a )o%ochro)atic li"ht of
u%(%o#% #a$ele%"th It #as o1ser$ed that the 4
th
order
)i%i)u) of the (%o#% #a$ele%"th li"ht o$erlapped #ith the
5
th
order )a8i)u) of the u%(%o#% #a$ele%"th li"ht o% a
scree% Calculate the #a$ele%"th of the u%(%o#% #a$ele%"th
li"ht
AI). : AI). : 38, n" 38, n"
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
56
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

Explain Explain with the aid of a diagra" the interference of light with the aid of a diagra" the interference of light
in thin fil"s for nor"al incidence. in thin fil"s for nor"al incidence.

&or non.reflective coating: &or non.reflective coating:

(onstructive interference : # (onstructive interference : #nt nt ; ; m m

/estructive interference : # /estructive interference : #nt nt ; - ; -m m A J 0 A J 0

&or reflective coating: &or reflective coating:

(onstructive interference : # (onstructive interference : #nt nt ; - ; -m m A J 0 A J 0

/estructive interference : # /estructive interference : #nt nt ; ; m m

where where m m ; 8, <$, <#, <*, = ; 8, <$, <#, <*, =

earning !utco"e:
24 I%terfere%ce of reflected li"ht i% thi% fil)s
(& hour)
#
#
#

(
)
p
h

)
a
t
r
i
(

e
d
u

)
y
*
p
h
y
s
i
c
s
#
#
#

(
)
p
h

)
a
t
r
i
(

e
d
u

)
y
*
p
h
y
s
i
c
s
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
57

I%terfere%ce due to reflected #a$es is o1ser$ed i% )a%y

e$eryday circu)sta%ces such as 1ri"ht colours reflected fro) oil
fil) o% #ater a%d soap 1u11le

The reflected #a$es ca% cha%"e their phase i% t#o #ays:

The phase changes in proportion to the distance of the phase changes in proportion to the distance of the
waves travel waves travel

The phase cha%"es as a result of the reflection a result of the reflection process
itself

!ptical path !ptical path is defi%ed as the product between a distance the product between a distance
travelled by light and the refractive index of the "ediu" travelled by light and the refractive index of the "ediu"
>R
#., Interference of reflected light in
thin fil"s
nl L
#here
medium in the light )4 travelled distance : l
*ath '*tical : L
medium a 'f index refractive : n
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
58

A li"ht #a$e tra$elli%" i% a "ediu" of lower refractive index - "ediu" of lower refractive index -n n
1 1
0 0
#he% reflected fro" a "ediu"s surface of higher refractive reflected fro" a "ediu"s surface of higher refractive
index - index -n n
2 2
0 0 u%der"oes a

radian phase change radian phase change as sho#% i%

+i"ure 226a
#.,.$ +hase changes due to reflection
&igure #.#4a &igure #.#4a
1
n
2
n
i%cide%t #a$e
1
n
2
n
reflected #a$e tra%s)itted #a$e
i%cide%t pulse
reflected pulse
tra%s)itted pulse

radian phase change radian phase change

&igure #.#4b: string analogous &igure #.#4b: string analogous
Iote: Iote:
rad
2

L
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
59

A li"ht #a$e tra$elli%" i% a "ediu" of higher refractive index "ediu" of higher refractive index
- -n n
2 2
0 0 #he% reflected fro" a "ediu"s surface of lower reflected fro" a "ediu"s surface of lower
refractive index - refractive index -n n
1 1
0 0 u%der"oes no phase change no phase change as sho#% i%
+i"ure 22Ea
&igure #.#5a &igure #.#5a
1
n
2
n
i%cide%t #a$e
1
n
2
n
reflected #a$e tra%s)itted #a$e
i%cide%t pulse
no phase change no phase change
&igure #.#5b: string analogous &igure #.#5b: string analogous
Iote: Iote:
0
0 L
reflected pulse
tra%s)itted pulse
Sti)ulatio% 24
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
60

+i"ure 22G sho#s the li"ht #a$es reflected fro) the upper a%d
lo#er surfaces of a thi% fil) (refracti$e i%de8- n) o% a de%ser
)ediu)
#.,.# Interference fro" thin fil"s on a denser
"ediu"
0 . 1
1
n
$ . 1 n
$ . !
2
n
A
.
E
C
/
+
# #
$ $
'f thic,ness : t
film thin
&igure #.#6 &igure #.#6

rad phase rad phase

change change

rad phase rad phase
change change
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
61

0he% a% i%cide%t ray falls o% a thi% fil) surface al)ost %or)al to the
surface (poi%t .)

di$isio% of a)plitude occurs-

part of ray are reflected (ray & ray A.E)-

part of ray are refracted a%d reflected (ray 2 ray A.C/+)-

poi%t / $ery close to . (.C a%d C/ 1eco)e strai"ht li%e)

At .-

the reflected ray (ray &) u%der"oes

radian phase change radian phase change

1ecause the ray & reflected fro) a surface of higher refractive surface of higher refractive
index -denser "ediu"0 index -denser "ediu"0

At C-

the reflected ray (ray 2) u%der"oes

radian phase change radian phase change

Therefore 1oth rays & a%d 2 are t#o cohere%t sources i% phase
1ecause the phase differe%ce- is
a%d )eet at a poi%t produces i%terfere%ce patter% 0
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
62

The optical path differe%ce 1et#ee% rays & a%d 2 is "i$e% 1y

(onstructive interference: (onstructive interference:

/estructive interference: /estructive interference:

E8a)ple of thi% fil) o% a de%ser )ediu):

;o%2reflecti$e (a%ti2reflecti$e) coati%"

>il fil) o% #ater a%d etcH

567 5689: L
89 68+ L
nt nt L +
nt L 2
m nt 2
,... 2 , 1 , 0 t t m
#here

,
_

+
2
1
2 m nt
,... 2 , 1 , 0 t t m
#here
Picture 23 Picture 24
in vacuum light 'f wavelength :
Picture 22
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
63
0 . 1
air
n
!! . 1 n
0 . 1
air
n
'f thic,ness : t
film thin

+i"ure 229 sho#s the li"ht #a$es reflected fro) the upper a%d
lo#er surfaces of a thi% fil) (refracti$e i%de8- n) i% a less de%se
)ediu)
#.,.* Interference fro" thin fil"s on a less dense
"ediu"
A
.
E
C
/
+
# #
$ $
&igure #.#7 &igure #.#7

rad phase rad phase

change change
no no phase phase
change change
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
64

0he% a% i%cide%t ray falls o% a thi% fil) surface al)ost %or)al

to the surface (poi%t .)

di$isio% of a)plitude occurs-

part of ray are reflected (ray & ray A.E)-

part of ray are refracted a%d reflected (ray 2 ray A.C/+)-

poi%t / $ery close to . (.C a%d C/ 1eco)e strai"ht li%e)

At .-

the reflected ray (ray &) u%der"oes

radian phase radian phase

change change

1ecause the ray & reflected fro) a surface of higher surface of higher
refractive index -denser "ediu"0 refractive index -denser "ediu"0

At C-

the reflected ray (ray 2) u%der"oes no phase change no phase change

Therefore 1oth rays & a%d 2 are t#o cohere%t sources a%tiphase
1ecause the phase differe%ce- is
a%d )eet at a poi%t produces i%terfere%ce patter%
rad 0
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
65

The optical path differe%ce 1et#ee% rays & a%d 2 is "i$e% 1y

(onstructive interference: (onstructive interference:

/estructive interference: /estructive interference:

E8a)ple of a thi% fil) o% a less de%se )ediu):

Soap 1u11les

Reflecti$e coati%" a%d etcH

567 5689: L
2
89 68

+ + L
2

+ + nt nt L
2
2

+ nt L
m nt 2
,... 2 , 1 , 0 t t m
#here

,
_

+
2
1
2 m nt ,... 2 , 1 , 0 t t m
#here

m nt +
2
2

,
_

+ +
2
1
2
2 m nt
Picture 25 Picture 26
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
66
A %o%2reflecti$e coati%" of )a"%esiu) fluoride of refracti$e i%de8
&3G co$ers the ca)era le%s of refracti$e i%de8 &52 The coati%"
pre$e%ts reflectio% of yello#2"ree% li"ht of #a$ele%"th i% $acuu)
565 %) /eter)i%e the )i%i)u) %o% <ero thic(%ess of the
)a"%esiu) fluoride
-+hysics,5 -+hysics,5
th th
edition, (utnellFDohnson, E,6, p.6640 edition, (utnellFDohnson, E,6, p.6640
)olution : )olution :
E8a)ple 5 :
0 . 1
1
n
!0 . 1 n
$2 . 1
2
n
# #
$ $
min
t

rad phase rad phase

change change

rad phase rad phase
change change
# coherent sources in # coherent sources in
phase phase
m 10 $1$
/

PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
67
)olution : )olution :
.y usi%" the co%ditio% of destructi$e i%terfere%ce for %o%2reflecti$e
coati%"- thus
+or )i%i)u) thic(%ess of :"+
2
-

,
_

+
2
1
2 m nt

,
_

+
2
1
0 2
min
nt
( ) ( )
/
min
10 $1$
2
1
!0 . 1 2

,
_

t
m 10 02 . 1
.
min

t
m 10 $1$
/

0 m
>R
nm 102
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
68
0hite li"ht is i%cide%t o% a soap fil) of refracti$e i%de8 &39 i% air
The reflected li"ht loo(s 1luish 1ecause the red li"ht of #a$ele%"th
6E9 %) is a1se%t i% the reflectio%
a State the co%ditio% for destructi$e i%terfere%ce
1 0hat is the )i%i)u) thic(%ess of the soap fil)F
-+hysics,* -+hysics,*
rd rd
edition, D.).%al9er, E#4, p.7440 edition, D.).%al9er, E#4, p.7440
)olution : )olution :
E8a)ple 6 :
0 . 1
1
n
!0 . 1 n
0 . 1
1
n
# #
$ $
min
t

rad phase rad phase

change change
no no phase phase
change change
# coherent sources # coherent sources
antiphase antiphase
m 10 1.0
/

PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
69
)olution : )olution :
a The co%ditio% of destructi$e i%terfere%ce is "i$e% 1y
1 +or )i%i)u) thic(%ess of soap fil)-
m nt 2
( ) 1 2
min
nt
( ) ( )
/
min
10 1.0 !0 . 1 2

t
m 10 $0 . 2
.
min

t
m 10 1.0
/

1 m
>R
nm $0 2
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
70
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

Explain Explain with the aid of a diagra" the interference in air with the aid of a diagra" the interference in air
wedge. wedge.

Explain Explain with the aid of a diagra" the for"ation of with the aid of a diagra" the for"ation of
Iewtons rings. Iewtons rings.

>se >se

# #t t ; - ; -m m + + J0 J0

for bright fringes -"axi"a0 for bright fringes -"axi"a0

# #t t ; ; m m

for dar9 fringes -"ini"a0, for dar9 fringes -"ini"a0,

where where m m = = 8, $, #, *, = 8, $, #, *, =
earning !utco"e:
25 I%terfere%ce of reflected li"ht i% air #ed"e a%d
;e#to%'s ri%"s (& hour)
#
#
#

(
)
p
h

)
a
t
r
i
(

e
d
u

)
y
*
p
h
y
s
i
c
s
#
#
#

(
)
p
h

)
a
t
r
i
(

e
d
u

)
y
*
p
h
y
s
i
c
s
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
71
#.3.$ Air wedge
#.3 Interference of reflected light in air
wedge and Iewtons ring
&igure #.*8: Apparatus setup &igure #.*8: Apparatus setup
travelling
"icroscope
glass plate
glass slide
thin foil
"onochro"atic
light source
K K @ @

air
T
L

E E
! !
2 2
+ +
t
l
) )
x
&
st
dar(
fri%"e
9 m=
9 & & 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
&igure #.*# &igure #.*#
&igure #.*$ &igure #.*$
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
72

Ray S falls al)ost %or)al to the surface of a "lass slide

At poi%t >- Ray S is

partially reflected (ray >!)

partially refracted (>.) a%d the% reflected at . (ray P7)

The t#o refracted rays (>! a%d P7) are cohere%t si%ce 1oth
ha$e ori"i%ated fro) the sa)e source >

>! a%d P7 produces i%terfere%ce patter% if it is 1rou"ht

to"ether as sho#% i% +i"ure 232

Si%ce the i%cide%ce is %early %or)al (poi%t P $ery close to >)-

the path differe%ce 1et#ee% the rays at > (ray >! a%d ray
>.P7) is "i$e% 1y-
path differe%ce- L ? >. I .P ? nt + nt ? 2nt
#here n is refracti$e i%de8 of air ? &9

At J- t ? 9 a%d thus the path differe%ce ? 9 a%d a 1ri"ht fri%"e

is e8pected- 1ut a dar( fri%"e is o1ser$ed at J This is due to
the phase cha%"e of radia% for ray P7 (reflected o% a
de%ser )ediu) at .)
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
73

He%ce- ray P7 is i% a%tiphase #ith ray >! a%d #he% 1rou"ht

to"ether (1y the reti%a or le%s) to i%terfere- a dar( fri%"e is
o1tai%ed

(onstructive interference -bright fringe0: (onstructive interference -bright fringe0:

/estructive interference -dar9 fringe0: /estructive interference -dar9 fringe0:

2
1
2 + m t
A phase cha%"e of radian radian is e=ui$ale%t to a path
differe%ce of

,
_

+
2
1
2 m t
,... 2 , 1 , 0 m #here
m t 2
,... 2 , 1 , 0 m
#here
Iote: Iote:
-#.30 -#.30
-#.,0 -#.,0
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
74

+ro) e=uatio% (24)-

0he%

+ro) e=uatio% (25)-

0he%

#
1
0- m t
,....... , , film, air
'f thic,ness when the f'rmed are fringes )right i.e.
#
$
#
!
#
1
t

#
!
1- m t

#
$
2- m t
$ $
st st
bright bright fri%"e (Beroth order Beroth order )a8i)u))
# #
nd nd
bright bright fri%"e ($ $
st st
order order )a8i)u))
* *
rd rd
bright bright fri%"e (# #
nd nd
order order )a8i)u))
0 0- m t
,....... , , , 0 film, air
'f thic,ness when the f'rmed are fringes dar, i.e.
2
!
2
1
t

2
1
1- m t
2- m t
$ $
st st
dar9 dar9 fri%"e (Beroth order Beroth order )i%i)u))
# #
nd nd
dar9 dar9 fri%"e ($ $
st st
order order )i%i)u))
* *
rd rd
dar9 dar9 fri%"e (# #
nd nd
order order )i%i)u))
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
75

E:uation for separation between the $ E:uation for separation between the $
st st
dar9 fringe and the dar9 fringe and the
" "
th th
order dar9 fringe, order dar9 fringe, l l

+ro) +i"ure 23&-

Rearra%"e e= (25):
l
t
L
T
tan
tan
t
l
2
m
t
su1stitute i%to e= (26)
-#.40 -#.40

tan 2
m
l
,... 2 , 1 , 0 'rder : m
#here
in vacuum light 'f wavelength :
slide glass 'f n inclinati' 'f angle : ;
-#.50 -#.50
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
76

E:uation for separation between the $ E:uation for separation between the $
st st
dar9 fringe and the dar9 fringe and the
" "
th th
order bright fringe, order bright fringe, l l

Rearra%"e e= (24):

E:uation for separation between adLacent dar9 fringes or E:uation for separation between adLacent dar9 fringes or
bright fringes, bright fringes,
x x

Put m ? & i%to e= (2E)-

( )
2
2
1
+

m
t su1stitute i%to e= (26)

( )

tan 2
2
1
+

m
l
,... 2 , 1 , 0 'rder : m #here
-#.60 -#.60

tan 2
x -#.70 -#.70
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
77
#.3.# Iewtons ring
&igure #.**: &igure #.**:
Apparatus setup Apparatus setup
travelling
"icroscope
glass plate
"onochro"atic
light source
plano.convex
lens
glass bloc9

E E
) )
t
2 2
! !
+ +
t

d
&igure #.*3: &igure #.*3:
Iewtons ring Iewtons ring
&igure #.*, &igure #.*,
K K
@ @
( (
A A
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
78

Ray S falls al)ost %or)al to the surface of a pla%o2co%$e8

At poi%t >- Ray S is

partially reflected (ray >!)

partially refracted (>.) a%d the% reflected at . (ray P7)

The t#o refracted rays (>! a%d P7) are cohere%t si%ce 1oth
ha$e ori"i%ated fro) the sa)e source >

>! a%d P7 produces i%terfere%ce patter% if it is 1rou"ht

to"ether as sho#% i% +i"ure 235

The patter% is a series of circular i%terfere%ce fri%"es called

;e#to%'s ri%" This 1ecause of a cur$ed piece of "lass #ith a
spherical cross sectio%

Si%ce the i%cide%ce is %early %or)al (poi%t P $ery close to >)-

the path differe%ce 1et#ee% the rays at > (ray >! a%d ray
>.P7) is "i$e% 1y-
path differe%ce- L ? >. I .P ? nt + nt ? 2nt
#here n is refracti$e i%de8 of air ? &9
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
79

At J- t ? 9 a%d thus the path differe%ce ? 9 a%d a 1ri"ht spot is

e8pected- 1ut a dar( spot is o1ser$ed at J This is due to the
phase cha%"e of radia% for ray P7 (reflected o% a de%ser
)ediu) at .)

He%ce- ray P7 is i% a%tiphase #ith ray >! a%d #he% 1rou"ht

to"ether (1y the reti%a or le%s) to i%terfere- a dar( spot is
o1tai%ed

(onstructive interference -bright ring0: (onstructive interference -bright ring0:

/estructive interference -dar9 ring0: /estructive interference -dar9 ring0:

2
1
2 + m t

,
_

+
2
1
2 m t
,... 2 , 1 , 0 m #here
m t 2
,... 2 , 1 , 0 m
#here
-#.70 -#.70
-#.60 -#.60
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
80

1elationship between dia"eter of ring, 1elationship between dia"eter of ring, d d and thic9ness of and thic9ness of
air gap, air gap, t t

+ro) +i"ure 234-

t

2
d
@ @
( (
A A

.y usi%" the Phyto"orea% theore)-

thus the dista%ce AY is
Si%ce t is $ery thi% thus t
2
9
2 2 2
<8 58 5<
( )
2
2
2

2
t
d

,
_

2
2
2
#
t t
d
+
t
d
2
#
2
-#.$80 -#.$80
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
81

E:uation for dia"eter of dar9 ring E:uation for dia"eter of dar9 ring

Rearra%"e e= (29):
0he%
2
m
t
su1stitute i%to e= (2&9)
m d #
2

,... 2 , 1 , 0 'rder : m #here

-#.$$0 -#.$$0

,
_

2
2
#
2
m

d
0 - 0 t m
(entral dar9 spot (entral dar9 spot

2
1
- 1 t m $ $
st st
dar( ri%" ($ $
st st
order order )i%i)u))
t m - 2
# #
nd nd
dar( ri%" (# #
nd nd
order order )i%i)u))

2
!
- ! t m * *
rd rd
dar( ri%" (* *
rd rd
order order )i%i)u))
(zeroth order zeroth order )i%i)u))- d ? 9
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
82

E:uation for dia"eter of bright ring E:uation for dia"eter of bright ring

Rearra%"e e= (29):
0he%
( )
2
2
1
+

m
t
su1stitute i%to e=
(2&9)
( )
2
1
2
# + m d
,... 2 , 1 , 0 'rder : m #here
-#.$#0 -#.$#0
( )
1
]
1

2
2
#
2
1
2
m

#
1
- 0 t m
$ $
st st
bright ring bright ring (zeroth order zeroth order
)a8i)u))

#
!
- 1 t m # #
nd nd
1ri"ht ri%" ($ $
st st
order order )a8i)u))

#
$
- 2 t m
* *
rd rd
1ri"ht ri%" (# #
nd nd
order order )a8i)u))

#
.
- ! t m , ,
th th
1ri"ht ri%" (* *
rd rd
order order )a8i)u))
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
83

+ro) +i"ure 235-

The ri%"s 1eco)e "ore closely spaced "ore closely spaced as o%e )o$es
farther fro) the ce%tre of the ;e#to%'s ri%"

The reaso% is that the convex surface of the lens "oves convex surface of the lens "oves
away fro" the lower glass bloc9 at a progressively away fro" the lower glass bloc9 at a progressively
faster faster rate therefore the thic9ness of air fil" increases thic9ness of air fil" increases
rapidly rapidly

;e#to%'s ri%" ca% 1e used to test the accuracy with which a test the accuracy with which a
lens has been ground lens has been ground

'he rings are not circular if the surface is not spherical 'he rings are not circular if the surface is not spherical
-or the glass bloc9 is not flat0 -or the glass bloc9 is not flat0
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
84
A% air #ed"e is for)ed 1y placi%" a hu)a% hair 1et#ee% t#o "lass
slides of le%"th 44 )) o% o%e e%d- a%d allo#i%" the) to touch o%
the other e%d 0he% this #ed"e is illu)i%ated 1y a red li"ht of
#a$ele%"th EE& %)- it is o1ser$ed to ha$e 265 1ri"ht fri%"es
/eter)i%e
a the dia)eter of hair-
1 the a%"le of air #ed"e-
c the thic(%ess of the air fil) for 99
th
dar( fri%"e to 1e o1ser$ed-
d the separatio% 1et#ee% t#o co%secuti$e 1ri"ht fri%"es
)olution : )olution :
E8a)ple E :
m 10 ## m- 10 ..1
! /
L

d
L
#43 #43
th th
bright fringe bright fringe
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
85
)olution : )olution :
a Assu)i%" the dia)eter of the hair- d ? the thic(%ess of air fil)- t
at 265
th
1ri"ht fri%"e
Therefore the dia)eter of the hair is "i$e% 1y
1 The a%"le of air #ed"e is

,
_

+
2
1
2 m t
m 10 02 . 1
#
d
a%d
m 10 ## m- 10 ..1
! /
L
21# m
( )
/
10 ..1
2
1
21# 2

,
_

+ d
L
d
tan
!
#
10 ##
10 02 . 1
tan

1! . 0
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
86
)olution : )olution :
c .y applyi%" the e=uatio% for dar( fri%"e (air #ed"e)- thus
d The separatio% 1et#ee% t#o co%secuti$e 1ri"ht fri%"es is
m t 2
m 10 .0 . !
$
t
a%d
m 10 ## m- 10 ..1
! /
L
/0 m
( )
/
10 ..1 /0 2

t

tan 2
x

1! . 0 tan 2
10 ..1
/

x
m 10 .0 . 1
#
x
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
87
a E8plai% #hy the ce%tral spot i% ;e#to%'s ri%" is dar(
1 I% a ;e#to%'s ri%" e8peri)e%t- the radius of the =
th
1ri"ht ri%"
is 932 c) a%d the radius of the (=I&9)
th
dar( ri%" is 96E c)
/eter)i%e the radius of cur$ature of the pla%o2co%$e8 used i%
the e8peri)e%t if the #a$ele%"th of li"ht used is 5G9 %)
)olution : )olution :
a
E8a)ple G :

A ray of li"ht reflected fro) the lo#er surface of the co%$e8

surface has %o phase cha%"e

:ea%#hile- a ray of li"ht reflected fro) the top surface of

"lass 1loc( u%der"oes a radia% phase cha%"e Thus the
t#o reflected rays are t#o cohere%t sources i% a%tiphase

At the ce%tre of the i%terfere%ce patter%- the thic(%ess of the

air fil) is <ero- he%ce the path differe%ce for these t#o rays
"oes to <ero

These resulti%" a destructi$e i%terfere%ce at the ce%tral of

the ;e#to%'s ri%"
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
88
)olution : )olution :
1 +or =
th
1ri"ht ri%"-


+or (=I&9)
th
dar( ri%"-
m 10 $0/
/

( )
m 10 1. . 0 m- 10 !2 . 0
2
1/ =
2
=

+

! !
1 " m
( )
2
1
2
# + m d a%d
=
2! d
( ) ( ) [ ]
2
1
2
=
1 = # 2 + !
-$0 -$0
1/ + " m
m d #
2
a%d
( ) 1/ =
2
+
! d
( )
( ) ( ) 1/ = # 2
2
1/ =
+
+
!
-#0 -#0
( )
( ) ( ) 1/ = # 2
2
1/ =
+
+
!
( ) ( ) $ . 0 = # 2
2
=
!
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
89
)olution : )olution :
1 (2) (&) :
.y su1stituti%" = ? 62E i%to e= (&) thus
m 10 $0/
/

( )
m 10 1. . 0 m- 10 !2 . 0
2
1/ =
2
=

+

! !
( )
$ . 0 =
1/ =

2
=
1/ =

,
_

+
!
!
$ . 0 =
1/ =

10 !2 . 0
10 1. . 0
2
2
2

,
_

2. . 1 "
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
/
2
2
10 $0/ $ . 0 2. . 1 # 10 !2 . 0 2


m 01 . !
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
90
E8ercise 22 :
& A thi% fil) of "asoli%e floats o% a puddle of #ater Su%li"ht falls
al)ost perpe%dicularly o% the fil) a%d reflects i%to your eyes
Althou"h the su%li"ht is #hite- si%ce it co%tai%s all colours- the
fil) has a yello# hue- 1ecause destructi$e i%terfere%ce has
occurred eli)i%ati%" the colour of 1lue ( ?469 %)) fro) the
reflected li"ht If the refracti$e i%dices for "asoli%e a%d #ater
are &49 a%d &33 respecti$ely- Calculate the )i%i)u)
thic(%ess of the fil)
AI). : AI). : $46 n" $46 n"
2 0hite li"ht is i%cide%t %or)ally o% a thi% soap fil) (% ?&33)
suspe%ded i% air
a 0hat are the t#o )i%i)u) thic(%ess that #ill co%structi$ely
reflect yello# li"ht of #a$ele%"th 599 %)F
1 0hat are the t#o )i%i)u) thic(%ess that #ill destructi$ely
reflect yello# li"ht of #a$ele%"th 599 %)F
-+hysics,* -+hysics,*
rd rd
edition, D.).%al9er, E*,, p.7440 edition, D.).%al9er, E*,, p.7440
AI). : AI). : $$8 n", **8 n" M ##8 n", ,,8 n" M $$8 n", **8 n" M ##8 n", ,,8 n" M
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
91
3 T#o pla%e "lass plates #hich are i% co%tact at o%e ed"e are
separated 1y a piece of )etal foil &25 c) fro) that ed"e
I%terfere%ce fri%"es parallel to the li%e of co%tact are o1ser$ed
i% reflected li"ht of #a$ele%"th 546 %) a%d are fou%d to 1e &59
)) apart /eter)i%e the thic(%ess of the foil
AI). : AI). : #.#5 #.#5 $8 $8
3 3
" "
4 ;e#to%'s ri%"s are for)ed 1y reflectio% 1et#ee% a% 1ico%$e8
le%s of focal le%"th &99 c) )ade of "lass of refracti$e i%de8
&59 a%d i% co%tact #ith a "lass 1loc( of refracti$e i%de8 &69
Calculate the dia)eter a%d thic(%ess of air fil) for fifth 1ri"ht
ri%" usi%" li"ht of #a$ele%"th 6999
Di$e% & a%"stro) () ? &9
&9
)
AI). : AI). : *.#6 ""M $.*3 *.#6 ""M $.*3 " "
5 ;e#to%'s ri%"s are for)ed #ith li"ht of #a$ele%"th 5G9 %)
1et#ee% the pla%o2co%$e8 le%s of radius of cur$ature &99 c)
a%d a "lass 1loc(- i% perfect co%tact
a /eter)i%e the radius of the 29
th
dar( ri%" fro) the ce%tre
1 Ho# #ill this ri%" )o$e a%d #hat #ill its radius 1eco)e if
the le%s a%d the 1loc( are slo#ly separated to a dista%ce
apart 599 &9
4
c)F
AI). : AI). : *.,* ""M inwards, $.#4 c" *.,* ""M inwards, $.#4 c"
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
92
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

Explain Explain with the aid of a diagra" the diffraction of a with the aid of a diagra" the diffraction of a
single slit. single slit.

/erive and use /erive and use for"ula for"ula

for dar9 fringes -"ini"a0 for dar9 fringes -"ini"a0
for bright fringes -"axi"a0, for bright fringes -"axi"a0,
where where n n ; <$, <#, <*, ... ; <$, <#, <*, ...

Explain Explain with the aid of a diagra" the effect of changing with the aid of a diagra" the effect of changing
wavelength on the resolution of single slit fro" two wavelength on the resolution of single slit fro" two
coherent sources. coherent sources.
earning !utco"e:
26 /iffractio% 1y a si%"le slit (& hour)
#
#
#

(
)
p
h

)
a
t
r
i
(

e
d
u

)
y
*
p
h
y
s
i
c
s
#
#
#

(
)
p
h

)
a
t
r
i
(

e
d
u

)
y
*
p
h
y
s
i
c
s
#
D n
y
n

( )
#
D n
y
n

2
1
+

PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
93
#.4.$ /iffraction of light

is defi%ed as the bending of light waves as they travel around the bending of light waves as they travel around
obstacles or pass through an aperture or slit co"parable to obstacles or pass through an aperture or slit co"parable to
the wavelength of the light waves the wavelength of the light waves

+i"ures 236a- 2361 a%d 236c sho# the 1e%di%" of pla%e

#a$efro%t
#.4 /iffraction by a single slit
&igure #.*4a: &igure #.*4a:
obstacle obstacle

&igure #.*4b: &igure #.*4b:

slit, slit, a a N N

&igure #.*4c: &igure #.*4c:

slit, slit, a a

PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
94

+i"ure 23E sho#s a% apparatus setup of diffractio% 1y a si%"le

slit
#.4.# /iffraction by a single silt
&igure #.*5 &igure #.*5
intensity intensity
scree%
si%"le slit
Ce%tral
)a8i)u)
&
st
)i%i)u)
2
%d
)i%i)u)
3
rd
)i%i)u)
&
st
)a8i)u)
2
%d
)a8i)u)
&
st
)i%i)u)
2
%d
)i%i)u)
3
rd
)i%i)u)
&
st
)a8i)u)
2
%d
)a8i)u)
2

A%i)atio% 2&
Picture 2E
Picture 2G
S
n diffracti' 'f angle : #here
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
95
Explanation of single slit diffraction experi"ent Explanation of single slit diffraction experi"ent

0a$efro%t fro) li"ht source falls o% a %arro# slit S a%d

diffractio% occurs

E$ery poi%t o% the #a$efro%t that falls o% S acts as sources of

seco%dary #a$elets a%d superposed each a%other to for) a%
i%terfere%ce patter% o% the scree% as sho#% i% +i"ure 23E

The central fringe is bright -"axi"u"0 central fringe is bright -"axi"u"0 a%d widen widen co)pare to
other 1ri"ht fri%"es

The ce%tral fri%"e has the highest intensity highest intensity co)pare to the
other 1ri"ht fri%"es

The intensity of bright fringes reduce intensity of bright fringes reduce as the distance distance
increase increase fro) the ce%tral 1ri"ht fri%"e

>ther rays #ith a%"le

2
a%d
1
#ill produce )i%i)u) a%d
)a8i)u) o% 1oth sides of the ce%tral )a8i)u)
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
96
/erivation of single slit diffraction e:uations /erivation of single slit diffraction e:uations

E:uation for separation between E:uation for separation between central "axi"u" -bright0 central "axi"u" -bright0
and and n n
th th
"ini"u" -dar90 fringes "ini"u" -dar90 fringes
&igure #.*6 &igure #.*6
slit width : #
#here
screen and slit single )etween distance : D
2
%
d
s
t
r
i
p
&
s
t

s
t
r
i
p
(entral (entral
"axi"u" "axi"u"
+ +
E E
D
y y
n n

1 A A
2
#
#
2
#
1
sin
2

#
1
sin
2

#
( (
2 2
screen screen
E E
n n
th th
"ini"u" "ini"u"
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
97

A si%"le slit is split i%to t#o e=ual parts- AC a%d C. A-C a%d
. are %e# sources of seco%dary #a$elets (Huy"e%'s
pri%ciple)

0he% the #a$elets fro) A- C a%d . superpose- i%terfere%ce

#ill occur at P

As A2 is very s"all A2 is very s"all- thus

AE is perpendicular to (+ and A+ ; E+ AE is perpendicular to (+ and A+ ; E+-

the out"oi%" rays are considered parallel considered parallel-

a%d therefore the path differe%ce at P 1et#ee% ray AP

a%d CP is :

Co%sider t#o %arro# strips as sho#% i% +i"ure 23G- for the

two strips superposed destructively two strips superposed destructively thus 1oth strip of li"ht
)ust i% antiphase antiphase to each a%other #hich is e=ui$ale%ce to a
path difference of path difference of

If the $ $
st st
"ini"u" -$ "ini"u" -$
st st
order "ini"u"0 order "ini"u"0 is at P- he%ce :
1
sin
2
87
#
L
2
sin
2
1


#
L

1
sin #
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
98

+or the # #
nd nd
"ini"u" "ini"u" a%d * *
rd rd
"ini"u" "ini"u"- A. is split i%to , ,
e:ual parts, 4 e:ual parts e:ual parts, 4 e:ual parts a%d so o% as sho#% i% +i"ures
239 a%d 249
2
sin
#
a
2


2 sin a
2

2
sin
1
a
!


! sin a
!

2

2
#
#
#
!

!
1
#
#
2
%d
)i%i)u)
(2
%d
order
)i%i)u))
3
rd
)i%i)u)
(3
rd
order
)i%i)u))
&igure #.*7 &igure #.*7 &igure #.,8 &igure #.,8
&
s
t

s
t
r
i
p
2
%
d

s
t
r
i
p
3
rd

s
t
r
i
p
4
th

s
t
r
i
p
&
s
t

s
t
r
i
p
2
%
d
s
t
r
i
p
5
th
s
t
r
i
p
3
rd
s
t
r
i
p
4
th
s
t
r
i
p
6
th
s
t
r
i
p
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
99

I% "e%eral- for "ini"a -dar9 fringes0 "ini"a -dar9 fringes0

If the dista%ce of si%"le slit to the scree% is D- a%d D>>a D>>a

the%:

Therefore the distance of n distance of n

th th
"ini"u" fro" central
"axi"u" is:

0he%
n
n
sin a
!,.. 2, 1, 'rder : t t t n #here
D
y
n
n n
tan sin
n
D
y
#
n

,
_

#
D n
y
n

1 t n $ $
st st
)i%i)u) fri%"e - -$ $
st st
order order )i%i)u))
2 t n # #
nd nd
)i%i)u) fri%"e (# #
nd nd
order order )i%i)u))
! t n
* *
rd rd
)i%i)u) fri%"e (* *
rd rd
order order )i%i)u))
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
100
2
%
d
s
t
r
i
p
&
s
t

s
t
r
i
p
3
rd
s
t
r
i
p

E:uation for separation between E:uation for separation between central "axi"u" -bright0 central "axi"u" -bright0
and and n n
th th
"axi"u" -bright0 fringes "axi"u" -bright0 fringes
&igure #.,$ &igure #.,$
(entral (entral
"axi"u" "axi"u"
1 1
E E
D
y y
n n

1 A A
!
#
#
!
#
( (
2 2
screen screen
E E
n n
th th
"axi"u" "axi"u"
!
#
1
sin
!

#
1
sin #
/ /
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
101

A si%"le slit is split i%to three e=ual parts- AC-C/ a%d /.

A-C-/ a%d . are %e# sources of seco%dary #a$elets
(Huy"e%'s pri%ciple)

0he% the #a$elets fro) A-C-/ a%d . superpose-

i%terfere%ce #ill occur at R

As A. is $ery s)all- thus

AE is perpe%dicular to CP a%d AP ? EP-

the out"oi%" rays are co%sidered parallel-

a%d therefore the path differe%ce at P 1et#ee% ray AP

a%d CP is :

Co%sider three %arro# strips as sho#% i% +i"ure 24&- the

first t#o strips (pair) superposed destructi$ely at #hich the
path differe%ce is > a%d leave the third strip leave the third strip The * *
rd rd

strip produces the "axi"u" -bright0 fringe at 1. strip produces the "axi"u" -bright0 fringe at 1.

If the $ $
st st
"axi"u" -$ "axi"u" -$
st st
order "axi"u"0 order "axi"u"0 is at R- he%ce :
1
sin
!
87
#
L
2
sin
!
1


#
L
2
!
sin
1

#
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
102

+or the # #
nd nd
"axi"u" "axi"u" a%d * *
rd rd
"axi"u" "axi"u"- A. is split i%to 3 3
e:ual parts, 5 e:ual parts e:ual parts, 5 e:ual parts a%d so o% as sho#% i% +i"ures
242 a%d 243
2
sin
$
a
2


2
$
sin a
2


2
sin
.
a
!


2
.
sin a
!


2
$

2
2
.

!
2
%d
)a8i)u)
(2
%d
order
)a8i)u))
3
rd
)a8i)u)
(3
rd
order
)i%i)u))
&igure #.,# &igure #.,# &igure #.,* &igure #.,*
2
%
d

s
t
r
i
p
3
rd

s
t
r
i
p
4
th

s
t
r
i
p
5
th

s
t
r
i
p
&
s
t

s
t
r
i
p
$
#
#
.
#
#
&
s
t

s
t
r
i
p
2
%
d
s
t
r
i
p
5
th
s
t
r
i
p
3
rd
s
t
r
i
p
4
th
s
t
r
i
p
6
th
s
t
r
i
p
E
th
s
t
r
i
p
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
103
( )
#
D n
y
n

2
1
+

I% "e%eral- for "axi"a -bright fringes0 "axi"a -bright fringes0

If the dista%ce of si%"le slit to the scree% is D- a%d D>>a D>>a

the%:

Therefore the distance of n distance of n

th th
"axi"u" fro" central
"axi"u" is:

0he%


,
_

+
2
1
sin a n
n !,.. 2, 1, t t t n
#here
D
y
n
n n
tan sin

,
_

,
_

2
1
n
D
y
#
n
1 t n $ $
st st
)a8i)u) fri%"e - -$ $
st st
order order )a8i)u))
2 t n # #
nd nd
)a8i)u) fri%"e (# #
nd nd
order order )a8i)u))
! t n
* *
rd rd
)a8i)u) fri%"e (* *
rd rd
order order )a8i)u))
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
104

E:uation for E:uation for central "axi"u" -bright0 fringe central "axi"u" -bright0 fringe
&igure #.,, &igure #.,,

1
(entral (entral
"axi"u" "axi"u"
E E
$ $
st st
"ini"u" "ini"u"
$ $
st st
"ini"u" "ini"u"
y
1
y
1
&igure #.,3 &igure #.,3
A A
( (
2 2
/ /
E E
D
#
screen screen
single slit single slit
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
105

,
_

1
w
sin 2

+i"ure 245 sho#s fi$e sources of Huy"e%'s #a$elets a%d the

screen is to be so far fro" the slit - screen is to be so far fro" the slit -D>>a D>>a) thus the rays rays
fro" each source are nearly parallel fro" each source are nearly parallel

All the #a$elets fro) each source tra$el the sa"e distance sa"e distance
to the point E to the point E (+i"ure 244) a%d arri$i%" there in phase in phase

Therefore- the constructive interference is occurred at the constructive interference is occurred at the
central of the single slit diffraction pattern central of the single slit diffraction pattern

The angular width of central "axi"u", angular width of central "axi"u",

w w
is "i$e% 1y
1 w
2 angle n diffracti' minimum 1 :
st
1
a%d
a
sin
1
1

PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
106

,
_

#
D
$

2

The width of central "axi"u", width of central "axi"u", w w is "i$e% 1y

;ote:

To calculate the "axi"u" nu"ber of orders observed "axi"u" nu"ber of orders observed- ta(e
the diffraction angle, diffraction angle,

; ; 78 78

+ro) 1oth e=uatio%s for )i%i)a a%d )a8i)a- #e o1tai%

.y usi%" this t#o relatio%s- the cha%"es of si%"le slit diffractio%

patter% ca% 1e e8plai%ed
1
2y $
a%d and minimum 1 'f se*arati'n :
st
1
y
maximum central
a
1
D
y

n
sin a%d
n
y
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
107
A sodiu) li"ht of #a$ele%"th 5G9 %) shi%es throu"h a slit a%d
produces a diffractio% patter% o% a scree% 969 ) a#ay The #idth
of the ce%tral )a8i)u) fri%"e o% the scree% is 59 c) /eter)i%e
a the #idth of the slit-
1 the a%"ular #idth of the ce%tral )a8i)u) fri%"e-
c the %u)1er of )i%i)u) that ca% 1e o1ser$ed o% the scree%
)olution : )olution :
a Si%ce
E8a)ple 9 :
m 10 0 . $ m, 10 . 0 m- 10 $00
2 /
$ D
(entral (entral
"axi"u" "axi"u"
$ $
st st
"ini"u" "ini"u"
$ $
st st
"ini"u" "ini"u"
$ #
1
2y $
a%d
a
1
D
y

,
_

#
D
$

2
( )( )
#
10 . 0 10 $00
2 10 0 . $
/
2

m 10 !/ . 1
$
#
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
108
)olution : )olution :
1 The a%"ular #idth of the ce%tral )a8i)u) fri%"e is "i$e% 1y
c .y applyi%" the e=uatio% for )i%i)u) fri%"e-

+or the )a8i)u) %o of order for )i%i)u) fri%"e-
Therefore the %u)1er of )i%i)u) that ca% 1e o1ser$ed is
#* #*

# ; ,4 fringes # ; ,4 fringes
1 w
2

.0 . #
w

a%d
#

1
1
sin

m 10 0 . $ m, 10 . 0 m- 10 $00
2 /
$ D

,
_

1
w
sin 2

,
_

$
/
1
w
10 !/ . 1
10 $00
sin 2
n # sin

/0
( ) ( )
/
max
$
10 $00 /0 sin 10 !/ . 1

n

/. . 2!
max
n
2!
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
109
a State the si)ilarities a%d differe%ces of dou1le2slit i%terfere%ce
a%d si%"le slit diffractio% patter%s
1 Ho# )a%y 1ri"ht fri%"es #ill 1e produced o% the scree% if a
"ree% li"ht of #a$ele%"th 553 %) is i%cide%t o% a slit of #idth
G99 )F
)olution : )olution :
a The si)ilarities are
E8a)ple &9 :
/ou1le2slit i%terfere%ce patter% Si%"le slit diffractio% patter%
2oth patterns consist of alternating dar9 and bright 2oth patterns consist of alternating dar9 and bright
fringes. fringes.
'he central for both patterns is bright fringe. 'he central for both patterns is bright fringe.
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
110
a The differe%ces are
1 Di$e%
.y applyi%" the e=uatio% for 1ri"ht ()a8i)u)) fri%"e-


+or the )a8i)u) %o of order for 1ri"ht fri%"e-


Therefore the %u)1er of 1ri"ht that ca% 1e o1ser$ed is
-$* -$*

#0A$ ; #5 fringes #0A$ ; #5 fringes

/ou1le2slit i%terfere%ce patter% Si%"le slit diffractio% patter%
'he width of each fringe is 'he width of each fringe is
the sa"e. the sa"e.
'he central fringe is wider 'he central fringe is wider
than the other fringes. than the other fringes.
'he intensity of each bright 'he intensity of each bright
fringe is constant. fringe is constant.
'he intensity of bright 'he intensity of bright
fringes reduce as a distance fringes reduce as a distance
increase fro" the central increase fro" the central
bright. bright.
m 10 00 . 0 m- 10 $$!
1 /
#


,
_

+
2
1
sin n #

/0
( ) ( ) ( )
/
max
1
10 $$! $ . 0 /0 sin 10 00 . 0

+ n

/. . 1!
max
n 1!
(entral bright (entral bright
fringe fringe
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
111
E8ercise 23 :
& :o%ochro)atic li"ht of #a$ele%"th 6G9 %) falls o% a slit If the
a%"le 1et#ee% first 1ri"ht fri%"es o% either side of the ce%tral
)a8i)u) is 3G- calculate the slit #idth
-+hysics for scientist F engineers ,* -+hysics for scientist F engineers ,*
rd rd
edition, Oiancoli, E,, p.7$*0 edition, Oiancoli, E,, p.7$*0
AI). : AI). : *.# *.# " "
2 !i"ht of #a$ele%"th 633 %) fro) a dista%t source is i%cide%t o% a
si%"le slit 9E59 )) #ide- a%d the resulti%" diffractio% patter% is
o1ser$ed o% a scree% 359 ) a#ay /eter)i%e the dista%ce
1et#ee% the t#o dar( fri%"es o% either side of the ce%tral 1ri"ht
fri%"e
->niversity physics,$$ ->niversity physics,$$
th th
edition, @oungF&reed"an, E*4.,, p.$*740 edition, @oungF&reed"an, E*4.,, p.$*740
AI). : AI). : 3.7$ "" 3.7$ ""
3 A scree% is placed &99 ) 1ehi%d a si%"le slit The ce%tral
)a8i)u) i% the resulti%" diffractio% patter% o% the scree% is &69
c) #ide 0hat is the dista%ce 1et#ee% the t#o seco%d order
)i%i)aF
-+hysics,* -+hysics,*
rd rd
edition, D.).%al9er, E,3, p.7450 edition, D.).%al9er, E,3, p.7450
AI). : AI). : *.#8 c" *.#8 c"
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
112
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

Explain Explain with the aid of a diagra" the for"ation of with the aid of a diagra" the for"ation of
diffraction. diffraction.

Apply Apply for"ula, for"ula,

where where

/escribe /escribe with the aid of diagra" the for"ation of with the aid of diagra" the for"ation of
spectru" by using white light. spectru" by using white light.
earning !utco"e:
2E /iffractio% "rati%" (2 hours)
#
#
#

(
)
p
h

)
a
t
r
i
(

e
d
u

)
y
*
p
h
y
s
i
c
s
#
#
#

(
)
p
h

)
a
t
r
i
(

e
d
u

)
y
*
p
h
y
s
i
c
s
n d
n
sin
%
d
1

PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
113

is defi%ed as a large nu"ber of e:ually spaced parallel slits a large nu"ber of e:ually spaced parallel slits

/iffractio% "rati%" ca% 1e )ade 1y ruling very fine parallel ruling very fine parallel
lines on glass or "etal by a very precise "achine lines on glass or "etal by a very precise "achine

The untouched spaces between the lines untouched spaces between the lines ser$e as the slits slits as
sho#% i% +i"ure 246
#.5 /iffraction grating
&igure #.,4 &igure #.,4
li%es
slit
d

!i"ht passes throu"h the slit 1ecause it is
tra%spare%t

The spaces 1et#ee% the li%es are the slits-

for e8a)ple : if there are four li%es the% #e
ha$e 3 slits
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
114

If there % li%es per u%it le%"th- the% slit separatio%- d is "i$e%

1y:
e" if a diffractio% "rati%" has 5999 li%es per c)- the%

The li"ht that passes throu"h the slits are coherent coherent

The I%terfere%ce patter% is narrower and sharper narrower and sharper tha% dou1le2
slits

There are t#o type of diffractio% "rati%" #hich are

trans"ission grating trans"ission grating (usual diffractio% "rati%")

reflection grating reflection grating e" C/ a%d /B/

/iffractio% "rati%" is used i% spectro)eter to deter"ine the deter"ine the

wavelength wavelength of li"ht a%d to study spectra study spectra
%
d
1

cm 10 2
#
d
cm $000
1 1

%
d
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
115

+i"ure 24E sho#s a% i%cide%t li"hts fall o% the tra%s)issio%

diffractio% "rati%"
#.5.$ Explanation of diffraction by using Huygens
principle for diffraction grating
&igure #.,5 &igure #.,5
( (
/ /
first order #a$efro%t
& &
E E
seco%d order #a$efro%t
third order #a$efro%t
A A
2 2
<eroth order #a$efro%t
i%cide%t li"hts
source of seco%dary
#a$elets
"rati%"
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
116

Ksi%" Huy"e%s' pri%ciple- each )a8i)u) is located 1y ta(i%"

the ta%"e%t of the #a$elets fro) the slits

If the #a$elets fro) each of the slits are dra#% a%d a ta%"e%t A2 A2
is dra#%- a pla%e #a$efro%t parallel to the diffractio% "rati%" is
o1tai%ed This represe%ts the <eroth2order )a8i)u) (n ? 9)

If the #a$elets are "rouped such that the first #a$elet fro) o%e
slit is co)1i%ed #ith the seco%d #a$elet fro) the %e8t slit- the
third #a$elet fro) the third slit a%d so o%- the ta%"e%t (/ (/ #ill
represe%t the first2order )a8i)u) (n ?&)

+or the seco%d2order )a8i)u)- the #a$elets are "rouped are

such that the seco%d #a$elet of o%e slit is co)1i%ed #ith the
fourth #a$elet of the %e8t slit- the si8th #a$elet fro) the third slit
a%d so o% (ta%"e%t E& E&)

Si)ilarly- the third2- fourth2-H order )a8i)u) )ay 1e o1tai%ed

PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
117

+i"ure 24G illustrates li"ht tra$els to a dista%t $ie#i%" scree%

fro) fi$e slits of the "rati%"
#.5.# E:uation of diffraction grating
&igure #.,6 &igure #.,6
ce%tral or <eroth order
)a8i)u) (n ? 9)
first order )a8i)u)
(n ? &)
first order )a8i)u)
(n ? &)
i%co)i%" pla%e
#a$efro%t of li"ht
diffractio% "rati%"

sin d
&igure #.,7 &igure #.,7
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
118

The )a8i)u) (1ri"ht) fri%"es are so)eti)es called the pri%cipal

)a8i)a or pri%cipal fri%"es si%ce they are placed #here the li"ht
i%te%sity is a )a8i)u)

Si%ce the scree% is far so that the rays %early parallel #hile the
li"ht tra$els to#ard the scree% as sho#% i% +i"ure 249

I% reachi%" the place o% the scree% #hile the &

st
order )a8i)u)
is located- li"ht fro) o%e slit tra$els a dista%ce of o%e
#a$ele%"th farther tha% li"ht fro) ad,ace%t slit

Therefore the path differe%ce for )a8i)u) fri%"e (co%structi$e

i%terfere%ce) is "i$e% 1y

0he%
n d
n
sin
!,.. 2, 1, , 0 'rder : t t t n #here
angle n diffracti' 'f 'rder :
th
n
n

0 n (entral (entral )a8i)u) fri%"e - -8 8

th th
order order )a8i)u))
1 t n $ $
st st
)a8i)u) fri%"e ($ $
st st
order order )a8i)u))
2 t n
# #
nd nd
)a8i)u) fri%"e (# #
nd nd
order order )a8i)u))
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
119

The )a8i)u) fri%"es produce 1y a "rati%" are )uch %arro#er

a%d sharper tha% those fro) a dou1le2slit as the i%te%sity "raph
i% +i"ures 259a a%d 2591
0
n
1 2 1 2
0
n
1 2 1 2
&igure #.38a &igure #.38a
&igure #.38b &igure #.38b
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
120

+i"ures 25& sho#s the diffractio% "rati%" patter%

&igure #.3$ &igure #.3$

1
"rati%"
Parallel 1ea) of
)o%ochro)atic li"ht
<ero2order
)a8i)u)
0 n
first2order
)a8i)u)
first2order
)a8i)u)
1 n
1 n
seco%d2order
)a8i)u)
seco%d2order
)a8i)u)
2 n
2 n
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
121

If the #hite li"ht is falls o% the "rati%"- a rai%1o# colours #ould

1e o1ser$ed to either side of the ce%tral fri%"e o% the scree%
#hich is #hite as sho#% i% +i"ure 25& This 1ecause the white white
light contains wavelengths between violet and red light contains wavelengths between violet and red
Rai%1o#
Rai%1o# Rai%1o#
Rai%1o#
#hite
0
n
1 2 1 2
0hite
li"ht
&igure #.3$ &igure #.3$
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
122

;ote:

To calculate the "axi"u" nu"ber of orders for bright "axi"u" nu"ber of orders for bright
fringes observed fringes observed- ta(e the diffraction angle, diffraction angle, ; ; 78 78
Therefore

+ro) the e=uatio% for )a8i)a- #e o1tai%

.y usi%" this t#o relatio%s- the cha%"es of diffractio% "rati%"

patter% ca% 1e e8plai%ed

max
/0 sin n d

d
n
max
#here n
max
: )a8i)u) %u)1er of orders that ca% 1e
o1ser$ed

n
sin a%d
d
n
1
sin
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
123
A )o%ochro)atic li"ht of u%(%o#% #a$ele%"th falls %or)ally o% a
diffractio% "rati%" The diffractio% "rati%" has 3999 li%es per c)
If the a%"ular separatio% 1et#ee% the first order )a8i)a is 35
Calculate
a the #a$ele%"th of the li"ht-
1 the a%"ular separatio% 1et#ee% the seco%d2order a%d third2
order )a8i)a
)olution : )olution :
E8a)ple && :
1 - !$ 2 - cm !000
1
1


n %

!$
$ $
st st
order "ax order "ax
$ $
st st
order "ax order "ax
1

PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
124
)olution : )olution :
a The diffractio% a%"le for &
st
order )a8i)u) is
A%d the slit separatio%- d is "i$e% 1y
Therefore the #a$ele%"th of the li"ht is
%
d
1

$ . 1.
1

cm 10 !! . !
#
d
1
cm !000
1

d
1 - !$ 2 - cm !000
1
1


n %

>R m 10 !! . !
1

!$ 2
1

n d
n
sin
( )

1
1
sin 10 !! . !
( )

$ . 1. sin 10 !! . !
1
m 10 00 . 1
1

PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
125
)olution : )olution :
1
.y usi%" the e=uatio% of diffractio% "rati%" for )a8i)a-

2
9
th
order
)a8i)u)
0 n
2
%d
order
)a8i)u)
2
%d
order
)a8i)u)
2 n
2 n
3
rd
order
)a8i)u)
3
rd
order
)a8i)u)
! n
! n

3
! 2

n d
n
sin
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
126
)olution : )olution :
1 +or 2
%d
order )a8i)u)-
+or 3
rd
order )a8i)u)-
Therefore the a%"ular separatio%-
2 sin
2
d
2 n
( ) ( )
1
2
1
10 00 . 1 2 sin 10 !! . !

/ . !1
2

! sin
!
d
! n
( ) ( )
1
!
1
10 00 . 1 ! sin 10 !! . !

! . 1#
!

2 ! 2!

# . 2.
2!


/ . !1 ! . 1#
2!

PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
127
The seco%d2order )a8i)u) produced 1y a diffractio% "rati%" #ith
569 li%es per ce%ti)eter is at a% a%"le of 3&
a 0hat is the #a$ele%"th of the li"ht that illu)i%ates the "rati%"F
1 /eter)i%e the %u)1er of )a8i)u) ca% 1e o1ser$ed o% a
scree%
c State a%d "i$i%" reaso%- #hat you #ould e8pect to o1ser$e if a
"rati%" #ith a lar"er %u)1er of li%es per ce%ti)eter is used
)olution : )olution :
a .y applyi%" the e=uatio% of diffractio% "rati%" for 2
%d
order
)a8i)u)- thus
E8a)ple &2 :
2 - !.1 - m 10 $1
2
1 !


n %

2 sin
2
d
% 2 sin
2

a%d
%
d
1

( )
!
10 $1 2 1 . ! sin

m 10 0! . #
.

PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
128
)olution : )olution :
1 .y applyi%" the e=uatio% of "rati%" for )a8i)u)-



+or the )a8i)u) %o of order for )a8i)u) fri%"e-
Therefore the %u)1er of )a8i)u) ca% 1e o1ser$ed is
-*4 -*4

#0A$ ; 5* fringes #0A$ ; 5* fringes

c The fringes beco"e farther to each another fringes beco"e farther to each another
Reaso% : si%ce
a larger nu"ber of lines per c" results in a larger larger nu"ber of lines per c" results in a larger
diffraction angle diffraction angle thus the dista%ce 1et#ee% t#o
co%secuti$e )a8i)u) fri%"es #ill i%crease
n d
n
sin a%d
%
d
1

n%
n
sin

/0
n

( )( )
. !
max
10 0! . # 10 $1 /0 sin

n
/. . !1
max
n !1
d
1
sin
a%d
%
d
1
% sin
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
129
E8ercise 24 :
& The first2order )a8i)u) li%e of 5G9 %) li"ht falli%" o% a diffractio%
"rati%" is o1ser$ed at a% a%"le of &55 /eter)i%e
a the slit separatio% o% the "rati%"
1 the a%"le of diffractio% for third2order )a8i)u) li%e
-+hysics for scientist F engineers ,* -+hysics for scientist F engineers ,*
rd rd
edition, Oiancoli, E*#, p.7$,0 edition, Oiancoli, E*#, p.7$,0
AI). : AI). : #.#8 #.#8 "M 3*., "M 3*.,
2 A diffractio% "rati%" has 6999 li%es per c) Calculate the a%"ular
separatio% 1et#ee% #a$ele%"ths 5G96 %) a%d 546& %)
respecti$ely after tra%s)issio% throu"h it at %or)al i%cide%ce- i%
the first2order spectru) ()a8i)u) li%e)
AI). : AI). : $.48 $.48
3 0he% 1lue li"ht of #a$ele%"th 465 %) illu)i%ates a diffractio%
"rati%"- it produces a &
st
order )a8i)u) 1ut %o 2
%d
order
)a8i)u)
a E8plai% the a1se%ce of 2
%d
order )a8i)u)
1 0hat is the )a8i)u) spaci%" 1et#ee% li%es o% this "rati%"F
-+hysics,* -+hysics,*
rd rd
edition, D.).%al9er, E43, p.7460 edition, D.).%al9er, E43, p.7460
AI). : AI). : 7*8 n" 7*8 n"
130
PHYSICS CHAPTER 2
Next Chapter
CHAPTER 3 :
Electrostatics