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1 La presente seccin se ha basado en definiciones y conceptos vertidos en distintos trabajos sobre el tema: Alonso,
O.; Lacabana, M. (2007); El Troudi, H. y Monedero, Juan Carlos, (2006); PDVSA-BARIVEN, (s/f); Sassone, P.;
Camacho, M. (2005); Aznrez, Fernando (2006); PERPI RODRGUEZ (s/f);

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~~K=m===~=p~=k~~==`~~==
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=
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=
=

140

131,05

=
120

=
100

100,10

80

60
36,74

58,61

40
17,94

=
=

2,28

1,66

1,15

0,50

0,09

0,41

0,03

20
0,38

3,94

21,88

41,49

Miles de cooperativas

30,95

0
Hasta
1988

=
=

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

Aos
Creacin Anual

Acumulado

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
cW=prk^`llm=
=

10

b==k=O=~=~===~=~~=====~~=
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r= PMB= = ~= ~~= = = = I= = PB= ~= ~~= =
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=
=
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d=k=O==
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=
=

140

No Ubicadas; 2,62

Vivienda; 0,50

120

Proteccin Social; 4,07

Ahorro y Crdito; 1,45

Consumo; 2,29

=
=
=
=
=

Miles de Cooperativas

100

Produccin; 39,51

80

60

=
=

40

Prestacin de Servicios; 81,14

=
=

20

Total: 131.581

=
=

=
=
=
=
cW=prk^`llm=
=

11

m==~I===k=P=~=~==~==~=~~=
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4,26
Yaracuy

8,71

10,05

9,89

4,13
Barinas

9,55

3,89
Portuguesa

5,18

3,87

3,59

3,53

Sucre

2,99

2,15

2,54

2,11

Tchira

1,30

D. Capital

Miranda

Lara

Trujillo

Cojedes

0
Anzotegui

1,20

D. Amacuro

1,05

Amazonas

0,03

Dep Federales

N. Esparta

No Ubicadas

2,00

Vargas

Falcn

Mrida

5,05

Monagas

Apure

6,13

6,53

8,30

10

Zulia

Miles de coope
cooperativas
rativas

Bolvar

Carabobo

12

Gurico

11,36

12,22

14

Aragua

Estados

=
=
=
=
=
cW=prk^`llm=
=

12

b= ~= ~= = = = ~= = ~= = = ~~I=
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2.027

Barinas - Barinas

2.060

Francisco de Miranda - Gurico

=
=
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2.346

Leonardo Infante - Gurico

2.384

San Fernando - Apure

Munici
cipio
pio / Es
Estado
tado

Maturn - Monagas

2.751

=
=

Iribarren - Lara

3.046

Caron - Bolvar

3.692

=
=

Girardot - Aragua

3928

=
=

2.324

12.219

Libertador - D. Capital

=
=

Valencia - Carabobo

2.000

4.000

6.000

8.000

10.000

12.000

14.000

Miles de cooperativas

=
=
=
=
=
cW=prk^`llm=
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=

13

^~= I= = = = = = = = = ~~I= ~=
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Sin Clasificar;
4; 0%

=
=

Vivienda; 295;
1%

=
=
=
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A y C; 1050;
3%

Transporte; 4507;
12%

Banco Comunal; 1031;

3%

Consumo; 830;
2%

Proteccin Social; 919;

=
2%
=
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Produccin;
9099;
=
24%
=

Servicios; 20489;
53%

=
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~=~~====~~I=~~=
~====~=
~==~=~~=~~K=
m=~~==~K=
m=~~==~~==
~K=p==~=UMM=e~=
=~K=
m=~=~~~I===
K=b==~~==
~=~I==K=
q=~~=~~I=m~==
q~~K=
m=~~I=~==~~K=
m=~~I=~==~~=
=~K=
m=~~I===K=
m=~=
^~=~=~=~=~=E~I=
~~==~FK=
m=~~==~~=E==
FK=

=
S=jjj=
RIQ=jjj=
TMM=jj=
NIT=jjj=
QIR=jjj=
RMM=jj=
N=jjj=
=
N=jjj=

cW=masp^=E=K~K=F=
=

RK ^~=~== O =
b===~==`=~==~~K=b===~==~~=
=~==~=~==~~I===~~=====RMBK=b=
=~==~=~=~~==~==`^a^cb==^i`^p^K==
b= = = ~= = ~~= = ~= ~~= ~I= = ~=
~====~=~I==~~~=~~===b~=
~=~==~===~K=b=b~=~==RNB==~=
~=====`~===~~~=~==~=
= QVB= = ~= ~K= c= = ~~~= = = =
`~~K= q~= ~= ~~~= ~~~~= = = = ~= = ~=
`~~K= b= = ~I= = I= = ~= ~= ~= = fksbm^i=
E~=s~F==fksbs^i=E~=f~=s~~==s~FK=

Esta seccin se basa en el informe Los trabajadores y la cogestin elaborado por Fernando
Aznrez.

22

q~= = ~= = ~= = ~= ~~I= ~~= = ~I=

= = = ~= ~= ~= ~I= ~= ~= = = ~= =
~= `~= = = ^= j~= = `~~I= =
= = ~= = W= NMB= = = = ~~= ~=
X= ~~= ~~~= = = ~~~= = OR= = QMB=
E==`~~F==~=~~=~~==~~=~==TR=
=SMB==~=~K=p=~==~==mrim^=mirp=`K^K=E^X=OMMRF===
= RM= ~K= b= = ~= ~= = ~= ~~~= ~~~~= = =
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23

fffK= = = ^= ~~= = ~= ~= ~~~~= = ~=

=~==
NK f=
v~==~=~==~=~=~==~=~==~==
=~=~=~~==~==~=~===~I=~=
~~~=====~K==
m= ~= ~= = = ~= = ~= ~I= = ~= = b~I=
=~=~=~===~===~=~==
= ~~= = = = K= b= ~= = = ~~~=
~= = ~= I= ~= = ~= ~= = ~= = = ~= =
~~==bmp=~~~==~==b~===~=~K=
p= ~I= = ~= ~~= ~~= ~= ~= ~= =
`= = ~= ~= ~K= = = ^= ~= = ~= = ~=
~=~~===~=E=~~=`^a^cbFI====
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=~===~=~I=~====~=~=~=
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b= = ~I= ~= ~= ~= = = = = =
=~==b~===~~==~==~~=====~I=
==~=====~==~=~=~==

24

~= = ~= = = = ~= ~~= = ~= ~= =
~==~=~=K=
r~= = ~~= = = = = ~I= = ~= = ~= ~=
=~==b~==~=~=====~=~==~=
~=~=~=~~=~~====~=~==
~===~===K==
q~=~==~==~===~=~K=i~=~=~=
= ~~= ~= ~~= = = ~~~= = ~= = = ~= ~=
~I= ~= = ~= ~~= = ~= ~I= = = ~= ~~=
=~==b~I=~====~==~~=~K=
OK `~~==bmp==
b= = ~= = ~= = ~I= = ~~= ~~= ~= ~= ~= =
~~==bmpI====~===~=~==
= ~= = ~= ~= ~= = ~= ~~I= ~=
~~= = ~= ~= ~= ~~K= b= = ~~= = = =
~~=~~====~=~=~=~=I==~~I=~=
~=~~K=
b= ~= ~= = ~~= = ~= = = = ~= ~I=
~~= ~~= = = = ~= ~~= ~= ~= = = =
~= = = K= b~= = = = = ~= ~= = ~=
~~=~=~=mjb==~===~~K=
p= ~I= ~~= = = = E= ~= ~= ~= ~=
~~FI==~====~==~~=~=~=
~~= = ~= = b~I= ~~= ~I= K= b=
==~~====~==~=~= =~==
=======~=~===~=~=
~=~===K=
b= I= = ~= = ~~= = ~= = = = ~= ~=
~= ~= = ~= ~= ~~= = = = = ~K= m= ~=
~==~=~==~===~~=~=~==
= = E~~= = FI= = = ~= = = = = ~=

25

= = ~= = ~K= m= ~= ~= = = ~=
~==~~=~==~=====~~==
=~~K=
PK i~==~~=
c= ~= = ~I= = ~= = ~= ~= ~= = ~= =
=~=~~~=~K=b=~===~~=~~=
=~~===~~=~~======~==
====~=~=~~I=~=~=~~K=
b= ~= ~~= = ~I= = ~= ~= ~= ~= =
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~=~=~K=j===~===~==~=
~= = ~= ~~= = ~= ~= ~~K= b= ~~= =
~=~W=
j~~==~~==~=~~K====
q~~= ~= ~~= = ~= = ~~= ~= ~=
= = = = ~= = ~= ~~= ~~= E`sdI= masp^F= ~=
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b= ~= ~~~= = = = K= a~= = ~=
~~= = ~= = = ~I= = ~= = ~= ~= ~=
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===~~I==~~==~=~===~===
==~K=
26

^~I= = = ~= ~= ~= = = ~~= = ~=
~= ~= ~= = = = ~= ~= = = ~= ~= =
===~~~=~=~~=~~~K=
^~I= = = ~= ~= ~= ~~= = ~= =
==~=~I====~I=~=~===
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b==~=====~=~==~=~=~==
~= ~~= = ~~= = = ~= ~~= = ~= ~~= ~=
~~= = ~= = = ~= = = = I= ~= ~= =
~~~=~~===~~K=
m= = ~= = = ~= ~~= = b~I= I= = = ~= ~=
~~= ~= ~~= = ~= = = = I= = = =
= ~= ~~= ~~= ~~= = = I= = =
~=~==~==~=~=~K=
a~==~=~=~=
b= b~= ~= = ~= = ~= = ~= = = ~I=
=~==~=~~==~~==~=~==~==~=
~======~=~K=
`= = = = ~= ~= ~~= = ~~= ~~I=
~~=~==~==~=~==b~=~~=~=~=~=
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p= ~I= = = ~= ~= ~= = ~= ~~= ~~= =
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==~=~~~K=f=~~==I=
~=~~==~~=~~~=~~=~==~==
~==~~==~~==~~=~==K=

27

b~= ~= = = = = ~= = = ~= ~~= =
~= = ~= = ~~~= ~I= ~= ~~~= = = = ~~=
~K=b=~~=~~=====~~=~====
~==~~=~==~=~~=======~===
=~==~=~~==~==~=~K==
b~= ~= = ~= = ~= ~~= = ~= ~~~= ~~= ~~= = =
=~====I=~~I=~==~~I==~= ~=~=
~==~==~==~=~=~==masp^=~=~=
~=~===~==K=
b= = ~= = = = ~= ~= = = ~~~= ~= E~=
= ~= ~= ~= I= ~~= ~~= = ~~FI= ~=
~===~=~K=
b==~=~I===~=~~==~~=~~==~=
~= ~~= ~I= ~= = = = = ~= ~~= = ~=
~~=E=~===~FI==~=~=~~=~~==
~=~~=~==~==~=~~~==~=~=~K=
p=~=~=~==~==~=~=~=E===
~~= ~~F= = ~= = ~= ~= = ~= ~~= =
~= = = = = ~= ~= ~= = = ~~~~= ~=
~= = ~= ~= ~K= b~= = = ~= E= ~=
~= = ~= ~= ~~= = = ~F= = ~~=
~=~==~====K=b====~=
~~=~=~~I===~=~==~===~~=~=
~~I= = = ~~I= = = ~= ~= ~~= = ~I=
= = = = ~= ~~= = ~~= = ~~=
P

=======~=lfq ==

El Trabajo Decente se define en la Memoria del Director General a la Conferencia Internacional del
Trabajo de 1999, que lleva ese ttulo, como trabajo productivo en condiciones de libertad, equidad,
seguridad y dignidad, en el cual los derechos son protegidos y que cuenta con remuneracin adecuada y
proteccin.

28

m= = = = = ~= = ~= ~~= ~~= ~= ~~=

~~= ~= ~= = ~= = ~I= ~= ~~= =
~~=~=~==~==~=====~K=
b=~==~~========~~==
~= = = = ~= = ~= = ~= ~= I= ~=
~= = = ~= ~= ~= ~~= = ~~K=
b~=~=~====~==~===~~=
= = = = = = = = ~= ~= = = ~= =
Q
=~~=== K=

f~==~=~=~=
`~~= = = = ~= = ~~K= b= = ~= ~~= = =
~==~=~=~=~===~=~==~=~I=
= ~= ~= ~~= = ~~= = ~= ~I= ~= = = ~=
~~= ~~= = = ~= ~= = s~= = ~= ~=
~~K=
b=~I=~=~==~~=~=~=~=~~==~=
~==~==~=~I=~=~=~=~=~==~~=
~= ~= ~= = = ~= ~K= p= ~I= ~= ~= =
~~= = ~= = ~~~~= = ~= = ~= = =
~==~=~=~K=^======~==~=~~I=~=
~= = ~= ~= = = ~= = = = = ~= ~I=
~= ~= = ~~= ~= = ~= = K=
^~= = ~= ~= = ~= ~= ~~= ~= =
~= = = = = ~= = ~= = = =
~I===~==~~==~=~~~===
= = = ~= = = = = ~= ~~= =
b~K=
`~= = = ~I= = = = = ~= ~~= = ~~= =
= ~= = ~= = ~= ~= ~~= E= ~=
~~= = = = ~= = ~= = = FI= ~=
4

Puede mencionarse como ejemplo una empresa transportista, donde la solucin final fue la formacin de
tres cooperativas: la de los dueos de camiones y del capital, la de los tcnicos y la de los administrativos.

29

~~= = ~~= ~= ~= = ~= = ~=
~K=
c~===K=q~===~=~I=~=~==~=
=~===~=~===~==~~~~==~=~~=
~~= ~~= ~= = ~I= = ~= ~= =
= ~K= i= = = ~= ~= = ~= ~= ~= =
~= ~= = I= ~= = ~= ~I= =
= = ~= = ~= ~~~= ~~= = = ~= ~= = =
= ~~= ~= ~= = ~~= = = ~K= b= ~= = =
= ~~= = ~= = = = ~= E= ~= = ~= =
= ~= ~~= = ~= prk^`llmF= = ~= = = = =
~~=~=~I=~=~~~=~====~=~==
~~K=
^~==~=K=i~=~====~===~=
E~~~I=~~===~=~==~====~~FI=
~~= = ~= = ~~= = ~~I= I=
~~= = ~= = = ~I= = = ~= ~= = = I=
I= ~= = ~I= ~= = ~~= ~~= ~= ~~=
~==~=~K=
q~~==b~==~===~~==~~=~==~~===
~===~====~=====E~==
= = ~= = = ~= = ~= ~FI= ~~= = ~=
~=~K=
i~====~==~========
=~=~=~==~==~=~~=~~I=~=~=~=
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~===~=~K=a====~=~=====
= ~= = = ~= ~~= = s~W= = = = =
~~= = ~= ~~~= ~I= = ~= ~~~= ~= =
~=~I==~=~=~=~=~K=
=
=
30

_~~= ~~= = ~= ~= ~= ~= ~= = = =
K= i~= ~= = ~~= = bmp= = ~= =
~= ~I= = ~= = = ~~= = ~= ~= = =
~=~==~===~~===K=
m= = = = = ~= ~= = ~= = = ~=
~=I==I=~=~===~====
= = ~= = ~= = = = K= b=
= = ~= = ~= = = ~= ~I=
= ~~= ~I= I= KI= ~= = = ~= ~~=
~=~~=====K==
^===~=====~===~~==~=
~I= = = = ~= ~= ~= ~I= = = ~= ~~I= =
~=====~~I=K=E===~==~=
~~= = ~= ~= ~FI= = = ~= = = =
= = = = = ~= ~~= ~~= ~~= =
~=====~=~K=
`~~==~=~~===~~======K==i~=~=
~= = s~= ~= = ~~= I= = ~= ~~= =
~= = ~= ~= = ~= = = = = =
~= = = ~= = ~= = ~= ~~~= ~~= =
~===K==
i~= ~= ~= ~~= = ~= ~= ~= ~= ~= = ~=
~=~~==bmp==~=~=I==~==~=~=
= ~= = = = ~= ~= ~~K= m= = ~I= ~= ~=
~= ~= = ~= = = ~= = = = ~= ~=
~= ~~= = ~= ~= ~= = ~= ~K= b= ~=
~~= = ~= = = = ~= = ~= ~~= ~= ~=
~K==
`~=~=
a~=~~==~===s~==~=~====
=~=~=~==~=~=~~~==~=~===

31

~=~=~I==~~===b~==~=~=K=i~=~~=
= ~= ~= = = = ~= ~~= ~= ~= = ~= = =
~=====~==~=~=~==~=~=
= = = = = ~= = ~= ~= ~= = = =
~I=~==~=~K=
b~=~=~=~=~===~==~=~==~~=~=~=
= ~= = ~= ~= ~= = ~K= i~= ~~= = ~= ~~=
~I= = ~~= = ~= ~= = = = ~= = ~=
~= = ~= = ~= ~I= = ~= ~= = ~= =
~K=
b= = = = ~~~= = = = = ~~= = = ~= ~=
~= = ~I= ~= ~~~= = ~= ~~K= m= = ~= = =
~===~=~=~===~===~=~~=
====~~=~~======
===~=~~K==
i= ~~= = ~= = = ~= = = = = ~=
~~= = = ~= = ~= ~= ~~= = ~= = = ~= =
~~= = ~I= = = = = = = ~= ~~=
=~=~~=~==~===~=~==~==
= = = ~= = = ~~= ~K= b= = ~I= ~=
~= = ~= ~~= = = = ~~= = ~= =
~~~===~K=
^~I= = = ~= = = ~= = = = = = =
~~~= = ~= = I= = ~~= = =
~~= ~I= = ~= = = ~= = ~= ~= = =
= ~~= ~K= b= = = ~= ~= ~I= ~= = ~=
~~~==~~I==~=~~==~=~=~=~K=
m==~==b~I=~=~==~~=====~=~=
= = ~= = ~= ~= = = I= ~= = = ~~= ~= ~= =
= = = ~= ~I= ~= ~= ~= ~~= = K= k=
~= ~= = ~= = ~= ~= = = = ~~= = ~=

32

~~=I===~I=~=~========
~=~~K=
b=~=~=======~I=~=~==
~= ~= = ~= = ~= = = ~= = ~~= ~~= ~=
~= = = = = W= = = ~~= ~= ~= ~~=
= ~= ~= ~= = ~= ~= = ~= ~~= ~= =
~~= = = = I= = ~= = = = ~=
~~======~K=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
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=
=
=
=
=
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=
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33

=
fsK=

^=^=~=`~=~~==a==m~=

b= ~= = ~= = = ~= ~= ~= ~~= =
= = ~= ~= = = = ~= = s~I= = ~~=
~=~~==~==~=~=~=~=~==~=~==~=~~~=
===~=~===~~==~==~=~=~K=
i~= = ~~~= = ~~= ~~= ~~~= ~= =
~= = = = = ~= ~~~= ~= ~= = = ~= = ~=
~= = ~~= ~~I= = ~= = ~= ~= = = =
= = = = ~~= ~~= = = = ~I= = =
~~= = = ~= ~= = ~= ~= = = = =
K=
r~= ~~= = = ~= = = ~= ~= ~= ~I= ~=
= ~= = ~= ~= ~~= ~~= = ~= = =
~= ~= = = = ~= = ~= = ~= = = ~~=
~I= = = = = = = ~= ~~= =
====~K=
b= = = ~~= ~= = ~= = = = ~~~=
==~=~~=~===~=~=~==~===
=~=~W=
_~~=~~~=====~~=~==~~==
~===~K=
b~~= ~= = ~~= = ~= ~~= ~~= ~~= =
I====~=~K=
m= ~~= = ~= = ~~= ~= = ~= ~= ~=
~= ~= ~~= ~~= = ~= ~I= ~= =
~K=
c~~= = ~~= = ~= ~= = ~~I= ~= ~I=
~==~~I====~~=====~=
~=~K=

34

 b~= = = ~= = ~= I= ~= = I= ~~= =
==~~===~=~~=~K=
m=~~==~=~=~~==bmp=====
I= ~~= ~= ~= ~= = = ~~~= ~=
~=~===K=
m= ~~= = ~= ~= = ~= = ~= = =
= = ~= ~~= = b~I= ~~= ~~= = ~= =
====K=
m~~= = ~=~= ~= =~= ~= ~~= = =
~=~~=~=~=~=~K=
r~= = ~= ~= ~I= = ~= ~~= ~= =
~I==~===~====~=
=~=~~==~=~~=====K=
f~~==~=~~==~~==~=~K=b==~=
=~~==~==~===~===~===
~~~=~I=~=~====~====
===K=a=~======~=
~==~=~~=~~=~K=
^~I= = ~~= ~= ~~= = ~= ~= ~= =
~~I=~=====~==~===~==~==
R
=~=~====~=~=~=~ K=

c~I====~=~=~~====~=
=~==~~I==~==~~=~==~==~=
~===K=
=
=

Esto es particularmente cierto en el caso de cooperativas en el agro, constituidas por personas en

situacin de pobreza muchas veces. En numerosas ocasiones, al otorgamiento del terreno y de los equipos
no se acompaa con la oportunidad debida de insumos y crditos de subsistencia, lo cual lleva al fracaso
de la iniciativa, incluyendo la liquidacin de los equipos para asegurar la subsistencia de los involucrados.

35

^~=~~=~=~===~==~K=r==
~= ~~= ~~= = = ~I= = ~= = ~= = = =
= = = ~= ~= ~I= = = ~= = = = = ~=
~~~= ~= ~~= ~~= = I= = = = =
~~==~K==
m~~====~=~~==~~=~~=~==~=
=~I==~=~=~=~==~=~===
~===~K=^~I=~~=====
= ~= ~= = ~= = ~= ~~~= = ~= ~= =
~= = = = = = ~= = = ~~= = =
~==~~K=
i~= = = = ~= = ~= = ~= ~= ~~= = ~=
~= ~= = ~~= ~~= ~= ~= = = =
==~=~==~=~=~K=
`~= = ~= ~= = ~= = = ~= ~~= =
b~K=p==~=~=~==~===~=~~=
= b~I= = = = ~~~= ~= = = = ~= ~= = ~=
~= ~~= = bmpK= m= ~= ~= = ~= ~~= = ~= ~=
= ~= = ~= = ~~= = = I= ~= =
~~= = ~= = ~= = ~= ~= = ~= = ~= ~~= =
~~= ~= ~= ~= ~= = ~= ~= ~= = =
~K==
m=~=~=======~=~===~===
~======~=~======
=~K=c~I====~==~=~==~=
~~=~=~=~=~~==~~~=~==~=~=
===K=
f~= = ~= ~= ~= = = K= p=
=~=~=~==~====~=~~==~=
~=I====~~=~=~==~=~==~=

36

~= = = = ~~ S K= b= ~= = ~= ~= = ~~I=
=~~==~~==~~=~==K=
p~= = ~= = = = = ~= ~K= a=
~==~=======~=~==
===~=~==~=~=~~==~=~=~====
====~~=~K=
b= = I= = ~~I= = = = = = =
~=====~==~=~=~=~=~K=a=
= I= = = = = = ~= ~= = =
=~=~=~===~~==~=~=~=
~~~= ~~= E= = = = = = = ~I= = FI= =
====~=~==~=~=~K=

Cabe mencionar al respecto una experiencia desarrollada en PDVSA, donde se vincula un nmero de
nuevas cooperativas EPS (creadas con el apoyo de PDVSA) con un contratista tradicional (denominado
empresa msculo), que es el que desarrolla la relacin directa con la corporacin.

37

=
sK==

_f_ifldo^c^=`fq^a^==

^I=lKX=i~~~~I=jK=
EOMMTFW=i~=`~~==^=====~==
=~=~==~=~~==p~==p=uufK=fiafpJjma=EbKFI=
s~I=b=OMMTK=K=VOK==`~~~I=s~K=
^I=c~=
EOMMSF=W=i=~~~==~=`I=fabdbpI=s~I=`~~~I=K=OMK=
b=qI=eK==jI=g~=`~I==
EOMMSFW=b~===~K=f=~~==~===
uufK=`fjJ`=a~K=`~~~K=
lfq=
ENVVVFWq~~= I= j~= = a= d~= ~= ~= UT= = = ~=
`~=f~~==q~~I=d~=NVVVK=
masp^J_^ofsbkI==
ELFW=i~=~=masp^K=b=~~==~=~~==~=~~=
=~===uufK=`~~~K==
oI=m=
EL=FW=`I=b=o~=pK^==
p~I=mKX=`~~I=jKW==
EOMMRF=b=a~=bW=r=a~=k~K=fiafp=EbKF=s~I=
`~~~K=K=RUK=
=
prk^`llm= =
EOMMTFW=p~==f~=p~==`~~=J=pfp`llmI==fW=
WLLK~KK==== =
=
=
=
=

38