RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CELL BIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY

CELL IS THE SMALLEST UNIT OF A LIVING ORGANISM.

THE ARCHITECTURE OF A CELL IS STUDIED IN CELL BIOLOGY.

THE ARCHITECTURE OF A CELL IS INVOLVED IN REGULATING THE FLOW
OF COMPOUNDS THROUGH THE SEQUENCES OF REACTIONS THAT CON-
STITUTES THE PATHWAY OF BIOCHEMISTRY.

CELLS ARE DIVIDED INTO 2 MAJOR GROUPS, THE PROKARYOTES (BACTE-
RIA, CYANOBACTERIA/BLUE-GREEN ALGAE) AND THE EUKARYOTES
(FUNGI, PLANTS, ANIMALS), BASED ON THE TYPES OF MEMBRANES THEY
CONTAIN AND THE COMPLEXITY OF THEIR GENETIC MATERIAL.
A COMPARISON OF PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS.
FEATURES HELD ON COMMON BY THE 2 TYPES OF CELL.
PLASMA MEMBRANE OF SIMILAR CONSTRUCTION.
GENETIC INFORMATION ENCODED IN DNA USING IDENTICAL
GENETIC CODE.
SIMILAR MECHANISMS FOR TRANSCRIPTION AND
TRANSLATION OF GENETIC INFORMATION, INCLUDING SIMILAR
RIBOSOMES.
SHARED METABOLIC PATHWAYS (e.g. GLYCOLYSIS AND TCA
CYCLES)
SIMILAR APPARATUS FOR CONSERVATION OF CHEMICAL
ENERGY AS ATP (LOCATED IN THE PLASMA MEMBRANE OF
PROKARYOTES AND THE MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE OF
EUKARYOTES).
SIMILAR MECHANISM OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS ( BETWEEN
CYANOBACTERIA AND GREEN PLANTS).
SIMILAR MECHANISM FOR SYNTHESIZING AND INSERTING
MEMBRANE PROTEINS.
PROTEASOMES (PROTEIN DIGESTING STRUCTURES) OF
SIMILAR CONSTRUCTION (BETWEEN ARCHAEBACTERIA AND
EUKARYOTES).
FEATURES OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS NOT FOUND IN PROKARYOTES
DIVISION OF CELLS INTO NUCLEUS AND CYTOPLASM, SEPARATED
BY A NUCLEAR ENVELOPE CONTAINING COMPLEX PORE
STRUCTURES.
COMPLEX CHROMOSOMES COMPOUND OF DNA AND ASSOCIATED
PROTEINS THAT ARE CAPABLE OF COMPACTING INTO MITOTI
STRUCTURES.
COMPLEX MEMBRANOUS CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES (INCLUDES
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, GOLGI COMPLEX, LYSOSOMES,
ENDOSOMES, PEROXISOMES AND GLYOXISOMES).
SPECIALIZED CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES FOR AEROBIC
RESPIRATION (MITOCHONDRIA) AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS
(CHLOROPLAST).
COMP:LEX CYTOSKELETON SYSTEM (INCLUDING
MICROFILAMENTS,INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS, AND
MICROTUBULES).
COMPLEX FLAGELLA AND CILIA.
CAPABLE OF INGESTING FLUID AND PARTICULAR MATERIAL BY
ENCLOSURE WITHIN PLASMA MEMBRANE VESICLES
(ENDOCYTOSIS AND PHAGOCYTOSIS).
CELLULOSE-CONTAINING CELL WALLS (IN PLANTS).
CELL DIVISION UTILIZING A MICROTUBULE-CONTAINING MITOTIC
SPINDLE THAT SEPARATES CHROMOSOMES.
PRESENCE OF 2 COPIES OF GENES PER CELL (DIPLOIDY), ONE
FROM EACH PARENT.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION REQUIRING MEIOSIS AND FERTILIZATION.


CELL MEMBRANE.
ALL CELLS ARE ENCLOSED BY A CELL MEMBRANE.
EUKARYOTIC CELLS CONTAIN INTRACELLULAR MEMBRANES
SURROUNDING SUBCELLULAR ORGANELLES
- ANIMAL CELL MEMBRANE : FLUID-MOSAIC .
- COMPOSED OF A LIPID BILAYER WITH EMBEDDED
PROTEINS.
THE BILAYER IS FORMED PRIMARY BY PHOSPHOLIPIDS.
CHOLESTEROL IS ALSO PRESENT (ONLY IN ANIMAL CELLS).
- PROTEINS : - INTEGRAL MEMBRANE PROTEINS
- PHERIPHERAL MEMBRANE PROTEINS
- FUNCTIONS : ENZYMES, TRANSPORTERS,
STRUCTURAL, RECEPTORS.
- SOME OF THE PROTEINS AND LIPIDS BEAR SHORT
CHAINS
OF CARBOHYDRATES ON THE EXTERIOR SIDE OF THE
MEMBRANE.


NUCLEUS.
THE LARGEST OF THE SUBCELLULAR ORGANELLES OF ANIMAL
CELLS.
THE NUCLEAR ENVELOPE CONSISTS OF 2 MEMBRANES; THE
OUTER MEMBRANE IS CONTINOUS WITH RER (CONTAINS
RIBOSOMES); PORES THROUGH THE 2 MEMBRANES.
MOST OF THE GENETIC MATERIAL OF THE CELL IS LOCATED IN
THE CHROMOSOMES, COMPOSED OF DNA AND HISTONES
(POSITIVELY CHARGED PROTEINS) AND OTHER PROTEINS.
THE NUCLEOPROTEIN COMPLEX IS CALLED CHROMATIN.


MITOCHONDRIA.
PRODUCE MOST OF THE CHEMICAL ENERGY REQUIRED BY THE
CELLS. ( TCA CYCLE AND ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN).
CONTAIN DNA.
THE MITOCHONDRIAL ENVELOPE IS COMPOSED OF OUTER AND
INNER MEMBRANE (CRISTAE).



ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM.
SER LACKS RIBOSOMES. CONTAIN ENZYMES INVOLVED IN LIPID
METABOLISM AND OXIDATIVE ENZYMES (CYP450)
RER ARE STUDDED WITH RIBOSOMES AND IS INVOLVED IN THE
SYBTHESIS OF CERTAIN TYPES OF PROTEINS.

GOLGI COMPLEX.
INVOLVED IN MODIFYING PROTEINS PRODUCED IN THE RER.
GLYCOSYLATION OF PROTEINS, PACKAGED IN VESICLES,
TRAVEL TO THE CELL MEMBRANE AND EXOCYTOSIS.
LYSOSOMES.
INVOLVED IN INTRACELLULAR DIGESTIONS.
CONTAINS PROTON PUMPS WHICH KEEP THE INTERNAL pH
NEAR 5
CONTAINS ACID HYDROLASES, THAT DIGEST ALL TYPES OF
BIOMOLECULES; THE PRODUCTS RETURN TO THE CYTOSOL TO
BE REUTILIZED.
THE LYSOSOMAL MEMBRANE IS IMPERMEABLE BOTH TO THE
LYSOSOMAL ENZYMES AND TO LARGE MOLECULES IN THE
CYTOPLASM
A NUMBER OF MECHANISM ARE INVOLVED IN BRINGING THE
SUBSTRATES AND THE LYSOSOMAL ENZYMES INTO CONTACT:
PHAGOCYTOSIS, PINOCYTOSIS.



PEROXISOMES.
INVOLVED IN OXIDATIVE REACTIONS USING MOLECULAR
OXYGEN, PRODUCING H202, AND DEGRADED BY CATALASE.
ONE OF THE TASK OF PEROXISOMES IS TO OXIDIZE VERY LONG
CHAIN FATTY ACIDS (> 20 CARBONS) TO SHORTER CHAIN WHICH
ARE THEN TRANSFERRED TO MITOCHONDRIA.

TRANSPORT ACROSS MEMBRANE.
PASSIVE TRANSPORT :
ELECTRO-CHEMICAL GRADIENT. DOESNT USE ENERGY.
SIMPLE DIFFUSION ( O2, CO2, H2O, STEROID
HORMONE).CHLORIDE SHIFT)
CHANNELS.

ACTIVE TRANSPORT.
AGAINST ELECTRO-CHEMICAL GRADIENT, USE ENERGY.
ALWAYS AS MEDIATED TRANSPORT.( Na+,K+ -
ATPase/SODIUM PUMP).

SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT:
EXAMPLES : TRANSPORT OF GLUCOSE AND AMINO
ACID FROM INTESTINE LUMEN TO MUCOUS CELL.

GROUP TRANSLOCATION.
GAMMA-GLUTAMYL CYCLE.

VIRUSES.
COMPOSED MAINLY OF DNA OR RNA, SURROUNDED BY
A PROTEIN.
CANNOT REPRODUCE BY THEMSELVES.
THEY INJECT THEIR GENETIC MATERIAL INTO HOST
CELLS, REPLICATED AND SYNTHESIZING PROTEIN,
PRODUCING NEW VIRUS PARTICLE.
RETRO VIRUS CONTAINS REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE.