1

PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
The study of light based on
the assumption that light light
travels in straight lines travels in straight lines
and is concerned ith the
laws controlling the laws controlling the
reflection and refraction reflection and refraction
of rays of light light!
CHAPTER 1"
CHAPTER 1"
#eometrical optics
#eometrical optics
$% Hours&
$% Hours&
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
2
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

State State laws of reflection. laws of reflection.

State State the characteristics of image formed by a plane the characteristics of image formed by a plane
mirror. mirror.

Sketch Sketch ray diagrams with minimum two rays. ray diagrams with minimum two rays.
Learning Outcome:
1!1 Reflection at a plane surface $1 hour&

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PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
3
Figure . Figure .
. !eflection at a plane surface
.. !eflection of light

is defined as the return of all or part of a beam of light when the return of all or part of a beam of light when
it encounters the boundary between two media it encounters the boundary between two media!

There are to types of reflection due to the plane surface

Specular "regular# reflection Specular "regular# reflection is the reflection of light from reflection of light from
a smooth shiny surface a smooth shiny surface as shon in )igure 1!1!
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
4
Figure .$ Figure .$

All the reflected rays are parallel to each another or mo*e

in the same direction!

%iffuse reflection %iffuse reflection is the reflection of light from a rough reflection of light from a rough
surface surface such as papers+ floers+ people as shon in )igure
1!,!

The reflected rays is sent out in a *ariety of directions!

)or both types of reflection+ the las of reflection are obeyed!

PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
5

Laws of reflection Laws of reflection state "

The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal all lie incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal all lie
in the same plane in the same plane!

The angle of incidence, angle of incidence, i i e&uals the angle of reflection, e&uals the angle of reflection, r r
as shon in )igure 1!-!
i
r
'lane surface 'lane surface
r i
Stimulation 1!1
Figure .( Figure .(
Picture 1!1
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
6

Image formation by a plane mirror as shon in )igures 1!.a and

1!.b!

Point ob/ect
..$ !eflection at a plane mirror
Figure .)a Figure .)a
A ' A
u v
i
i
r
i
distance object : u
here
distance image : v
g
g
angle glancing : g
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
7

0ertical $e1tended& ob/ect

Stimulation 1!,
Figure .)b Figure .)b
Object
v u
i
r
i
r
Image
i
h
o
h
here height object :
o
h
height image :
i
h
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
8

The characteristics of the image formed by the plane mirror are

virtual image virtual image

is seem to form by light coming from the image but seem to form by light coming from the image but
light does not actually pass through the image light does not actually pass through the image!

ould not appear on paper+ screen or film placed at the

location of the image!

upright or erect image upright or erect image

laterally reverse laterally reverse

right2hand side of the ob/ect becomes the left2hand side

of the image!

the ob*ect distance, ob*ect distance, u u e&uals the image distance, e&uals the image distance, v v

the same si+e same si+e here the linear magnification+ m is gi*en by

obey the laws of reflection obey the laws of reflection!

1
height, Object
height, Image
o
i

h
h
m
Picture 1!,
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
9
A omen is 1!34 m tall and her eyes are 14 cm belo the top
of her head! She ishes to see the hole length of her body
in a *ertical plane mirror hilst she herself is standing
*ertically!
a! S'etch and label a ray diagram to sho the formation of
omen5s image!
b! 6hat is the minimum length of mirror that ma'es this
possible7
c! Ho far abo*e the ground is the bottom of the mirror7
E1ample 1 "
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
10
A
B
L
Solution : Solution :
a! The ray diagram to sho the formation of the omen5s image is
HE
2
1
AL
EF
2
1
LB
) feet F
) e!es E
) head H
h
y
m "# $ 1
m 1# $ #
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
11
Solution : Solution :
b! The minimum *ertical length of the mirror is gi*en by
b! The mirror can be placed on the all ith the bottom of the
mirror is hal*ed of the distance beteen the eyes and feet of the
omen! Therefore
LB AL+ h
EF
2
1
HE
2
1
+ h
( ) EF HE
2
1
+ h
Height of the omen
( ) m %# $ # "# $ 1
2
1
h
( ) 1# $ # "# $ 1
2
1
y
m &' $ # y
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
12
u v
m ## $ 1
x
A rose in a *ase is placed 4!-%4 m in front of a plane mirror!
Ahmad loo's into the mirror from 1!44 m in front of it! Ho far aay
from Ahmad is the image of the rose7
Solution : Solution :
)rom the characteristic of the image formed by the plane mirror+
thus
Therefore+
E1ample , "
m ('# $ # v
u v
v x + ## $ 1
m ('# $ 1 x
m ('# $ # u
('# $ # ## $ 1 + x
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
13
E1ercise 1!1 "
1!
The to mirrors in )igure 1!% meet at a right angle! The beam
of light in the *ertical plane P stri'es mirror 1 as shon!
a! 8etermine the distance of the reflected light beam tra*els
before stri'ing mirror ,!
b! Calculate the angle of reflection for the light beam after
being reflected from mirror ,!
A,S. : A,S. : .-. m .-. m / )0 / )0 to the mirror $. to the mirror $.
Figure .. Figure ..
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
14
E1ercise 1!1 "
,!
A person hose eyes are 1!%. m abo*e the floor stands ,!-4
m in front of a *ertical plane mirror hose bottom edge is .4
cm abo*e the floor as shon in )igure 1!3! 8etermine x!
A,S. : A,S. : 0.1 m 0.1 m
Figure .2 Figure .2
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
15
E1ercise 1!1 "
-! Standing ,!44 m in front of a small *ertical mirror+ you see the
reflection of your belt buc'le+ hich is 4!94 m belo your
eyes!
a! 6hat is the *ertical location of the mirror relati*e to the
le*el of your eyes7
b! 6hat is the angle do your eyes ma'e ith the hori:ontal
hen you loo' at the buc'le7
c! If you no mo*e bac'ard until you are 3!4 m from the
mirror+ ill you still see the buc'le7 E1plain!
A,S. : A,S. : (. cm below/ -.- (. cm below/ -.- / 3 think / 3 think
.! You are 1!;4 m tall and stand -!44 m from a plane mirror that
e1tends *ertically upard from the floor! <n the floor 1!%4 m
in front of the mirror is a small table+ 4!;4 high! 6hat is the
minimum height the mirror must ha*e for you to be able to see
the top of the table in the mirror7
A,S. : A,S. : .( m .( m
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
16
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

Sketch and use Sketch and use ray diagrams to ray diagrams to determine determine the the
characteristics of image formed by spherical mirrors. characteristics of image formed by spherical mirrors.

3se 3se
for real ob*ect only. for real ob*ect only.

3se 3se sign convention for focal length: sign convention for focal length:
4 4 f f for concave mirror and 5 for concave mirror and 5 f f for conve6 mirror. for conve6 mirror.

Sketch Sketch ray diagrams with minimum two rays. ray diagrams with minimum two rays.

r r 7 $ 7 $f f only applies to spherical mirror. only applies to spherical mirror.

Learning Outcome:
1!, Reflection at a spherical surface $1 hour&

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PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
17
8 8
A A
9 9
r
' '
8 8
A A
9 9
r
' '
Figure .:a Figure .:a
. !eflection at a spherical surface
.$. Spherical mirror

is defined as a reflecting surface that is part of a sphere a reflecting surface that is part of a sphere!

There are to types of spherical mirror! It is conve6 conve6 $cur*ing

outards& and concave concave $cur*ing inards& mirror!

)igures 1!9a and 1!9b sho the shape of conca*e and con*e1
mirrors!
reflecting surface
imaginary sphere
sil*er layer
Figure .:b Figure .:b
$a& Conca*e $8onverging 8onverging&
mirror
$b& Con*e1 $%iverging %iverging& mirror
Picture 1!-
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
18
;erms of spherical mirror ;erms of spherical mirror

8entre of curvature "point 8# 8entre of curvature "point 8#

is defined as the centre of the sphere of which a curved the centre of the sphere of which a curved
mirror forms a part mirror forms a part!

!adius of curvature, !adius of curvature, r r

is defined as the radius of the sphere of which a curved the radius of the sphere of which a curved
mirror forms a part mirror forms a part!

'ole or verte6 "point '# 'ole or verte6 "point '#

is defined as the point at the centre of the mirror the point at the centre of the mirror!

'rincipal a6is 'rincipal a6is

is defined as the straight line through the centre of the straight line through the centre of
curvature 8 and pole ' of the mirror curvature 8 and pole ' of the mirror.

A= is called the aperture aperture of the mirror!

PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
19

Consider the ray diagram for a conca*e and con*e1 mirrors as

shon in )igures 1!;a and 1!;b!

Point F F represents the focal point focal point or focus focus of the mirrors!

8istance f f represents the focal length focal length of the mirrors!

The parallel incident rays parallel incident rays represent the ob*ect infinitely far ob*ect infinitely far
away away from the spherical mirror e!g! the sun!
8 8
' ' 8 8
' '
.$.$ Focal point and focal length, f
Figure .1a Figure .1a
F F
f
F F
f
<ncident <ncident
rays rays
Figure .1b Figure .1b
<ncident <ncident
rays rays
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
20
Focal point or focus, F Focal point or focus, F

)or conca*e mirror > is defined as a point where the incident a point where the incident
parallel rays converge after reflection on the mirror parallel rays converge after reflection on the mirror!

Its focal point is real "principal# real "principal#!

)or con*e1 mirror > is defined as a point where the incident a point where the incident
parallel rays seem to diverge from a point behind the mirror parallel rays seem to diverge from a point behind the mirror
after reflection after reflection!

Its focal point is virtual virtual!

Focal length, Focal length, f f

is defined as the distance between the focal point "focus# F the distance between the focal point "focus# F
and pole ' of the spherical mirror and pole ' of the spherical mirror!

The para6ial rays para6ial rays is defined as the rays that are near to and the rays that are near to and
almost parallel to the principal a6is almost parallel to the principal a6is!
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
21

Consider a ray A= parallel to the principal a1is of conca*e

mirror as shon in )igure 1!?!
.$.( !elationship between focal length, f and
radius of curvature, r
Figure .- Figure .-
8 8
' ' F F % %
incident ray incident ray
9 9
A A
f
r
i
i
i

PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
22

)rom the )igure 1!?+

=C8
=)8

=y using an isosceles triangle C=)+ thus the angle is gi*en by

then

=ecause of A= is para1ial ray+ thus point = is too close ith pole

P then

Therefore
i i
)*
B*
tan

F*
B*
tan
;aken the angles are == ;aken the angles are ==
small by considering the small by considering the
ray A9 is para6ial ray. ray A9 is para6ial ray.
i 2
r )+ )*
f F+ F*
;his relationship also valid for conve6 mirror. ;his relationship also valid for conve6 mirror.
2
r
f

,
_

)*
B*
2
F*
B*
<R
F* 2 )*
f 2 r
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
23

is defined as the simple graphical method to indicate the the simple graphical method to indicate the
positions of the ob*ect and image in a system of mirrors or positions of the ob*ect and image in a system of mirrors or
lenses lenses!

)igures 1!14a and 1!14b sho the graphical method of locating

an image formed by conca*e and con*e1 mirror!
.$.) !ay diagrams for spherical mirrors
Figure .0a Figure .0a Figure .0b Figure .0b
$a& Conca*e mirror $b& Con*e1 mirror
8 8
' '
F F

( (
( (

I
8 8
F F
' '

$ $
$ $
O
O I
$ $
( (

$ $
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
24

!ay !ay 2 Parallel to principal a1is+ after reflection+ passes

through the focal point $focus& ) of a conca*e
mirror or appears to come from the focal point )
of a con*e1 mirror!

!ay $ !ay $ 2 Passes or directed toards focal point ) reflected

parallel to principal a1is!

!ay ( !ay ( 2 Passes or directed toards centre of cur*ature C+

reflected bac' along the same path!
<mages formed by a conve6 mirror <mages formed by a conve6 mirror

)igure 1!11 shos the graphical method of locating an image

formed by a con*e1 mirror!
At least any At least any
two rays two rays
for drawing for drawing
the ray the ray
diagram. diagram.
8 8
F F
' '
O I
u
v
front front back back
Figure . Figure .
Picture 1!.
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
25

The characteristics of the image formed are

virtual virtual

upright upright

diminished "smaller than the ob*ect# diminished "smaller than the ob*ect#

formed at the back of the mirror "behind the mirror# formed at the back of the mirror "behind the mirror#

<b/ect position any position any position in front of the con*e1 mirror!

Con*e1 mirror alays being used as a driving mirror driving mirror because it
has a wide field of view wide field of view and pro*iding an upright image upright image!
<mages formed by a concave mirror <mages formed by a concave mirror

Conca*e mirror can be used as a shaving and makeup mirrors shaving and makeup mirrors
because it pro*ides an upright and virtual images upright and virtual images!

Table 1!1 shos the ray diagrams of locating an image formed

by a conca*e mirror for *arious ob/ect distance+ u!
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
26
Ob*ect
distance, u
!ay diagram <mage characteristic
I
8 8
Front Front back back
F F
' '
u > r u > r
u = r u = r
O
I
O

Real

In*erted

8iminished

)ormed
beteen point
C and )!

Real

In*erted

Same si:e

)ormed at point
C!
8 8
F F
' '
Front Front back back
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
27
Ob*ect
distance, u
!ay diagram <mage characteristic
F F
8 8
' '
Front Front back back
f < u < r f < u < r
u = f u = f
O

Real

In*erted

@agnified

)ormed at a distance
greater than CP!
Real or *irtual
)ormed at infinity!
I
O
8 8
F F
' '
Front Front back back
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
28

Ainear $lateral& magnification of the spherical mirror+ m is defined

as the ratio between image height, the ratio between image height, h h
i i
and ob*ect height, and ob*ect height, h h
o o
Ob*ect
distance, u
!ay diagram <mage characteristic
u < f u < f
O

0irtual

Bpright

@agnified

)ormed at the
bac' of the
mirror
I
F F
8 8
' '
Front Front back back
u
v
h
h
m
o
i
here
,ole the f-om distance image : v
,ole the f-om distance object : u
;able . ;able .
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
29

)igure 1!1, shos an ob/ect O at a distance u and on the

principal a1is of a conca*e mirror! A ray from the ob/ect O is
incident at a point = hich is close to the pole P of the mirror!
.$.. %erivation of Spherical mirror e&uation
Figure .$ Figure .$
O
8 8
' '
I
v
u
9 9

% %

)rom the figure+

=<C
=CI
then+ eC! $1&$,& "
=y using =<8+ =C8 and =I8
thus
+
"# "#
+
"$# "$#

2 +
"(# "(#
I*
B*
tan .
)*
B*
tan .
O*
B*
tan
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
30

=y considering point = *ery close to the pole P+ hence

then
therefore
v r u I+ I* . )+ )* . O+ O*
tan . tan . tan
v
BD
r
BD
u
BD
. .
Substituting this Substituting this
value in e&. "(# value in e&. "(#
f r 2

,
_

+
r v u
B*
2
B*

B*
r v u
2 1

1
+ here
r v u f
2 1

1 1
+
Spherical mirror>s Spherical mirror>s
e&uation e&uation
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
31

Table 1!, shos the sign con*ention for spherical mirror5s

eCuation !

Dote"

Real image is formed by the actual light rays that pass formed by the actual light rays that pass
through the image through the image!

Real image can be pro*ected on the screen pro*ected on the screen!

'hysical ?uantity
'ositive sign "4#
,egative sign "@#
Ob*ect distance, u
<mage distance, v
Focal length, f
!eal ob*ect Airtual ob*ect
!eal image Airtual image
8oncave mirror 8onve6 mirror
"same side of the ob*ect# "opposite side of the ob*ect#
"in front of the mirror# "at the back of the mirror#
;able .$ ;able .$
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
32
A dentist uses a small mirror attached to a thin rod to e1amine one
of your teeth! 6hen the tooth is 1!,4 cm in front of the mirror+ the
image it forms is ?!,% cm behind the mirror! 8etermine
a! the focal length of the mirror and state the type of the mirror
used+
b! the magnification of the image!
Solution : Solution :
a! =y applying the mirror5s eCuation+ thus
b! =y using the magnification formula+ thus
E1ample - "
cm (% $ 1 + f
v u f
1 1 1
+
u
v
m
cm /$2' cm. 2# $ 1 + v u
&1 $ &
2# $ 1
2' $ /
m
( ) 2' $ /
1
2# $ 1
1 1

+
f
"8oncave mirror# "8oncave mirror#
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
33
An upright image is formed ,4!% cm from the real ob/ect by using
the spherical mirror! The image5s height is one fourth of ob/ect5s
height!
a! 6here should the mirror be placed relati*e to the ob/ect7
b! Calculate the radius of cur*ature of the mirror and describe the
type of mirror reCuired!
c! S'etch and label a ray diagram to sho the formation of the
image!
Solution : Solution :
E1ample . "
o i
2' $ # h h
O I
cm #$' 2
Spherical Spherical
mirror mirror
u v
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
34
Solution : Solution :
a! )rom the figure+
=y using the eCuation of linear magnification+ thus
=y substituting eC! $,& into eC! $1&+ hence
The mirror should be placed 2.) cm in front of the ob*ect 2.) cm in front of the ob*ect!
o i
2' $ # h h
' $ 2# + v u
u
v
h
h
m
o
i
"# "#
u
v
h
h

o
o
2' $ #
u v 2' $ # "$# "$#
' $ 2# 2' $ # + u u
cm 0 $ 1" u
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
35
Solution : Solution :
b! =y using the mirror5s eCuation+ thus
The type of spherical mirror is conve6 conve6 because the negati*e
*alue of focal length!
o i
2' $ # h h
cm 0& $ ' f
v u f
1 1 1
+
( ) u u f 2' $ #
1 1 1

+
( ) ( ) 0 $ 1" 2' $ #
1
0 $ 1"
1 1

+
f
and
2
r
f
( ) cm / $ 1# 0& $ ' 2 r
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
36
Solution : Solution :
c! The ray diagram is shon belo!
o i
2' $ # h h
F F
' '
8 8
O I
front front back back
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
37
A person of 1!34 m height stands 4!34 m from a surface of a
hanging shiny globe in a garden!
a! If the diameter of the globe is 1; cm+ here is the image of the
person relati*e to the surface of the globe7
b! Ho large is the person5s image7
c! State the characteristics of the person5s image!
Solution : Solution :
E1ample % "
m #$"# m. "# $ 1
o
u h
u
o
h
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
38
Solution : Solution :
a! #i*en
The radius of cur*ature of the globe5s surface $con*e1 surface&
is gi*en by
=y applying the mirror5s eCuation+ hence
m 1% $ # d
m #/ $ #
2
1% $ #
r
v u r
1 1 2
+
"behind the globe>s surface# "behind the globe>s surface# m #02 $ # v
m #$"# m. "# $ 1
o
u h
v
1
"# $ #
1
#/ $ #
2
+

PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
39
Solution : Solution :
b! =y applying the magnification formula+ thus
c! The characteristics of the person5s image are

virtual virtual

upright upright

diminished diminished

formed behind the reflecting surface. formed behind the reflecting surface.
u
v
h
h
m
o
i
m #$"# m. "# $ 1
o
u h
"# $ #
#02 $ #
"# $ 1
i

h
m 112 $ #
i
h <R cm 2 $ 11
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
40
8 8
F F
' '
A sha*ing or ma'eup mirror forms an image of a light bulb on a
all of a bathroom that is -!%4 m from the mirror! The height of the
bulb is ;!4 mm and the height of its image is .4 cm!
a! S'etch a labeled ray diagram to sho the formation of the bulb5s

image!
b! Calculate
i! the position of the bulb from the pole of the mirror+
ii! the focal length of the mirror!
Solution : Solution :
a! The ray diagram of the bulb is
E1ample 3 "
I
O
cm 0#
mm # $ %
u
m 1# 0# m. 1# # $ % m. ($'#
2
i
(
o

h h v
m '# $ (
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
41
Solution : Solution :
b! i! =y applying the magnification formula+ thus
;he position of the bulb is :.0 cm in front of the mirror. ;he position of the bulb is :.0 cm in front of the mirror.
ii! =y applying the mirror5s eCuation+ thus
u
v
h
h
m
o
i
u
'# $ (
1# # $ %
1# 0#
(
2

m #& $ # u
<R cm # $ &
m 1# 0# m. 1# # $ % m. ($'#
2
i
(
o

h h u
v u f
1 1 1
+
m #"%& $ # f
'# $ (
1
#& $ #
1 1
+
f
<R cm %& $ "
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
42
E1ercise 1!, "
1! a! A conca*e mirror forms an in*erted image four times larger
than the ob/ect! Calculate the focal length of the mirror+
assuming the distance beteen ob/ect and image is
4!344 m!
b! A con*e1 mirror forms a *irtual image half the si:e of the
ob/ect! Assuming the distance beteen image and ob/ect
is ,4!4 cm+ determine the radius of cur*ature of the mirror!
A,S. : A,S. : 20 mm 20 mm / $2: mm / $2: mm
,! a! A 1!9. m tall shopper in a department store is %!1? m from
a security mirror! The shopper notices that his image in the
mirror appears to be only 13!- cm tall!
i! Is the shopper5s image upright or in*erted7 E1plain!
ii! 8etermine the radius of cur*ature of the mirror!
b! A conca*e mirror of a focal length -3 cm produces an
image hose distance from the mirror is one third of the
ob/ect distance! Calculate the ob/ect and image distances!
A,S. : A,S. : u think, .0: m u think, .0: m / )) cm, )1 cm / )) cm, )1 cm
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
43
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

State and use State and use the laws of refraction "Snell>s Law# for the laws of refraction "Snell>s Law# for
layers of materials with different densities. layers of materials with different densities.

Apply Apply
for spherical surface. for spherical surface.
Learning Outcome:
1!- Refraction at a plane and spherical surfaces $1
hour&

!
'
m
p
h
!
m
a
t
r
i
'
!
e
d
u
!
m
y
(
p
h
y
s
i
c
s

!
'
m
p
h
!
m
a
t
r
i
'
!
e
d
u
!
m
y
(
p
h
y
s
i
c
s
( )
r
n n
v
n
u
n
1 2
2 1

+
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
44
.( !efraction at a plane and spherical
surfaces
.(. !efraction at a plane surface

!efraction !efraction is defined as the changing of direction of a light the changing of direction of a light
ray and its speed of propagation as it passes from one ray and its speed of propagation as it passes from one
medium into another medium into another!

Laws of refraction Laws of refraction state "

The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal all lie incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal all lie
in the same plane in the same plane!

)or to gi*en media+ Snell>s law Snell>s law states

constant
sin
sin
1
2

n
n
r
i
r n i n sin sin
2 1

<R
here 1 medi1m the of inde2 -ef-acti3e :
1
n
-a!) incident the containing 4edi1m
2 medi1m the of inde2 -ef-acti3e :
2
n
-a!) -ef-acted the containing 4edi1m
-ef-action of angle : r
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
45
The light ray is bent toward the bent toward the
normal normal+ thus
The light ray is bent away from bent away from
the normal the normal+ thus

E1amples for refraction of light ray tra*els from one medium to

another medium can be shon in )igures 1!1-a and 1!1-b!
2 1
n n < "a#
i r >
2 1
n n > "b#
1
n
2
n
i
r
<ncident ray
!efracted ray
1
n
2
n
i
r
<ncident ray
!efracted ray
"Bedium is less dense "Bedium is less dense
medium $# medium $#
"Bedium is denser than "Bedium is denser than
medium $# medium $#
i r <
Figure .(a Figure .(a Figure .(b Figure .(b
Stimulation 1!- Stimulation 1!.
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
46
!efractive inde6 "inde6 of refraction#, !efractive inde6 "inde6 of refraction#, n n

is defined as the constant ratio for the two given constant ratio for the two given
media media!

The *alue of refracti*e inde1 depends on the type of medium type of medium
and the colour of the light colour of the light!

It is dimensionless dimensionless and its *alue greater than greater than !

Consider the light ray tra*els from medium 1 into medium ,+ the
refracti*e inde1 can be denoted by
r
i
sin
sin
2
1
2 1
2 medi1m in light of 3elocit!
1 medi1m in light of 3elocit!
v
v
n
"Bedium containing "Bedium containing
the incident ray# the incident ray#
"Bedium containing the "Bedium containing the
refracted ray# refracted ray#
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
47

Absolute refracti*e inde1+ n $for the incident ray tra*els from

vacuum or air into the medium medium& is gi*en by

Table 1!- shos the refracti*e indices for common substances!

v
c
n
medi1m in light of 3elocit!
in 3ac11m light of 3elocit!
Substance Substance
!efractive inde6, !efractive inde6, n n
Solids Solids
8iamond
)lint glass
Cron glass
)used Cuart: $glass&
Ice
Li&uids Li&uids
=en:ene
Ethyl alcohol
6ater
Cases Cases
Carbon dio1ide
Air
,!.,
1!33
1!%,
1!.3
1!-1
1!%4
1!-3
1!--
1!444.%
1!444,?-
;able .( ;able .(
$If the density density
of medium is of medium is
greater greater hence
the refractive refractive
inde6 is also inde6 is also
greater greater&
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
48
!elationship between refractive inde6 and the wavelength of !elationship between refractive inde6 and the wavelength of
light light

As light tra*els from one medium to another+ its wavelength, wavelength,

changes changes but its fre&uency, fre&uency, f f remains constant remains constant!

The a*elength changes because of different material different material! The

freCuency remains constant because the number of wave number of wave
cycles arriving per unit time must e&ual the number leaving cycles arriving per unit time must e&ual the number leaving
per unit time per unit time so that the boundary surface cannot create or cannot create or
destroy waves destroy waves!

=y considering a light tra*els from medium 1 $n

1
& into medium ,
$n
2
&+ the *elocity of light in each medium is gi*en by
then
1 1
f v
2 2
f v and
2
1
2
1

f
f
v
v
here
1
1
n
c
v
2
2
n
c
v
and
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
49

If medium 1 is *acuum or air+ then n

1
E 1! Therefore the
refracti*e inde1 for any medium+ n can be e1pressed as
2
1
2
1

,
_

,
_

n
c
n
c
2 2 1 1
n n
"!efractive inde6 is inversely "!efractive inde6 is inversely
proportional to the wavelength# proportional to the wavelength#
here

#
n
in 3ac11m light of h 5a3elengt :
#

medi1m in light of h 5a3elengt :

Picture 1!% Picture 1!3
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
50
A fifty cent coin is at the bottom of a simming pool of depth
-!44 m! The refracti*e inde1 of air and ater are 1!44 and 1!--
respecti*ely! 8etermine the apparent depth of the coin!
Solution : Solution :
E1ample 9 "
(( $ 1 . 1$##
5 a
n n
here
de,th a,,a-ent : AB
m ($## de,th act1al : A)
A
i
Air $n
a
&
)
r
B
6ater $n
5
&
i
r
m ## $ (
*
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
51
Solution : Solution :
)rom the diagram+
A=8
AC8
=y considering only small angles of r and i + thus
(( $ 1 . 1$##
5 a
n n
AB
A*
tan r
A)
A*
tan i
and r r sin tan
i i sin tan
A)
AB
AB
A*
A)
A*
sin
sin
tan
tan

,
_

,
_

r
i
r
i
then
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
52
,ote : ,ote : "<mportant# "<mportant#
Solution : Solution :
)rom the Snell5s la+
(( $ 1 . 1$##
5 a
n n
5
a
A)
AB
n
n

5
a
1
2
sin
sin
n
n
n
n
r
i

(( $ 1
## $ 1
($##
AB

m 2" $ 2 AB
de,th a,,a-ent
de,th -eal
1
2

n
n
n
<ther eCuation for absolute
refracti*e inde1 in term of
depth is gi*en by
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
53
A pond ith a total depth $ice F ater& of .!44 m is co*ered by a
transparent layer of ice of thic'ness 4!-, m! 8etermine the time
reCuired for light to tra*el *ertically from the surface of the ice to
the bottom of the pond! The refracti*e inde1 of ice and ater are
1!-1 and 1!-- respecti*ely!
$#i*en the speed of light in *acuum is -!44 14
;
m s
21
!&
Solution : Solution :
E1ample ; "
(( $ 1 . 1$(1
5 i
n n
<ce " <ce "n n
i i
# #
Dater " Dater "n n
w w
# #
9ottom 9ottom
m ## $ 0
m (2 $ #
i
h
(2 $ # ## $ 0
5
h
m "% $ (
5
h
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
54
Solution : Solution :
The speed of light in ice and ater are
Since the light propagates in ice and ater at constant speed thus
Therefore the time reCuired is gi*en by
t
s
v
v
s
t
i
i
v
c
n
1 %
i
s m 1# 2/ $ 2

v
(( $ 1 . 1$(1
5 i
n n
i
%
1# ## $ (
(1 $ 1
v

5
5
v
c
n
1 %
5
s m 1# 2" $ 2

v
5
%
1# ## $ (
(( $ 1
v

5 i
t t t +

,
_

,
_

+
% %
5
5
i
i
1# 2" $ 2
"% $ (
1# 2/ $ 2
(2 $ #
v
h
v
h
t
s 1# && $ 1
%
t
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
55

)igure 1!1. shos a spherical surface ith radius+ r forms an

interface beteen to media ith refracti*e indices n
1
and n
2
!

The surface forms an image I of a point ob/ect O$

The incident ray OB ma'ing an angle i ith the normal and is

refracted to ray BI ma'ing an angle here n
1
6 n
2
!

Point ) is the centre of cur*ature of the spherical surface and

B) is normal!
.(.$ !efraction at a spherical surface
Figure .) Figure .)
+
B
O I
) *
1
n
v
r
u
2
n
i

PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
56

)rom the figure+

BO)
BI)

)rom the Snell5s la

=y using =<8+ =C8 and =I8 thus
=y considering point = *ery close to the pole P+ hence
then Snell5s la can be ritten as
+ i
$1&
+
$,&
sin sin
2 1
n i n
I*
B*
tan .
)*
B*
tan .
O*
B*
tan
v r u I+ I* . )+ )* . O+ O*

2 1
n i n
tan . tan . tan . sin . sin i i
$-&
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
57

=y substituting eC! $1& and $,& into eC! $-&+ thus

then
) )
2 1
+ n n
)
1 2 2 1
n n n n +

,
_

,
_

,
_

r
n n
v
n
u
n
B*
)
B* B*
1 2 2 1
r
n n
v
n
u
n
)
1 2
2 1

+
here ,ole f-om distance image : v
,ole f-om distance object : u
1 medi1m of inde2 -ef-acti3e :
1
n
-a!) incident the containing 4edi1m
2 medi1m of inde2 -ef-acti3e :
2
n
-a!) -ef-acted the containing 4edi1m
E&uation of spherical E&uation of spherical
refracting surface refracting surface
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
58

Dote "

If the refracting surface is flat "plane# flat "plane# "

then

The eCuation $formula& of linear magnification for refraction

by the spherical surface is gi*en by
#
2 1
+
v
n
u
n
r
u n
v n
h
h
m
2
1
o
i

PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
59

Table 1!. shos the sign con*ention for refraction or thin refraction or thin
lenses lenses"
'hysical ?uantity 'ositive sign "4# ,egative sign "@#
Ob*ect distance, u
<mage distance, v
Focal length, f
!eal ob*ect
Airtual ob*ect
!eal image Airtual image
8onverging lens %iverging lens
"same side of the
ob*ect#
"opposite side of the
ob*ect#
"in front of the refracting
surface#
"at the back of the
refracting surface#
!adius of
curvature, r
8entre of curvature
is located in more
dense medium
8entre of curvature
is located in less
dense medium
;able .) ;able .)
"conve6 surface# "concave surface#
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
60
A cylindrical glass rod in air has a refracti*e inde1 of 1!%,! <ne end
is ground to a hemispherical surface ith radius+ r E-!44 cm as
shon in )igure 1!1%!
Calculate+
a! the position of the image for a small ob/ect on the a1is of the
rod+
14!4 cm to the left of the pole as shon in figure!
b! the linear magnification!
$#i*en the refracti*e inde1 of air + n
a
E 1!44&
E1ample ? "
O
I )
+
cm # $ 1#
(
$
#
#

c
m
glass air
Figure .. Figure ..
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
61
Solution : Solution :
a! =y using the eCuation of spherical refracting surface+ thus
;he image is $0.: cm at the back of the conve6 surface. ;he image is $0.: cm at the back of the conve6 surface.
b! The linear magnification of the image is gi*en by
( )
r
n n
v
n
u
n
a g
g
a

+
cm ($## cm. # $ 1# . 1$'2
g
+ r u n
u n
v n
m
g
a

cm & $ 2# + v
( )
## $ (
## $ 1 '2 $ 1
'2 $ 1
# $ 1#
## $ 1
+

+
v
u n
v n
m
2
1

( )( )
( )( ) # $ 1# '2 $ 1
& $ 2# ## $ 1
m
(" $ 1 m
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
62
)igure 1!13 shos an ob/ect < placed at a distance ,4!4 cm from
the surface P of a glass sphere of radius %!4 cm and refracti*e
inde1 of 1!3-!
8etermine
a! the position of the image formed by the surface P of the glass
sphere+
b! the position of the final image formed by the glass sphere!
$#i*en the refracti*e inde1 of air + n
a
E 1!44&
E1ample 14 "
Figure .2 Figure .2
O
+
cm # $ 2#
#lass sphere
air
cm # $ '
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
63
Solution : Solution :
a! =y using the eCuation of spherical refracting surface+ thus
;he image is $.. cm at the back of the first surface '. ;he image is $.. cm at the back of the first surface '.
<R
( )
r
n n
v
n
u
n
a g
g
a

+
cm $# ' cm. # $ 2# . 1$"(
g
+ r u n
cm ' $ 21 + v
( )
# $ '
## $ 1 "( $ 1
"( $ 1
# $ 2#
## $ 1
+

+
v
O
C
1
I
cm 0 20 u $ cm ' $ 21 v
+
g
n
a
n
r
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
64
Solution : Solution :
b!
)rom the figure abo*e+ the image I
1
formed by the first surface P
is in the glass and 11!% cm from the second surface G! I
1
acts
as a virtual ob*ect virtual ob*ect for the second surface and
O
)
2
I
cm 1$' 2
+
g
n
a
n
)irst surface
1
I
a
n
7
cm 1$' 1
Second surface
cm. ' $ 11 1$##. . 1$"(
a 2 g 1
u n n n n
cm '$## + r
8entre of curvature is located in 8entre of curvature is located in
more dense medium more dense medium
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
65
Solution : Solution :
b! =y using
;he image is real and (.:) cm at the back of the second ;he image is real and (.:) cm at the back of the second
surface ?. surface ?.
( )
r
n n
v
n
u
n
g a
a
g

+
cm &0 $ ( + v
( )
# $ '
"( $ 1 ## $ 1
## $ 1
' $ 11
"( $ 1
+

+
v
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
66
E1ercise 1!- "
1! A student ishes to determine the depth of a simming pool
filled ith ater by measuring the idth $x E %!%4 m& and then
noting that the bottom edge of the pool is /ust *isible at an
angle of 1.!4 abo*e the hori:ontal as shon in )igure 1!19!
Calculate the depth of the pool!
$#i*en n
ater
E 1!-- and n
air
E 1!44&
A,S. : A,S. : ..2 m ..2 m
Figure .: Figure .:
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
67
E1ercise 1!- "
,! A small strip of paper is pasted on one side of a glass sphere
of radius % cm! The paper is then *ie from the opposite
surface of the sphere! 8etermine the position of the image!
$#i*en the refracti*e inde1 of glass E1!%, and the refracti*e
inde1 of air E1!44&
A,S. : A,S. : $0.1( cm in front of the $ $0.1( cm in front of the $
nd nd
refracting surface. refracting surface.
-! A point source of light is placed at a distance of ,%!4 cm from
the centre of a glass sphere of radius 14 cm! 8etermine the
image position of the source!
$#i*en the refracti*e inde1 of glass E1!%, and the refracti*e
inde1 of air E1!44&
A,S. : A,S. : $..$ cm at the back of the $ $..$ cm at the back of the $
nd nd
refracting surface. refracting surface.
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
68
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

Sketch and use Sketch and use ray diagrams to ray diagrams to determine determine the the
characteristics of image formed by diverging and characteristics of image formed by diverging and
converging lenses. converging lenses.

3se 3se e&uation stated in .( to e&uation stated in .( to derive derive thin lens formula, thin lens formula,
for real ob*ect only. for real ob*ect only.

3se 3se lensmaker>s e&uation: lensmaker>s e&uation:

3se 3se the thin lens formula for a combination of the thin lens formula for a combination of
converging lenses. converging lenses.
Learning Outcome:
1!. Thin lenses $, hours&

!
'
m
p
h
!
m
a
t
r
i
'
!
e
d
u
!
m
y
(
p
h
y
s
i
c
s

!
'
m
p
h
!
m
a
t
r
i
'
!
e
d
u
!
m
y
(
p
h
y
s
i
c
s
f v u
1 1 1
+
( )
1
]
1

+
2 1
1 1
1
1
r r
n
f
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
69
.) ;hin lenses

is defined as a transparent material with two spherical a transparent material with two spherical
refracting surfaces whose thickness is thin compared to refracting surfaces whose thickness is thin compared to
the radii of curvature of the two refracting surfaces the radii of curvature of the two refracting surfaces!

There are to types of thin lenses! It is converging converging and

diverging diverging lenses!

)igures 1!1;a and 1!1;b sho the *arious types of thin lenses+
both con*erging and di*erging!
$a& 8onverging "8onve6# lenses 8onverging "8onve6# lenses
9iconve6 9iconve6
'lano@conve6 'lano@conve6 8onve6 meniscus 8onve6 meniscus
Figure .1a Figure .1a
r r
1 1
(+ve) (+ve)
r r
2 2
(+ve) (+ve)
r r
1 1
(+ve) (+ve)
r r
2 2
( (

) )
r r
1 1
(+ve) (+ve)
r r
2 2
( (

ve) ve)
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
70
.). ;erms of thin lenses

)igures 1!1? sho the shape of con*erging $con*e1& and

di*erging $conca*e& lenses!
$b& %iverging "8oncave# lenses %iverging "8oncave# lenses
9iconcave 9iconcave
'lano@concave 'lano@concave
8oncave meniscus 8oncave meniscus
Figure .1b Figure .1b
$a& Con*erging lens $b& 8i*erging lens
8 8

8 8
$ $
r r
1 1
r r
2 2
O O
8 8

8 8
$ $
r r
1 1
r r
2 2
O O
Figure .- Figure .-
r r
1 1
( (

ve) ve)
r r
2 2
( (

ve) ve)
r r
1 1
( (

ve) ve)
r r
2 2
( (

) )
r r
1 1
(+ve) (+ve)
r r
2 2
( (

ve) ve)
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
71

8entre of curvature "point 8 8entre of curvature "point 8

and 8 and 8
$ $
# #

is defined as the centre of the sphere of which the surface the centre of the sphere of which the surface
of the lens is a part of the lens is a part!

!adius of curvature "r !adius of curvature "r

and r and r
$ $
# #

is defined as the radius of the sphere of which the surface the radius of the sphere of which the surface
of the lens is a part of the lens is a part!

'rincipal "Optical# a6is 'rincipal "Optical# a6is

is defined as the line *oining the two centres of curvature the line *oining the two centres of curvature
of a lens of a lens!

Optical centre "point O# Optical centre "point O#

is defined as the point at which any rays entering the lens the point at which any rays entering the lens
pass without deviation pass without deviation!
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
72

Consider the ray diagrams for con*erging and di*erging lenses

as shon in )igures 1!,4a and 1!,4b!

)rom the figures+

Points )
1
and )
,
represent the focus of the lenses!

8istance f represents the focal length of the lenses!

.).$ Focal point and focal length, f
F F

F F
$ $
O O
f
f
f f
Figure .$0a Figure .$0a Figure .$0b Figure .$0b
F F

F F
$ $
O O
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
73
Focus "point F Focus "point F

and F and F
$ $
# #

)or converging "conve6# converging "conve6# lens > is defined as the point on the the point on the
principal a6is where rays which are parallel and close to the principal a6is where rays which are parallel and close to the
principal a6is converges after passing through the lens principal a6is converges after passing through the lens!

Its focus is real $principal&!

)or diverging "concave# diverging "concave# lens > is defined as the point on the the point on the
principal a6is where rays which are parallel to the principal principal a6is where rays which are parallel to the principal
a6is seem to diverge from after passing through the lens a6is seem to diverge from after passing through the lens!

Its focus is *irtual!

Focal length " Focal length " f f # #

is defined as the distance between the focus F and the optical the distance between the focus F and the optical
centre O of the lens centre O of the lens!
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
74

)igures 1!,1a and 1!,1b sho the graphical method of locating

an image formed by a con*erging $con*e1& and di*erging
$conca*e& lenses!
.).( !ay diagram for thin lenses
Figure .$a Figure .$a
F F

F F
$ $
$a& Con*erging $con*e1& lens


$ $
$ $
O O
( (
( (
I I
u v
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
75

!ay !ay 2 Parallel to the principal a1is+ after refraction by the lens+
passes through the focal point $focus& )
,
of a
con*erging lens or appears to come from the focal point
)
,
of a di*erging lens!

!ay $ !ay $ 2 Passes through the optical centre of the lens is

unde*iated!

!ay ( !ay ( 2 Passes through the focus )

1
of a con*erging lens or
appears to con*erge toards the focus )
1
of a di*erging
lens+ after refraction by the lens the ray parallel to the principal
a1is!
$b& 8i*erging $conca*e& lens
O O
F F
$ $
F F



$ $
$ $
( (
( (
I I
v
u
Figure .$b Figure .$b
At least At least
any two any two
rays for rays for
drawing drawing
the ray the ray
diagram. diagram.
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
76
<mages formed by a diverging lens <mages formed by a diverging lens

)igure 1!,, shos the graphical method of locating an image

formed by a di*erging lens!

The characteristics of the image formed are

virtual virtual

upright upright

diminished "smaller than the ob*ect# diminished "smaller than the ob*ect#

formed in front of the lens formed in front of the lens!

<b/ect position any position any position in front of the di*erging lens!
Front Front back back
O O
F F
$ $
F F

I I
Figure .$$ Figure .$$
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
77
Ob*ect
distance, u
!ay diagram <mage characteristic
F F

F F
$ $
$F $F
$ $
$F $F

<mages formed by a converging lens <mages formed by a converging lens

Table 1!% shos the ray diagrams of locating an image formed

by a con*erging lens for *arious ob/ect distance+ u!
Front Front back back
u > u > 2 2f f

Real

In*erted

8iminished

)ormed beteen
point )
,
and ,)
,
!
$at the bac' of the
lens&
O O
I
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
78
Ob*ect
distance, u
!ay diagram <mage characteristic
O O
F F

F F
$ $
$F $F
$ $
$F $F

u = u = 2 2f f

Real

In*erted

Same si:e

)ormed at point
,)
,
! $at the bac' of
the lens&
Front Front back back
I
f < u < f < u < 2 2f f

Real

In*erted

@agnified

)ormed at a
distance greater
than ,f at the
bac' of the lens!
O O
F F

F F
$ $
$F $F
$ $
$F $F

Front Front
back back
I
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
79
Ob*ect
distance, u
!ay diagram <mage characteristic
O O
F F

F F
$ $
$F $F
$ $
$F $F

u = f u = f

Real or *irtual

)ormed at infinity!
Front Front back back
u < f u < f

0irtual

Bpright

@agnified

)ormed in front
of the lens!
O O F F

F F
$ $
$F $F
$ $
$F $F

Front Front back back
I
;able .. ;able ..
Stimulation 1!%
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
80
;hin lens formula and lens maker>s e&uation ;hin lens formula and lens maker>s e&uation

Considering the ray diagram of refraction for to spherical

surfaces as shon in )igure 1!,-!
.).) ;hin lens formula, lens maker>s and linear
magnification e&uations
Figure .$( Figure .$(
O O
8 8

8 8
$ $
I I
1 1
I I
2 2
' '

' '
$ $
E E 9 9
A A
% %
1
u
1
v
2
v
1
r
2
r
t
1
n
1 2
v t u
1
n 2
n
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
81

=y using the eCuation of spherical refracting surface+ the

refraction by first surface A= and second surface 8E are gi*en
by

Surface A= " "r r = = +r +r

1 1
# #

Surface 8E " "r r = = +r +r

2 2
# #
Assuming the lens is very thin thus very thin thus t t
= 0 = 0+
1
1 2
1
2
1
1
)
r
n n
v
n
u
n
+

+
( )
2
1 2
2
1
1
2
)
r
n n
v
n
v t
n
+

"# "#

,
_

2
1 2
2
1
1
2
r
n n
v
n
v
n
2
1 2
2
1
1
2
)
r
n n
v
n
v
n
+

"$# "$#
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
82

=y substituting eC! $,& into eC! $1&+ thus

If u
1
8 and v
2
8 f thus eC! $-& becomes
1
1 2
2
1 2
2
1
1
1
)
r
n n
r
n n
v
n
u
n

1
]
1

,
_

+
2
1 2
1
1 2
2
1
1
1
) )
r
n n
r
n n
v
n
u
n
+

+
"(# "(#

,
_

,
_

+
2 1 1
2
2 1
1 1
1
1 1
r r n
n
v u

,
_

,
_

2 1 1
2
1 1
1
1
r r n
n
f
Lens maker>s Lens maker>s
e&uation e&uation
here length focal : f
s1-face -ef-acting 1 fo- c1-3at1-e of -adi1s :
st
1
r
medi1m the of inde2 -ef-acti3e :
1
n
mate-ial lens the of inde2 -ef-acti3e :
2
n
s1-face -ef-acting 2 fo- c1-3at1-e of -adi1s :
nd
2
r
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
83

=y eCuating eC! $-& and the lens ma'er5s eCuation+ thus

therefore in general+

Dote "

If the medium is air air $n

1
8 n
ai-
81& thus the lens ma'er5s
eCuation can be ritten as

)or thin lenses and lens ma'er5s eCuations+ use the sign sign
convention convention for refraction refraction!
f v u
1 1 1
2 1
+
v u f
1 1 1
+
;hin lens formula ;hin lens formula
here mate-ial lens the of inde2 -ef-acti3e : n
( )

,
_

+
2 1
1 1
1
1
r r
n
f
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
84
Linear magnification, Linear magnification, m m

is defined as the the ratio between image height, ratio between image height, h h
i i
and ob*ect and ob*ect
height, height, h h
o o
!

Since the linear magnification eCuation can be

ritten as
u
v
h
h
m
o
i
here cent-e o,tical f-om distance image : v
cent-e o,tical f-om distance object : u
v u f
1 1 1
+
v
v u f

,
_

+
1 1 1
1 +
u
v
f
v
1
f
v
m
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
85
A person of height 1!9% m is standing ,!%4 m in from of a camera!
The camera uses a thin bicon*e1 lens of radii of cur*ature
9!3? mm! The lens made from the cron glass of refracti*e inde1
1!%,!
a! Calculate the focal length of the lens!
b! S'etch a labelled ray diagram to sho the formation of the
image!
c! 8etermine the position of the image and its height!
d! State the characteristics of the image!
Solution : Solution :
a! =y applying the lens ma'er5s eCuation in air+ thus
E1ample 11 "
. '2 $ 1 m. '# $ 2 m. 1$&'
o
n u h
m 1# "/ $ &
(
2 1

+ r r
( )

,
_

+
2 1
1 1
1
1
r r
n
f
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
86
Solution : Solution :
a!
b! The ray diagram for the case is
. '2 $ 1 m. '# $ 2 m. 1$&'
o
n u h
m 1# "/ $ &
(
2 1

+ r r
( )

,
_

( (
1# "/ $ &
1
1# "/ $ &
1
1 '2 $ 1
1
f
m 1# (/ $ &
(
+ f
F F

F F
$ $
$F $F
$ $
$F $F

Front Front back back
O O
I
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
87
Solution : Solution :
c! The position of the image formed is
=y using the linear magnification eCuation+ thus
d! The characteristics of the image are

real real

inverted inverted

diminished diminished

formed at the back of the lens formed at the back of the lens
v u f
1 1 1
+
m 1# 01 $ &
(
v
v
1
'# $ 2
1
1# (/ $ &
1
(
+
+

"at the back of the lens# "at the back of the lens#
u
v
h
h
m
o
i
'# $ 2
1# 01 $ &
&' $ 1
(
i

h
m 1# 1/ $ '
(
i

h <R mm 1/ $ '
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
88
A thin plano2con*e1 lens is made of glass of refracti*e inde1 1!33!
6hen an ob/ect is set up 14 cm from the lens+ a *irtual image ten
times its si:e is formed! 8etermine
a! the focal length of the lens+
b! the radius of cur*ature of the con*e1 surface!
Solution : Solution :
a! =y applying the linear magnification eCuation for thin lens+ thus
=y using the thin lens formula+ thus
E1ample 1, "
1# cm. 1# 1$"". m u n
1#
u
v
m u v 1#
v u f
1 1 1
+
( ) u u f 1#
1 1 1

+
Airtual image Airtual image
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
89
Solution : Solution :
a!
b! Since the thin lens is plano2con*e1 thus
Therefore
1# cm. 1# 1$"". m u n

2
r
( )

,
_

+
2 1
1 1
1
1
r r
n
f
( )

,
_

+
1 1
1 "" $ 1
1 $ 11
1
1
r
cm (( $ &
1
+ r
( ) ( ) 1# 1#
1
1#
1 1

+
f
cm 1 $ 11 + f
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
90
The radii of cur*ature of the faces of a thin conca*e meniscus lens
of material of refracti*e inde1 -(, are ,4 cm and 14 cm! 6hat is
the focal length of lens
a! in air+
b! hen completely immersed in ater of refracti*e inde1 .(-7
Solution : Solution :
a! =y applying the lens ma'er5s eCuation in air+
E1ample 1- "
2 9 (
2
n
( )

,
_

+
2 1
1 1
1
1
r r
n
f
cm 2#
1
+ r
cm 1#
2
r
2 9 (
2
n n
and
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
91
Solution : Solution :
a!
b! #i*en
=y using the general lens ma'er5s eCuation+ therefore
( 9 0
1
n

,
_

,
_

2 1 1
2
1 1
1
1
r r n
n
f
cm 1"# f
cm 0# f
2 9 (
2
n
( )

,
_

+
+

,
_

1#
1
2#
1
1
2
( 1
f
( )
( ) ( )

,
_

+
+

,
_

1#
1
2#
1
1
1
(
0
2
(
f
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
92

@any optical instruments+ such as microscopes and microscopes and

telescopes telescopes+ use two converging lenses two converging lenses together to produce
an image!

In both instruments+ the 1

st
lens $closest to the ob*ect closest to the ob*ect &is called
the ob*ective ob*ective and the ,
nd
lens $closest to the eye closest to the eye& is referred to
as the eyepiece eyepiece or ocular ocular!

The image formed image formed by the

st st
lens lens is treated treated as the ob*ect for ob*ect for
the $ the $
nd nd
lens lens and the final image final image is the image formed by the $ $
nd nd

lens lens!

The position of the final image position of the final image in a to lenses system can be
determined by applying the thin lens formula to each lens thin lens formula to each lens
separately separately!

The overall magnification of a two lenses system overall magnification of a two lenses system is the
product of the magnifications of the separate lenses product of the magnifications of the separate lenses!
.).. 8ombination of lenses
2 1
m m m
here
ion magnificat o3e-all : m
lens 1 the to d1e ion magnificat :
st
1
m
lens 2 the to d1e ion magnificat :
nd
2
m
Picture 1!9
Picture 1!;
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
93
The ob/ecti*e and eyepiece of the compound microscope are both
con*erging lenses and ha*e focal lengths of 1%!4 mm and ,%!%
mm respecti*ely! A distance of 31!4 mm separates the lenses! The
microscope is being used to e1amine a sample placed ,.!1 mm in
front of the ob/ecti*e!
a! 8etermine
i! the position of the final image+
ii! the o*erall magnification of the microscope!
b! State the characteristics of the final image!
Solution : Solution :
E1ample 1. "
mm. "1$# mm. ' $ 2' mm. # $ 1'
2 1
+ + d f f
mm 20$1
1
u
d
1
u
1
f
1
f
2
f
2
f
F F

F F

F F
$ $
F F
$ $
O
ob*ective " ob*ective "
st st
# # eyepiece"$ eyepiece"$
nd nd
# #
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
94
d
1
u
1
f
1
f
2
f
2
f
F F

F F

F F
$ $
F F
$ $
O
Solution : Solution :
a! i! =y applying the thin lens formula for the 1
st
lens $ob/ecti*e&+
mm & $ (/
1
+ v
1 1 1
1 1 1
v u f
+
mm. "1$# mm. ' $ 2' mm. # $ 1'
2 1
+ + d f f
mm 20$1
1
u
1
1
1 $ 20
1
# $ 1'
1
v
+
+
"real# "real#
1
I
1
v
2
u
1 2
v d u
& $ (/ # $ "1
2
u
mm ( $ 21
2
u
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
95
Solution : Solution :
a! i! and the position of the final image formed by the ,
nd
lens

$eyepiece& is
mm. "1$# mm. ' $ 2' mm. # $ 1'
2 1
+ + d f f
mm 20$1
1
u
2 2 2
1 1 1
v u f
+
2
1
( $ 21
1
' $ 2'
1
v
+
+
mm 12/
2
v
"in front of the $ "in front of the $
nd nd
lens# lens#
2
I
mm 12/
2
v
d
1
u
1
f
1
f
2
f
2
f
F F

F F

F F
$ $
F F
$ $
O
1
I
1
v
2
u
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
96
Solution : Solution :
a! ii! The o*erall $total& magnification of the microscope is gi*en by
b! The characteristics of the final image are

virtual virtual

inverted inverted

magnified magnified

formed in front of the formed in front of the

st st
and $ and $
nd nd
lenses lenses!
mm. "1$# mm. ' $ 2' mm. # $ 1'
2 1
+ + d f f
mm 20$1
1
u
2 1
m m m here
1
1
1
u
v
m
2
2
2
u
v
m and
2
2
1
1
u
v
u
v
m
( )
( $ 21
12/
1 $ 20
& $ (/
m
/% $ / m
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
97
E1ercise 1!. "
1! a! A glass of refracti*e inde1 1!%4 plano2conca*e lens has a
focal length of ,1!% cm! Calculate the radius of the
conca*e surface!
b! A rod of length 1%!4 cm is placed hori:ontally along the
principal a1is of a con*erging lens of focal length 14!4 cm! If
the closest end of the rod is ,4!4 cm from the lens calculate
the length of the image formed!
A,S. : A,S. : 0.1 cm 0.1 cm/ 2.00 cm / 2.00 cm
,! An ob/ect is placed 13!4 cm to the left of a lens! The lens
forms an image hich is -3!4 cm to the right of the lens!
a! Calculate the focal length of the lens and state the type of
the lens!
b! If the ob/ect is ;!44 mm tall+ calculate the height of the
image!
c! S'etch a labelled ray diagram for the case abo*e!
A,S. : A,S. : . cm/ .1 cm . cm/ .1 cm
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
98
-! 6hen a small light bulb is placed on the left side of a
con*erging lens+ a sharp image is formed on a screen placed
-4!4 cm on the right side of the lens! 6hen the lens is mo*ed
%!4 cm to the right+ the screen has to be mo*ed %!4 cm to the
left so that a sharp image is again formed on the screen! 6hat
is the focal length of the lens7
A,S. : A,S. : 0.0 cm 0.0 cm
.! A con*erging lens of focal length ;!44 cm is ,4!4 cm to the left
of a con*erging lens of focal length 3!44 cm! A coin is placed
14!4 cm to the left of the 1
st
lens! Calculate
a! the distance of the final image from the 1
st
lens+
b! the total magnification of the system!
A,S. : A,S. : $).2 cm/ 0.-$) $).2 cm/ 0.-$)
%! A con*erging lens ith a focal length of .!4 cm is to the left of a
second identical lens! 6hen a feather is placed 1, cm to the
left of the first lens+ the final image is the same si:e and
orientation as the feather itself! Calculate the separation
beteen the lenses!
A,S. : A,S. : $.0 cm $.0 cm
99
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
Next Chapter
CHAPTER , "
Physical optics