84%(31)84% menganggap dokumen ini bermanfaat (31 suara)
22K tayangan13 halaman
The document summarizes an investigatory chemistry project analyzing the contents of various cold drinks. Tests were conducted on popular brands like Coca Cola, Limca, Sprite, Fanta and Mountain Dew to detect the presence of carbon dioxide, glucose, phosphate, alcohol and sucrose. The results showed that all drinks contained these components. Coca Cola had the lowest pH, making it the most acidic, while Limca was the least acidic. Sprite contained the most carbon dioxide while Fanta contained the least. Overall, the project found that while cold drinks contain various sugars and acids, consuming too many can be harmful to health.
The document summarizes an investigatory chemistry project analyzing the contents of various cold drinks. Tests were conducted on popular brands like Coca Cola, Limca, Sprite, Fanta and Mountain Dew to detect the presence of carbon dioxide, glucose, phosphate, alcohol and sucrose. The results showed that all drinks contained these components. Coca Cola had the lowest pH, making it the most acidic, while Limca was the least acidic. Sprite contained the most carbon dioxide while Fanta contained the least. Overall, the project found that while cold drinks contain various sugars and acids, consuming too many can be harmful to health.
The document summarizes an investigatory chemistry project analyzing the contents of various cold drinks. Tests were conducted on popular brands like Coca Cola, Limca, Sprite, Fanta and Mountain Dew to detect the presence of carbon dioxide, glucose, phosphate, alcohol and sucrose. The results showed that all drinks contained these components. Coca Cola had the lowest pH, making it the most acidic, while Limca was the least acidic. Sprite contained the most carbon dioxide while Fanta contained the least. Overall, the project found that while cold drinks contain various sugars and acids, consuming too many can be harmful to health.
Introduction Theory Aim Apparatus Chemicals Required Detection of pH Test for Carbon Dioxide Test for Glucose Test for Phosphate Test for Alcohol Test for Sucrose Result XIII. Precautions XIV. Conclusion Bibliography
*Introduction* The era of cold drinks began in 1952 but the industrialization in India marked its beginning with the launching of Limca and Goldspot by parley group of companies. Since, the beginning of cold drinks was highly profitable and luring, many multinational companies launched their brands in India like Pepsi and Coke. Now days, it is observed in general that majority of people viewed Sprite, Fanta and Limca to give feeling of lightness, while Pepsi and Thumps Up to activate pulse and brain.
*Theory*
Cold drinks of different brands are composed of alcohol, carbohydrates, carbon dioxide, phosphate ions etc. These soft drinks give feeling of warmth, lightness and have a tangy taste which is liked by everyone. Carbon dioxide is responsible for the formation of froth on shaking the bottle. The carbon dioxide gas is dissolved in water to form carbonic acid which is also responsible for the tangy taste. Carbohydrates are the naturally occurring organic compounds and are major source of energy to our body. General formula of carbohydrates is CX (H2O)Y. On the basis of their molecule size carbohydrates are classified as:- Monosaccharide, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides.
Glucose is a monosaccharide with formula C6H12O6.
It occurs in Free State in the ripen grapes in bones and also in many sweet fruits. It is also present in human blood to the extent of about 0.1%. Sucrose is one of the most useful disaccharides in our daily life. It is widely distributed in nature in juices, seeds and also in flowers of many plants. The main source of sucrose is sugar cane juice which contain 15-20 % sucrose and sugar beet which has about 10-17 % sucrose. The molecular formula of sucrose is C12H22O11. It is produced by a mixture of glucose and fructose. It is non-reducing in nature whereas glucose is reducing. Cold drinks are a bit acidic in nature and their acidity can be measured by finding their pH value. The pH values also depend upon the acidic contents such as citric acid and phosphoric acid . *Aim*
Comparative and Quantitive analysis of contents of following cold drinks:- 1. Coca Cola 2. Limca 3. Sprite 4. Fanta 5. Mountain dew
*Apparatus*
Test Tubes Test Tube Holder Test Tube Stand Stop Watch Beaker Bunsen Burner pH Paper Tripod Stand China Dish Wire Gauge Water Bath
*Chemicals Required*
Iodine Solution Potassium Iodide Sodium Hydroxide Lime Water Fehlings A & B Solution Concentrated Nitric Acid Benedict Solution Ammonium Molybdate
*Detection Of pH*
Experiment Small samples of cold drinks of different brands were taken in a test tube and put on the pH paper. The change in colour of pH paper was noticed and was compared with standard pH scale. Sr no. Name of Cold Drink Colour Observed pH value 1 Coca Cola Pink 2.3 2 Limca Dark Orange 4 3 Sprite Light Orange 3.1 4 Fanta Pale Orange 3.5 5 Mountain Dew Dark Yellow 3.2
Inference
Soft Drinks are generally acidic because of the presence of citric acid and phosphoric acid. pH values of cold drinks of different brand are different due to the variation in amount of acidic content.
*Test For Carbon Dioxide*
Experiment
As soon as the bottles were opened, one by one the samples were passed through lime water. The lime water turned milky.
Sr. No Name of cold drink Time taken (in seconds) Conclusion 1 Coca Cola 28 C02 is present 2 Limca 38 C02 is present 3 Sprite 20 C02 is present 4 Fanta 36 C02 is present 5 Mountain Dew 30 C02 is present
Inference
All the soft drinks contain dissolved carbon dioxide in water. The carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolves in water to form carbonic acid, which is responsible for its tangy taste. Chemical Reaction Ca(OH)2 (s) + CO2 (g) CaCO3 (s) + H2O(l)
*Test For Glucose*
Experiment
Glucose is a reducing sugar acid. Its presence is detected by the following test:-
1.Benedicts Reagent Test Small samples of cold drinks of different brands were taken in a test tube and a few drops of Benedicts reagent were added. The test tube was heated for few seconds. Formation of reddish color confirmed the presence of glucose in cold drinks. Sr. no Name of Cold Drink Observation Conclusion 1 Coca cola Reddish brown Precipitate Glucose is present 2 Limca Reddish brown Precipitate Glucose is present 3 Sprite Reddish brown Precipitate Glucose is present 4 Fanta Reddish brown Precipitate Glucose is present 5 Mountain Dew Reddish brown Precipitate Glucose is present
Inference
All the samples gave positive test for glucose with Benedicts reagent. Hence all the drinks contain glucose.
2. Fehlings Solution Test
Small samples of cold drinks of different brands were taken in a test tube and a few drops of Fehlings A solution and Fehlings B solution was added in equal amount. The test tube was heated in water bath for 10 minutes. Appearance of brown precipitate confirmed the presence of glucose in cold drinks. [Same as Benedicts observation]
Inference
All samples gave positive test for glucose with Fehlings (A & B) solutions. Hence all the cold drinks contain glucose.
*Test For Phosphate*
Experiment
Small samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate test tubes and Ammonium Molybdate followed by concentrated Nitric Acid (HNO3) was added to it. The solution was heated. Appearance of canary-yellow precipitate confirmed the presence of phosphate ions in cold drinks. Sr. no Name of Cold drink observation Conclusion 1 Coca cola Canary yellow precipitate Phosphate is present 2 Limca Canary yellow precipitate Phosphate is present 3 Sprite Canary yellow precipitate Phosphate is present 4 Fanta Canary yellow precipitate Phosphate is present 5 Mountain dew Canary yellow precipitate Phosphate is present
Inference
All the soft drinks samples gave positive test for phosphate ions. Hence all the cold drinks contain phosphate.
*Test For Alcohol*
Experiment
Small samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate test tubes and Iodine followed by Potassium Iodide and Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solution was added to each test tube. Then the test tubes were heated in hot water bath for 30 minutes. Appearance of yellow coloured precipitate confirmed the presence of alcohol in cold drinks. Sr. no Name of cold drink observation Conclusion 1 Coca cola Yellow precipitate Presence of alcohol 2 Limca Yellow precipitate Presence of alcohol 3 Sprite Yellow precipitate Presence of alcohol 4 Fanta Yellow precipitate Presence of alcohol 5 Mountain dew Yellow precipitate Presence of alcohol
Inference All the cold drinks samples gave positive test for alcohol. Hence all the cold drinks contain alcohol. Chemical Reaction CH3CH2OH + 4I2 + 6NaOH CHI3 + HCOONa + 5NaI + 5H2O
*Test for Sucrose*
Experiment
5 ml samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate china dishes and were heated very strongly until changes occur. Black coloured residue left confirmed the presence of sucrose in cold drinks.
Sr.no Name of cold drink observation Conclusion 1 Coca cola Black precipitate Sucrose is present 2 Limca Black precipitate Sucrose is present 3 Fanta Black precipitate Sucrose is present 4 Sprite Black precipitate Sucrose is present 5 Mountain dew Black precipitate Sucrose is present
Inference
All the brands of cold drinks contain sucrose. But amount of sucrose varies in each brand of drink. Fanta contains highest amount of sucrose.
*Result*
After conducting several tests, it was concluded that the different brands of cold drinks namely: 1. Coca Cola 2. Sprite 3. Limca 4. Fanta 5. Mountain Dew All contains glucose, alcohol, sucrose, phosphate and carbon dioxide. All cold drinks are acidic in nature. On comparing the pH value of different brands Coca Cola is the most acidic and Limca is least acidic of all the four brands taken. Among the four samples of cold drinks taken, Sprite has the maximum amount of dissolved carbon dioxide and Fanta has the minimum amount of dissolved carbon dioxide.
*Precautions*
Some of the precautions which need to be taken care of are Concentrated solutions should be handled with immense care. Hands should be washed thoroughly after performing each experiment. If possible, one should wear hand gloves to prevent from any possible damage. If chemicals come into contact with your skin or eyes, flush immediately with copious amounts of water. Never leave burners unattended. Turn them off whenever you leave your workstation. Never point a test tube or any vessel that you are heating at yourself or your neighbour.
*Conclusion*
DIS-ADVANTAGES OF COLD DRINKS
1. Soft drinks are little more harmful than sugar solution. As they contain sugar in large amount which cause problems in diabetes patients. 2. Soft drinks can cause weight gain as they interfere with the bodys natural ability to suppress hunger feeling. 3. Soft drinks have ability to dissolve the calcium so they are also harmful for our bones. 4. Soft drinks contain phosphoric acid which has a pH of 2.8. So they can dissolve a nail in about 4 days. 5. For transportation of soft drinks syrup the commercial truck must use the hazardous matter place cards reserved for highly consive material. 6. Soft drinks have also ability to remove blood so they are very harmful to our body.
USES OF COLD DRINKS
1. Cold drinks can be used as toilet cleaners. 2. They can remove rust spots from chrome car humpers. 3. They clean corrosion from car battery terminals. 4. Soft drinks are used as an excellent detergent to remove grease from clothes. 5. They can loose a rusted bolt.
*Bibliography*
Following books and websites were a source for my project .
The Coca-Cola formula is The Coca-Cola Company's secret recipe for Coca-Cola syrup that bottlers combine with carbonated water to create its line of cola soft drinks. As a publicity, marketing, and intellectual property protection strategy started by Robert W. Woodruff, the company presents the formula as a closely held trade secret known only to a few employees. The primary ingredients of Coca-Cola syrup include either high fructose corn syrup or sucrose derived from cane sugar, caramel color, caffeine, phosphoric acid, coca extract,lime extract, vanilla, and glycerin. [citation needed] High fructose corn syrup or sucrose are overwhelmingly the major added ingredients: one 600 ml bottle (20.29 U.S. fl. oz.) of Coca Cola contains the approximate equivalent of 15 teaspoons of sugar. [1] However, contrary to what is implied by the "cola" name, Coca-Cola syrup does not contain any kola nut extract. [2] Since no kola extracts are present in the recipe, the primary taste of Coca-Cola comes from vanilla and cinnamon with trace amounts of orange, lime and lemon and spices
Sprite Sprite is a colorless, lemon-lime flavored, caffeine-free soft drink, created by the Coca-Cola Company. It was developed in West Germany in 1959 as Fanta Klare Zitrone ("Clear Lemon Fanta") and introduced in the United States as Sprite in 1961. This was Coke's response to the popularity of 7 Up. It comes in a primarily silver, green, and blue can or a green transparent bottle with a primarily green and blue label.
Fanta Fanta is a global brand of fruit-flavored carbonated soft drinks created by The Coca-Cola Company. There are over 100 flavors worldwide. The drink originated in Germany in 1941. [1] In India, Fanta entered the market as a substitute for the then-popular Indian soft drink Gold Spot. When Coca-Cola re-entered the Indian market in 1993, it bought Gold Spot fromParle and withdrew it from the market in order to make space for Fanta.
Limca Limca is a lemon and lime flavoured carbonated soft drink made primarily in India and certain parts of the U.S. Prior to 1988 the original formula of Limca contained brominated vegetable oil (BVO). After world wide reports of ill effects of BVO - the use of BVO in soft drinks was banned in India. As a result of this ban - the formula for Limca was changed and BVO was removed from the concentrate for Limca. Limca also publishes the Limca Book of Records, a record book similar to the Guinness Book of Records, started originally by Mr Ramesh Chauhan. The Limca Book of Records details feats, records and other unique statistics from an Indian perspective. Mountain dew Mountain Dew (stylized as Mtn Dew in the United States) is a carbonated soft drink brand produced and owned by PepsiCo. The original formula was invented in 1940 by Tennessee beverage bottlers Barney and Ally Hartman and was first marketed in Marion, Between the 1940s and 1980s, there was just one variety of Mountain Dew, which was citrus-flavored and caffeinated. Diet Mountain Dew was introduced in 1988, [3] followed by Mountain Dew Red, which was introduced and subsequently discontinued in 1988. [4] In 2001, a cherry flavor called Code Red debuted.
(Bible in History - La Bible Dans L'histoire 8) John T. Willis - Yahweh and Moses in Conflict - The Role of Exodus 4-24-26 in The Book of Exodus-Peter Lang International Academic Publishers (2010)