Compilation of Reports and Assignments in High School (Grade 7, Grade 8 and Others) - K To 12 Program of The Philippines

ToGettheFULLCOMPILATION,pleaseemail:r_borres@yahoo.
com
COMPILATIONOF
ASSIGNMENTSANDREPORTS
INHIGHSCHOOLINTHE
PHILIPPINES
(Grade7,Grade8and
GeneralSubjectsinHighSchool)

ToGettheFULLCOMPILATION,pleaseemail:r_borres@yahoo.com
LISTOFASSIGNMENTSANDREPORTS
(2BookReviews,1MovieReviewand220Assignments)
BOOKREVIEWS:
1. AnimalFarm
2. LittlePrince
3. MiniBookReview:
a. AngDagaatLeon
b. AngPagongatangGansa
c. AngKabayoatBuriko
d. AngUngoyatPagong
MOVIEREVIEW:
1. TheDayAfterTomorrow
ASSIGNMENTS:
(79inGrade7,50inGrade8and91inHSGeneralSubjects)
GRADE7:
1. AgendainEnvironmentalScience2
2. AnswertoAtmospherequestions
3. Artifacts
4. Aurora
5. BookReportsMinor
6. CleaningToolsandMaterials
7. ComparisonThesisandDepEdIntelFormat
8. CompilationofAssignmentsGrade7.pptx
9. ConstellationDefinition
10. Cooking
11. CoreComposition
12. Darangen
13. DataCollectionMethodsinStatistics
14. DepEdIntelResearchOutline
15. DepEdIntel
16. Dependent,Independent,MutualandNotMutual
17. DrawingLayout
18. Earthquake
19. EnviromentalScienc22Agenda
20. EthnicGroupsofthePhilippines
21. FoodPyramid
22. Forest
23. Galaxies
24. HistoricEarthquakes
25. ImpengNegro
26. IndigenousArts.ppt
27. IndigenousofPalawanandZamboanga
28. IndigenousePeopleofthePhilippines
29. Inventions
30. Kakanin
31. KitchenUtinsils
32. LayerofEarth
33. LupangHinirang
34. MajorOrganSystems
35. MakabagongPabula
36. MakatiBarangays
37. Matter
38. MgaEpiko
39. MgaGawainArtefacts
40. MicroscopeParts
41. MindanaoMusicalInstruments
42. MindanaoMusic
43. MountainsandVolcanoes
44. MovieReviewTheDayAfterTommorrow
45. Nemo,angbatangpapel
46. NutritionalValuesofFish
47. Ocean
48. PambansangSimbolo
49. PDFReferences
50. PermutaitonandCombination
51. PrepositionsGrammar
52. SciDama
53. seafoodrecipe
54. SentenceStructure
55. Sentence
56. SetMath
57. SinaunangKulturangPilipino
58. SkewnessandKurtosis
59. Soil
60. SolarSystemandPlanets
61. solidliquidgas
62. SpaceTelescopes
63. StarClassification
64. Statistics
65. StepsinScientificMethod
66. SuggestedTopicsforScientificInvestigation
67. SurveyofCalamityResearch
68. SurveyofCalamityLetter
69. TechnicalWriting
70. Theatmosphere
71. TheMagneticFieldofEarth
72. TheScienceprocess
73. TheScientificMethod
74. TheSun
75. TranscriptforPhilindiginousart
76. TypesofEssay
77. TypesofRocks
78. Weathering
79. WeddingDance
GRADE8:
1. AlamatngBaguio(MinangGinto)
2. AngKatamaranngPilipino
3. AngmgaUnangKabihasnan
4. BacteriathatCausesDiseasesListofpathogenicbacteria
5. BacteriatheCauseDiseases
6. Biologist
7. BiologyAdvancement
8. Biology
9. BotanyandGermTheorySchleidenandSchwann
10. BranchesofBiology
11. BriefHistoryofIsrael
12. CellCycle
13. CharactersiticsofIndianLiterature
14. FamousBiologistScientists(Foreign)
15. GeneMutation
16. HumanSexualityWhattolearnandWhen
17. HumanSexualityCare
18. InventionsandScientists
19. JapaneseTrations
20. KatamaranngPilipino(TheIndolenceoftheFilipino)Jose
Rizal
21. LittlePrinceBookReview
22. MgaKahuluganTradiyongPilipino
23. MultimediaanditsNewFormat
24. MusicandWorkout
25. MusicofThailand
26. MusicianofIsrael
27. NewScientificInventionsof2012
28. NutritionDeficienciesepp
29. NutritionDisorders
30. PagibigsatinubuanglupaAndresBonifacio
31. PastryandBread
32. SaAkingmgakababataDr.JoseRizal
33. SANAYSAY
34. ScientistFamous
35. Scientists(Local)
36. SeizureCausebyAbnormalElectricalActivityintheBrain
37. Senators16thCongress
38. SinaunangKabihasnanngMesapotamia
39. Strabismus
40. Synophrys
41. TheCell
42. TheIndolenceoftheFilipinoPeople
43. TremorMuscleContraction
44. Tuwaang
45. TypesofGraphs
46. UhawangTigangngLupa
47. VegetationDetails
48. VegetationExplanation
49. VegetationMap
50. WritingACriticalAnalysisEssay
GENERALHIGHSCHOOLSUBJECTS:
1. 2ndLt.Onoda
2. AngKalupiMaiklingKwentongMakabanghay
3. AngTimogAsya
4. AngTula
5. AngelmanSyndrome
6. AntsandPlants
7. AnyongLupa
8. AnyongTubig
9. APQuestionnaire
10. ApplicationSoftwareResearch
11. Arctic
12. BasicFoodHandlingSafety
13. BestFilipinoinventionsfor2012
14. BoneandMuscleDiseases
15. Brainstem
16. BuildingBetterBatteriesChemistry
17. CaloricGuideforFilipino
18. Carmaintenancechecklist
19. Cerbrum
20. ChromosomalAberration
21. CirculatorySystem
22. ConvexMirrorusedinCar
23. Convex
24. CorneliaDeLangeSyndrome
25. CultureofFilipinos
26. DataCollectionMethodsinStatistics
27. DiseasesMarasmus,etc.
28. EdithTiempoBiography
29. EthnicandIndigenousGroupsofthePhilippines
30. FamousFilipinoInventors
31. FilipinoArtists
32. FilipinoCustomsandTraditions
33. FilipinoEpics
34. FISH
35. Fish(Final)
36. Force
37. GeneMutation
38. Heograpiya
39. HistoryofEarlyFilipinoPeople
40. Hominadae
41. HouseHoldMaterials
42. Howcanplasticbemadeoutofmilk
43. HowtoWriteaThesisStatement
44. Idioms
45. IndianLiterature
46. InformationSystem
47. Information Technology and ClientServe and WebServer
Definitions
48. InventionsClassical
49. InventionsNew2
50. InventionsNew
51. KabukiandKabukiClothing
52. Kahapon,NgayonatBukas
53. KasaysayanngDaigdig
54. KasaysayangngNaicCavite
55. Katipunan
56. KawasakiSyndrome
57. KinagisnangBalonniAndresCristobalCruz
58. KindsofOrchids2
59. KwakiutlTribe
60. Lithosphere
61. MgaEpiko(5epiko)
62. MgaPangkatEtnikongPilipino
63. MusclesClassifications
64. MusicTaraTena
65. NewScienceDiscoveries
66. Onedaymenu
67. PaalamsaPagkabata
68. PatakarangPangkabuhayanngmgaEspanyol
69. PatryandBreads
70. PestControl
71. Physiocrats
72. PickingaMediumofInstructioninClass
73. Planets
74. PrimaryEnergySourceinthePhilippines
75. Probability
76. Recipe(Desserts)
77. RECIPES
78. References
79. Rogelio+Sicatedited
80. ScandinavianDesign
81. ScienceInvestigatoryProject
82. ScienceJournal
83. SeaMonsterMasks
84. SectorngSambayanan
85. SpacecraftInstruments
86. Spacecraft
87. TotemPoles
88. EssayDefinitionComprehensive
89. TypicalFilipinoDishes
90. UserofConvexMirrorinVehicle
91. WhatisPneumonia

1
ST
PAGES
OFREPORTSANDASSIGNMENTS

TogettheFULLCOMPILATION,pleaseemailme:r_borres@yahoo.com
COMPILATION
OF
ASSIGNMENTSANDREPORTS
INGRADE7

BOOKREVIEWS

ANIMALFARM:
Animal Farm Major Characters

Mr. Jones: The farmer. In previous years, while he worked the animals hard, he used to be a capable farmer. Recently, though, he lost
money in a lawsuit, became depressed, and started drinking heavily. He no longer gets much done and he spends a lot of time drinking
and reading the newspapers in the kitchen.
Old Major: The prize Middle White boar, always called Old Major although at pig shows he was exhibited under the name
Willingdon Beauty. At the time of his death he was twelve years old, quite stout and majestic-looking with a wise and benevolent
appearance
Boxer: The male cart-horse, is very large and as strong as any two ordinary horses put together. He has a white stripe down his nose,
which makes him look slightly stupid, and in fact he isn't highly intelligent, but he is steady, very hard-working and respected by all.
Clover: the female cart-horse, is very kind and motherly. She is stout, never having gotten her figure back after her fourth foal. She is
devoted to Boxer.
Benjamin: The donkey is the oldest and worst-tempered animal on the farm. He doesn't seemto care who is in charge of the farm
since he says it makes no difference in his life. He is very cynical, he seldomtalks and never laughs. He is also very intelligent and
insightful. He is devoted to Boxer in his own way, and the two of themusually spend their Sundays together grazing side by side.
Snowball: A boar. Vivacious, creative and quick in speech, but not considered as 'deep' as Napoleon. After he is expelled fromthe
farm, Napoleon and Squealer identify himas the 'enemy' and blame him for everything that goes wrong.
Napoleon: A Berkshire boar (Berkshires are large, black pigs). He is rather fierce-looking. He doesn't talk much, but has a reputation
for getting his own way. Later he becomes the Leader of Animal Farm and is hero-worshipped by the other animals.
Squealer: A porker, small and fat with round cheeks, twinkling eyes, nimble movements and a shrill voice. He is very persuasive, can
convince anyone of anything, and when arguing a difficult point he has an almost hypnotic way of skipping from side to side and
whisking his tail.
Minor Characters
The Dogs: Become the 'police' for Napoleon. Originally there are three dogs on the farm, Bluebell, J essie, and Pincher. When
Bluebell and J essie give birth to nine puppies between them, Napoleon says he will educate the young puppies and secludes themin a
loft in which he trains them to be his personal guard. The dogs become his weapon of terror, tearing out the throats of his political
opponents.
The Pigs: The cleverest animals on the farm, find it easiest to learn to read and write and understand Animalism, and so they teach the
other animals. They do not produce food by their own labor, but say they are the 'brain-workers' and become the leaders of the farm.
Of the male pigs, only Snowball and Napoleon are boars (kept for breeding) and the others are porkers (i.e. have been castrated so as
to be raised for meat).
Muriel: The white goat. She learns to read even better than the dogs can, and sometimes reads to the others in the evenings from
scraps of newspaper which she finds on the rubbish heap.
Mollie: The white mare is very pretty and shallow. She loves sugar and plaiting her mane with ribbons, and she doesn't understand or
care about political ideas.
The Cat: She is always looking for the most comfortable place to sleep and disappears whenever there is work or danger around.
Moses: The tame raven. He is Mr. J ones's special pet, is a spy and does no work - the other animals don't like him. He tells the
animals about a special place called Sugarcandy Mountain where all animals go when they die. Moses likes beer - Mr. J ones
sometimes feeds himon beer-soaked crusts of bread.
Mrs. Jones: The farmer's wife.
Pilkington: An easygoing upper-class farmer who lets his farmrun down and get neglected, spending most of his time hunting or
fishing.
Frederick: A tough, shrewd farmer. He is money-minded, drives hard bargains and is always taking people to court.
Minimus: A pig with a special talent for composing songs and poems, who becomes the official poet.
Mr. Whymper: The solicitor. He is a sly-looking little man with side whiskers, a solicitor with a very small business, but clever
enough to realize before anyone else that Animal Farmwill need a broker and the commissions will be worth having.
The Sheep: Probably the stupidest animals on the farm. They become Napoleon's most brainlessly devoted followers.
Animal Farm Objects/Places
BOOKREPORTSAFILIPINO
Pamagatngkwento:AngLeonatangDaga
Sumulatngkwento:Aesop(FromtheAesopsFables)

Pamagatngkwento:AngMadaldalngPagong
Sumulatngkwento:Aragon,AngelitaL.MgaAlamatatibapangmgaKuwento(Legendsandother
Stories).QuezonCity:TruCopyPrintingPress,1986,pp.4849
Tauhan:
1. Pagong
2. DalawangGanzaAbuhinatPuti
3. Mgabata
Pamagatngkwento:AngBurikoatangkabayo
Sumulatngkwento:BootsAgbayaniPastor

Pamagatngkwento:AngPagongatUnggoy
Sumulatngkwento:EutiquianoGarcia

MOVIEREVIEW
THEDAYAFTERTOMORROW
Plot
JackHallisapaleoclimatologistonanexpeditioninAntarcticawithcolleaguesFrankandJason.
They are drilling for ice core samples on the Larsen Ice Shelf for the NOAA when the shelf
breaksoffandJackalmostfallstohisdeath.
Lateron,inNewDelhi,India,JackpresentshisfindingsonglobalwarmingataUnitedNations
conference, where diplomats and Vice President of the United States Raymond Becker are
unconvinced by Jack's findings. However, Professor Terry Rapson of the Hedland Climate
Research Centre in Scotland believes in Jack's theories. Several buoys in the North Atlantic
simultaneously show a massive drop in the ocean temperature, and Rapson concludes that
melting polar ice is disrupting the North Atlantic current. He contacts Jack, whose
paleoclimatological weather model shows how climate changes caused the first Ice Age. His
team, along with NASA's meteorologist Janet Tokada, builds a forecast model with their
combineddata.
Acrosstheworld,violentweathercausesmassdestruction.U.S.PresidentBlakeauthorizesthe
FAAtosuspendallairtrafficduetosevereturbulence.AttheInternationalSpaceStation(ISS)
three astronauts see a huge storm system spanning the northern hemisphere, delaying their
returnhome.Thesituationworsenswhenthelatterdevelopsintothreemassivehurricanelike
ASSIGNMENTS
CLASSIFICATIONOFVOLCANOES
A popular way of classifying magmatic volcanoes is by their frequency of eruption, with those
thateruptregularlycalledactive,thosethathaveeruptedinhistoricaltimesbutarenowquiet
called dormant or inactive, and those that have not erupted in historical times called extinct.
However, these popular classificationsextinct in particularare practically meaningless to
scientists. They use classifications which refer to a particular volcano's formative and eruptive
processesandresultingshapes,whichwasexplainedabove.
ACTIVE
MT.MAYONANACTIVEVOLCANO
MayonVolcano,AlbayProvince,2,462metres,Eruption:1616to2010
Thereisnoconsensusamongvolcanologistsonhowtodefinean"active"volcano.Thelifespan
of a volcano can vary from months to several million years, making such a distinction
sometimes meaningless when compared to the lifespans of humans or even civilizations. For
example, many of Earth's volcanoes have erupted dozens of times in the past few thousand
yearsbutarenotcurrentlyshowingsignsoferuption.Giventhelonglifespanofsuchvolcanoes,
theyareveryactive.Byhumanlifespans,however,theyarenot.
Scientistsusuallyconsideravolcanotobeeruptingorlikelytoeruptifitiscurrentlyerupting,
orshowingsignsofunrestsuchasunusualearthquakeactivityorsignificantnewgasemissions.
MOUNTAINSANDVOLCANOES
Essentiallyavolcanoisatypeofmountain.
Mountain:
Mountains can be formed in a couple of different ways. Different kinds of mountains are
formed different ways. There are four different kinds of mountains: Volcanic, erosional, fault
block,andfolded.
A mountain is usually produced by the movement of lithospheric plates, either orogenic

movement or epeirogenic movement. Compressional forces, isostatic uplift and intrusion of
igneous matter forces surface rock upward, creating a landform higher than the surrounding
features.Theheightofthefeaturemakesiteitherahillor,ifhigherandsteeper,amountain.
Theabsoluteheightsoffeaturestermedmountainsandhillsvarygreatlyaccordingtoanarea's
terrain. The major mountains tend to occur in long linear arcs, indicating tectonic plate
boundariesandactivity.Twotypesofmountainareformedinthiswaydependingonhowthe
rockreactstothetectonicforces,foldmountainsorfaultblockmountains.Othermountain
buildingprocessesincludevolcanoesandseafloorspreading.
Volcanoes:
Volcanicmountains,alsoknownasvolcanoes,canbestandingaloneorbepartofonebigchain
of volcanoes. Volcanoes are areas in which lava and magma move to the surface and burst
through the crust. Igneous rocks are formed here. Sometimes, hot molten rock spews out of
volcanoes. This is earth's way of releasing its internal heat. Many people have died and cities
havebeenburiedfromvolcaniceruptions.AnareawithachainofvolcanoesisHawaii.Mauna
Kea(4,205m/13,796ft)isanexampleofavolcanicmountain.
Volcanoestypicallyoccurduetothecollisionofacontinentalplateandanoceanicplate,where
the denser oceanic plate undergoes 'subduction' and slips under the less dense continental
plate.
Volcanoes can also form where there is stretching and thinning of the Earth's crust in the
interiorsofplates,e.g.,intheEastAfricanRift,theWellsGrayClearwatervolcanicfieldandthe
Rio Grande Rift in North America. This type of volcanism falls under the umbrella of "Plate
hypothesis" volcanism. Volcanism away from plate boundaries has also been explained as
mantle plumes. These socalled "hotspots", for example Hawaii, are postulated to arise from
upwellingdiapirswithmagmafromthecoremantleboundary,3,000kmdeepintheEarth.
The extreme heat and pressure exerted on this subducting oceanic plate, causing uplifting of
magmafromtheearth'smantle,whichrisesandbreachesthesurface,creatingavolcano.
Theremustbesomefissureorcrackinthecrustinorderforavolcanotoformandthemagma
torisethrough.
EARTHQUAKE
Anearthquake(alsoknownasaquake,tremorortemblor)istheresultofasuddenreleaseofenergyin
theEarth'scrustthatcreatesseismicwaves.Theseismicity,seismismorseismicactivityofanarearefers
tothefrequency,typeandsizeofearthquakesexperiencedoveraperiodoftime.Earthquakesare
measuredusingobservationsfromseismometers.
Measuringandlocatingearthquakes
Earthquakescanberecordedbyseismometersuptogreatdistances,becauseseismicwavestravel
throughthewholeEarth'sinterior.Theabsolutemagnitudeofaquakeisconventionallyreportedby
numbersontheMomentmagnitudescale(formerlyRichterscale,magnitude7causingseriousdamage
overlargeareas),whereasthefeltmagnitudeisreportedusingthemodifiedMercalliintensityscale
(intensityIIXII).
Everytremorproducesdifferenttypesofseismicwaves,whichtravelthroughrockwithdifferent
velocities:
LongitudinalPwaves(shockorpressurewaves)
TransverseSwaves(bothbodywaves)
Surfacewaves(RayleighandLovewaves)
Propagationvelocityoftheseismicwavesrangesfromapprox.3km/supto13km/s,dependingonthe
densityandelasticityofthemedium.IntheEarth'sinteriortheshockorPwavestravelmuchfaster
thantheSwaves(approx.relation1.7:1).Thedifferencesintraveltimefromtheepicentretothe
observatoryareameasureofthedistanceandcanbeusedtoimagebothsourcesofquakesand
structureswithintheEarth.Alsothedepthofthehypocentercanbecomputedroughly.
InsolidrockPwavestravelatabout6to7kmpersecond;thevelocityincreaseswithinthedeepmantle
to~13km/s.ThevelocityofSwavesrangesfrom23km/sinlightsedimentsand45km/sinthe
Earth'scrustupto7km/sinthedeepmantle.Asaconsequence,thefirstwavesofadistantearthquake
arriveatanobservatoryviatheEarth'smantle.
Ruleofthumb:Ontheaverage,thekilometerdistancetotheearthquakeisthenumberofseconds
betweenthePandSwavetimes8.[44]Slightdeviationsarecausedbyinhomogeneitiesofsubsurface
structure.BysuchanalysesofseismogramstheEarth'scorewaslocatedin1913byBenoGutenberg.
Earthquakesarenotonlycategorizedbytheirmagnitudebutalsobytheplacewheretheyoccur.The
worldisdividedinto754FlinnEngdahlregions(FEregions),whicharebasedonpoliticaland
geographicalboundariesaswellasseismicactivity.MoreactivezonesaredividedintosmallerFE
regionswhereaslessactivezonesbelongtolargerFEregions.
22 AGENDA IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
1. PollutionandHumanHealth
2. PopulationandEffectstoNaturalResourcesandHumanHealth
3. NaturalResourcesLand,WaterandAirResources
4. EnvironmentalProtectionLawsandPoliciesInternationalandLocalLawsandPolicies
5. EnvironmentProtectionandConservation
6. RenewableEnergyandNonrenewableenergyanditseffectinenvironment
7. RenewableandNonrenewablenaturalresources
8. WasteManagementLawsandPolicies
9. TypesofWaste(BiodegradableandNonbiodegradable)
10. Recycling
11. WeathersandClimatesanditseffectsintheenvironment
12. ComponentsandpartsofEarthMineralsRocks,waterandearthresources,andtectonics
13. Naturalandmanmadedisasters,iteffectsonecosystem,environment,andpeople
14. SpaceScienceanditsrelationshiptolifeandenvironmentinearthAtmosphereandouter
space,solarsystem,galaxiesandtheuniverse
15. SpeciesinEarth
EndangeredSpecies
ExtinctSpecies
16. Habitatsisanecologicalorenvironmentalareathatisinhabitedbyaparticularspeciesof
animal,plant,orothertypeoforganism.
17. Plants,trees,animals
Theirrelationshipwithconservationandprotectionofenvironment
Theirrelationshipwithmedicinesanddrugsasitsrawmaterialsources
Foodandasrawmaterials
18. Ecosystemisacommunityoflivingorganisms(plants,animalsandmicrobes)inconjunction
withthenonlivingcomponentsoftheirenvironment(thingslikeair,waterandmineralsoil),
interactingasasystem.
EARTHSCIENCEASSIGNMENT
1. Describethemovementoftheairmoleculesduringtransferofheatbyconductionand
convection.
Answer:
Movementofairmolecules:
Themovementofairmoleculesfromoneplacetoanotherisduetodifferencesin
energyoftheairineacharea.Moreenergeticairmoleculesarewarmer,fasterandless
densethanlessenergeticairmolecules.Inresponsetochangesintemperature,air
moleculesmovefasterandspreadapart,ormoveslowerandgetclosertogether.
Thus:
Forconduction:sincethemoleculeofairhasdirectcontactwithotherfastmoving
molecules(heatedmolecules),thentheairmoleculeswillmovefasterandlessdense.
Forconvection:sincetheairmoleculehasnodirectcontactwiththesourceofheat,
thentheairmoleculeswillmoveslowerthenconductionandmoredenser.Butitwillbe
fasterthanwhenitisinnormaltemperature.
2. Thedensityofairdecreasesasyouclimbamountain.Whathappenstotheairpressure
asyouclimbhigher?Why?
Answer:
TheAirPressureasyouclimbhigherwillalsodecreasethesameasthedensity.
Thisisbecause,intermsofagas,densityandpressurehaveaproportionalrelationship.
Thehigherthepressureofthegas,thehigherthedensity.Thelowerthepressureofthe
gas,thelowerthedensity.
3. Startingatthesurfaceoftheearth,listeachlayeroftheatmospherebyincreasing
altitude.
Refertotheattachedpage.

ARTIFACTS
1. Primaryaatsekundaryangsanggunian
a. PrimaryangsanggunianOrihinalnalibro,artikuloatibapangbagaynanagbibigaykaisipan
atimpormasyonnasinulatatginawangisangindibidwaloisanggrupongmgatao.
Sulat,MaiklingKwento,Pelikula,Tula,Akto,Yugto,Talumpatiatmgalarawan.

Panulat PelikulaatTeatro
b. SekundaryangSanggunian:
Pagsusulatngreaksyon,pagsusuriopagbibigaykahulugansamgaprimaryang
sanggunian.

AURORA
Aglowingstreamerofthenorthernlights(AuroraBorealis)appearsintheskyabovealakenearKautokeino,
Norway.
Amateurastronomerscanobserveauroraswithoutanyspecialequipment.
Anauroraisadisplayofcoloredlightinthenightskythatoccursprimarilyinhigh
latitudesofbothhemispheres.AurorasintheNorthernHemispherearecalledthe
northern lights, or aurora borealis. In the United States they are most frequent
andspectacularinAlaskaandotherNorthernstates.Theyareseenapproximately
25 times a year. In the Southern Hemisphere auroras are called the southern
lights,orauroraaustralis.
The aurora is usually white with a greenish tinge but may take on a yellowish or
reddish cast. Vertical rays, like searchlight beams, are common. In the beautiful
corona form of aurora, rays seem to meet overhead in a starlike shape. In the
spectacular flame type, tonguelike rays ripple upward. Vertical rays rising from
curvingbandsarecalleddraperies.
Auroras appear when highly charged particles from sunspots and solar flares
excitethethingasesoftheupperatmosphereandmakethemglow.Displaysare
mostfrequentinspringandfallbecausetheEarthisthenmostnearlyinlinewith
zones of the sun where sunspots are large and frequent. However, auroras may
bemostfrequentduringwinterincertainareas.

CLEANINGTOOLS,EQUIPMENTANDMATERIALS
CLASSIFICATION NAME DRAWING USE
CleaningTool Broom
Useforsweepingdust,
dirtandsmallgarbage
CleaningTool Dustpan
Topickupdust,dirt
andgarbageafter
sweeping
CleaningTool Mop
Usetocleanwetfloors
orfordryingwetfloors
GENERALTHESISFORMATANDDEPEDINTELRESEARCHFORMATCOMPARISON
GENERALFORMATFORATHESIS
THEDEPEDINTEL
FORMAT
DEFINITION COMPARISON

ODUCTORYPAGES

rPage Withspecificlayoutforcoverpageandtitlepage Bothhavespecificlayoutforcover
pageandtitlepage
Page TitlePage

isCommittee None Alistcontainingthenames,title,andaffiliationsofthe
committeemembers,withspacefortheirsignaturesand
date
Nocommitteeisnecessaryforthe
DepEdIntelFormat
isExaminingCommittee None Alistcontainingthenames,titles,andaffiliationsofthe
ThesisExaminingCommitteemembers,withspacefor
theirsignaturesanddate
Noexaminingcommitteeisnecessary
fortheDepEdIntelFormat
cation(Optional) Dedication(Optional) Itshouldbebriefandneednotincludethework
dedicated;forexample,ToKhalfanissufficient.
Same
owledgement(Optional) Acknowledgments Intheacknowledgement,thestudentthanksmentorsand
colleagueswhosupportedtheresearch.The
acknowledgementsshouldnotexceedonepage.
Same
ract Abstract Anabstractbrieflysummarizesthecontentsofthepaper.
Itshouldbeapproximatelyonepagesinglespaced.
Same
raph(Optional) None Anepigraphisabrief,pertinentquotation.Thenameof
theauthoroftheepigraph(sometimesonlythelastname
ofawellknownauthor)appearsbelowtheepigraph,
rightjustified.
NoepigraphisneededfortheDepEd
Intelformat.
eofContents TableofContents Thetableofcontentslistsallthepartsofthepaper Same
ofTables(Optional) ListofFiguresand
Tables
Thisisalistofallthetabletitlesinnumericalorderwith
theirpagenumbers.
Listoffiguresandtableareplacedon
thesamepartintheDepEdIntel
Format
ofFigures(Optional) Thisisalistofallfigurestitlesinnumericalorderwith
theirpagenumbers.
ofSymbolsandAbbreviations
ional)
None Thisisanalphabeticallistoftheconventionalsignsand
shortenedformsofwordsorphrasesusedinthetext.
NonefortheDepEdIntelFormat
sary(Optional) None Athesiswhichcontainsmanyforeignortechnicalterms

shouldincludealistofthem,followedbytheirtranslation
ordefinition.Thesetermsshouldbearranged
alphabetically.
NonefortheDepEdIntelFormat
CONSTELLATIONS
The constellationOrionis one

ofthemostrecognizableinthe
nightsky.
In modernastronomy,
aconstellationis an
internationally defined area of
the celestial sphere. These
areas are grouped
aroundasterisms, patterns
formed by prominent stars
within apparent proximity to
one another on Earth'snight
sky.
There are88 standard

constellationsrecognized by
theInternationalAstronomicalUnion(IAU)since1922.Themajorityofthesegobacktothe48
constellations defined byPtolemyin hisAlmagest(2nd century). The remaining ones were
defined in the 17th and 18th century; the most recent ones are found on the southern sky,
definedinCoelumaustralestelliferumbyNicolasLouisdeLacaille(1763).
There are also numeroushistorical constellationsnot recognized by the IAU, or constellations

recognized in regional traditions of astronomy orastrology, such as
Chinese,HinduorAustralianAboriginal.

CONSTELLATIONSARENOTPHYSICALGROUPINGS:
Theapparentgroupingsofstarsintoconstellationsthatweseeonthecelestialspherearenot
physicalgroupings.Inmostcasesthestarsinconstellationsareeachatverydifferentdistances
fromus,andonlyappeartobegroupedbecausetheyliein approximatelythe samedirection.
This is illustrated in the following figure for the stars of the Big Dipper, where their physical
CORECOMPOSITION
ThemostsimplisticviewoftheEarth'scoreisthatitiscomposedmostlyofmetalliciron,
theinnercorebeingpureironinahexagonalclosepacked(hcp)crystallineform,andtheouter
core being molten iron with approximately 10 per cent by weight of a light element such as
oxygen or sulphur. This view is satisfactory from a geophysical perspective in that it accounts
for the core density estimated from the mean density and moment of inertia of the Earth, as
well as from seismic body wave velocities. If, however, we use the crust and the mantle as a
guide,theEarth'scoreisprobablyanythingbutnearlypureorofsimplecomposition.Themain
problemwithdeterminingtheactualcorecompositioniscausedbyitsremoteness,theabsence
of core xenoliths, and the difficulty of replicating the extreme pressures and temperatures of
thecoreinthelaboratory.
IRONNICKELCOMPOSITION:
Mostcurrentideasonthecompositionofthecorehavebeenstronglyinfluencedbythe
ironnickel meteorite analogy. In the earlier part of the twentieth century, the idea was
developed that meteorites were remnants of a single, disrupted planet. As a result, the
meteoriticEarthhypothesiswasformulatedtogiveinsightontheEarth'sinternalcomposition.
Thehypothesisheldthatthestonymeteoritesrepresentedthedisruptedplanet'smantle,and
ironnickel meteorites the core. It followed then that the Earth's core must also be similar in
composition to iron or ironnickel meteorites. By the 1960s the meteoritic Earth hypothesis
hadfallenoutoffavourbecauseithadbeendiscoveredthatmeteoritesdidnotoriginatefrom
a single parent planet. In particular, oxygen isotope studies showed that many parent bodies
must have existed. Moreover, petrological investigations revealed that some meteorites
experienced igneous processing while others have remained relatively unaltered since the
DARANGEN-MINDANAO EPIC POETRIES
DARANGEN-MINDANAO EPIC POETRY

The Darangan tells of the sentimental and romantic adventures of noble warriors, one
of them, is about a warrior-prince called Bantugan.. Prince Bantugan was the brother of
the chieftain of a village called Bumbaran. Bantugan owned a magic shield, was
protected by divine spirits called "Tonongs" and was capable of rising from the dead.
Once his enemies attacked Bembaran, thinking he was dead. In the nick of time,
Bantugans soul was recovered and he saved the village.

There is also an episode, where Prince Bantugan was on a quest and fought his
enemies with his magic Kampilan (Native sword). Soon, he got tired and fell on to the
water. A crocodile delivered him to his enemies, but he regained his strength, escaped
his captors, and commands an oar less ship and won the battle.

There were also Darangen epic poetries that relates stories of wars about abducted
princesses. Just like the chronicles of the Trojan War.

The Darangen is one of the oldest and longest Philippine Epic poetries. Several nights
were needed to recite the twenty five beautiful chapters. The Darangan, sung in its
original, possessed a sustained beauty and dignity, it might be studied for its esthetic
values alone.

The darangen is an epic chant associated with the Maranao people, with the core area
of habitation being the province of Lanao del Sur in the island of Mindanao. Although
other variations exist among the Maranao ethnic communities living in other areas,
among the Maguindanao ethnic group, and Manobo groups to the Pacific Coast. The one
in Lanao del Sur is considered the most definitive.

It is a pre-Islamic form of primarily oral literature, presently existing in an Islamic
context. Implications contained in the epic point to influences reaching as far west as
India. The epic is the culmination of all these influences and the core culture of the
Maranao.

The traditional Maranao belief and value systems are founded on the truisms of the
darangen. The mythologies contained therein constitute the foundation of indigenous
beliefs and value system. It is a body of traditions and functions as a societal lynchpin
DataCollectionMethods inStatistics
Aswehaveseeninthedefinitionofstatistics,datacollectionisafundamentalaspectandasa
consequence,therearedifferentmethodsofcollectingdatawhichwhenusedononeparticular
set will result in different kinds of data. Let's move on to look at these individual methods of
collectioninordertobetterunderstandthetypesofdatathatwillresult.
NationwideCensusofPopulation,USA
1. CensusDataCollection
Censusdatacollectionisamethodofcollectingdatawherebyallthedatafromeachand
everymemberofthepopulationiscollected.
Characteristics:
Covers very expanded data collection thus requires a lot of resources. For example,
when you collectthe ages of all the students ina given class, you areusing the census
datacollectionmethodsinceyouareincludingallthemembersofthepopulation(which
istheclassinthiscase).
Limitations:
Thismethodofdatacollectionisveryexpensive(tedious,timeconsumingandcostly)if
thenumberofelements(populationsize)isverylarge.Tounderstandthescopeofhow
expensive it is, think of trying to count all the ten year old boys in the country. That
wouldtakealotoftimeandresources,whichyoumaynothave.
THEDEPEDINTELFORMAT(Part1)
Title
TableofContents
ListofFiguresandTables
Abstract
ResearchPlan
MaterialsandMethods
Treatments/Generalprocedures
Introduction
BackgroundoftheStudy
StatementoftheProblem
Significance
ScopeandLimitations
ReviewofRelatedLiterature
ResultsandDiscussion
Conclusions
Recommendations
Bibliography
Acknowledgments
THEDEPEDINTELFORMAT(Part1)
Title
TableofContents
ListofFiguresandTables
Abstract
ResearchPlan
MaterialsandMethods
Treatments/Generalprocedures
Introduction
BackgroundoftheStudy
StatementoftheProblem
Significance
ScopeandLimitations
ReviewofRelatedLiterature
ResultsandDiscussion
Conclusions
Recommendations
Bibliography
Acknowledgments
MUTUALLYEXCLUSIVEEVENTS
MutuallyExclusive:can'thappenatthesametime.
Examples:
TurningleftandturningrightareMutuallyExclusive(youcan'tdobothatthesame
time)
Tossingacoin:HeadsandTailsareMutuallyExclusive
Cards:KingsandAcesareMutuallyExclusive
NotMutuallyExclusive:Canhappenatthesametime.
Example:
Turningleftandscratchingyourheadcanhappenatthesametime
KingsandHearts,becauseyoucanhaveaKingofHearts!
Likehere:
AcesandKingsare
MutuallyExclusive
(can'tbeboth)
HeartsandKingsare
notMutuallyExclusive
(canbeboth)
Probability
Let'slookattheprobabilitiesofMutuallyExclusiveevents.Butfirst,adefinition:
Probabilityofaneventhappening=
Numberofwaysitcanhappen
Totalnumberofoutcomes

22AGENDAS INENVIRONMENTALSCIENCE
1. PollutionandHumanHealth
Itseffectstohumanhealth
Itseffectstoenvironment
Itseffectstoweatherandclimate
PollutionLawsandPoliciesInternationalandLocal(i.e.CleanAirAct)
2. Population
Itseffectstoenvironment
Itseffectstonaturalhabitat
ItseffecttoNaturalResources
ItseffecttoHumanHealth
PopulationLawsandPoliciesForeignandLocallaws(i.e.RHBill)
3. NaturalResources
LandResources
WaterResources
AirResources
4. EnvironmentProtectionandConservation
Concepts
LawsandPoliciesInternationalandLocalLawsandPolicies
5. RenewableEnergyandNonrenewableenergyanditseffectinenvironment
6. RenewableandNonrenewablenaturalresources
7. WasteManagementLawsandPolicies
TypesofWaste(BiodegradableandNonbiodegradable)
Recycling
EffectsofWasteintheenvirnment
WasteManagementLawsandPolicies
8. WeathersandClimatesanditseffectsintheenvironment
9. ComponentsandPartsofEarth
MineralsRocks
WaterandSoilResources
Tectonicsplatesandsurfaceoftheearth
10. Naturalandmanmadedisasters,iteffectsonecosystem,environment,andpeople
ETHNICGROUPSANDINDIGENOUSPEOPLEOFTHEPHILIPPINES
ThehumanresourcesofthePhilippinesisitspeople.Filipinoscallthem.Butdiversegroupsthey
include.Diversalsocallthem.TheAetasisoneoftheancestors.TheyalsocalledNegritos,Aytaor
Baluga.BasicallytheyliveintheCentralLuzon.ItisinthemountainsofZambales,Quezon,Lagunaand
Cagayan.ManyalsoresideinthemountainsofPanayandNegros.
Aetas,IfugaoandKalinga:
Aetas,theIfugaoandKalingaresidesinLuzon.TheyarelocatedintheMountainProvince.Theyarethe
foundersofthefamousIfugaoriceterracesoftwothousandyearsago.
Ilocanos:
AnothergroupofFilipinosinLuzonaretheIlocanos.TheyusuallyliveinnorthernLuzon.Butthereare
IlocanosalsoinotherpartsofVisayasandMindanao.Theyliveinthatareatowork,trade,ormarry.
Theyareindustriousandhardworking.TheyarealsolocatedinthemiddleandsouthernLuzonthe
Tagalog.TheyarethesecondlargestgroupofChristiansinthePhilippines.
Mangyan:
KnownastheMangyaninLuzon.TheyarefoundtheislandofMindoro.Mostofthemhaveexternal
appearancethewaytheirsimpleancestorsare.
Cebuano,IlongoandWaray:
AdiversegroupinthePhilippineislandofVisayas.OneoftheseistheCebuanowiththegreatestgroup
intheregion.TheynotedfolksongMatudNilaanddancetoRosasPandan.
MeetingalsoVisayasIlonggo.TheyrecognizenativesonganddanceDandansoyandCariosa.
TurntheWaraygroupofFilipinosinMindanao.SomeofthemaretheBadjaos,Maranao,Tausug,
Tiboli,andManobo.
LivesintheseasideBadjaos.TheyfoundfromZamboangatoSulu.Fishingistheirmainoccupation.
TheteamofTiboliresideinCotabato.Farmingisthemainikinaraisethem.
Theirmainlivelihoodisfishingandfarming.
FOOD,NUTRITIONANDCOOKING
FOOD
Foodisanysubstanceconsumedtoprovidenutritionalsupportforthebody.Itisusuallyof
plant or animal origin, and contains essential nutrients, such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins,
vitamins,orminerals.Thesubstanceisingestedbyanorganismandassimilatedbytheorganism's
cellsinanefforttoproduceenergy,maintainlife,orstimulategrowth.
NUTRITION
Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of
thematerialsnecessary(intheformoffood)tosupportlife.Manycommonhealthproblemscan
bepreventedoralleviatedwithahealthydiet.
There are six major classes of nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, minerals, protein, vitamins,
andwater.
MacronutrientsandMicronutrients:
These nutrient classes can be categorized as either macronutrients (needed in relatively

large amounts) or micronutrients (needed in smaller quantities). The macronutrients include
carbohydrates (including fiber), fats, protein, and water. The micronutrients are minerals and
vitamins.
The macronutrients (excluding fiber and water) provide structural material (amino acids
fromwhichproteinsarebuilt,andlipidsfromwhichcellmembranesandsomesignalingmolecules
arebuilt)andenergy.Vitamins,minerals,fiber,andwaterdonotprovideenergy,butarerequired
for other reasons. A third class of dietary material, fiber (i.e., nondigestible material such as
cellulose), is also required, for both mechanical and biochemical reasons, although the exact
reasonsremainunclear.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates may be classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides

dependingonthenumberofmonomer(sugar)unitstheycontain.Theyconstitutealargepartof
foods such as rice, noodles, bread, and other grainbased products. Monosaccharides,
disaccharides,andpolysaccharidescontainone,two,andthreeormoresugarunits,respectively.
FOREST
Forest is a large area of land thickly
coveredwithtreesandbushes.
TypesofForests:
Forests thrive in diverse climatic regions
throughout the world, and can be
categorized by their locations and
elevations. Here are the different types of
forests:
Tropical: lush, dense forests found
near the equator. They are vital
storehouses of the planet's
biodiversity;
Subtropical:consistsoftreesthatcanresistthesummerdrought.Theyarefoundtothe
northandsouthofthetropicalforests;
Mediterranean:locatedtothesouthofthetemperateregionsandmadeupprimarilyof
evergreentrees;
Temperate: mix of coniferous evergreen and deciduous trees found in North America,
northeasternAsiaandEurope;
Coniferous:Theseforestsarefoundaroundthepolesincold,windyregionsandcontain
bothconifersandhardwoods;and
Montane: also known as cloud forests. Contain mainly conifers and are found in high
elevationtropical,subtropicalandtemperatezones.
ImportanceofForestintheOverallEcosystem:
Theworld'sforestsholdimportanceforalloftheirinhabitantsaswellasfortheoverallhealth
oftheplanet.Thebenefitsofforeststosocietyandtothediversityoflifemakeitvitalthatthey
beprotectedfromdeforestationandotherpotentialnegativeimpactsofcivilization.

FREQUENCYDISTRIBUTION
Thefrequency(f)ofaparticularobservationisthenumberoftimestheobservationoccursin
thedata.Thedistributionofavariableisthepatternoffrequenciesoftheobservation.Frequency
distributionsareportrayedasfrequencytables,histograms,orpolygons.
Frequencydistributionscanshoweithertheactualnumberofobservationsfallingineach
rangeorthepercentageofobservations.Inthelatterinstance,thedistributioniscalledarelative
frequencydistribution.
Frequencydistributiontablescanbeusedforbothcategoricalandnumericvariables.
Continuousvariablesshouldonlybeusedwithclassintervals,whichwillbeexplainedshortly.
FrequencyDistributionTable
AsurveywastakenonMapleAvenue.Ineachof20homes,peoplewereaskedhowmany
carswereregisteredtotheirhouseholds.Theresultswererecordedasfollows:
1,2,1,0,3,4,0,1,1,1,2,2,3,2,3,2,1,4,0,0
Usethefollowingstepstopresentthisdatainafrequencydistributiontable.
1. Dividetheresults(x)intointervals,andthencountthenumberofresultsineachinterval.In
thiscase,theintervalswouldbethenumberofhouseholdswithnocar(0),onecar(1),two
cars(2)andsoforth.
2. Makeatablewithseparatecolumnsfortheintervalnumbers(thenumberofcarsper
household),thetalliedresults,andthefrequencyofresultsineachinterval.Labelthese
columnsNumberofcars,TallyandFrequency.
3. Readthelistofdatafromlefttorightandplaceatallymarkintheappropriaterow.For
example,thefirstresultisa1,soplaceatallymarkintherowbesidewhere1appearsinthe
intervalcolumn(Numberofcars).Thenextresultisa2,soplaceatallymarkintherow
besidethe2,andsoon.Whenyoureachyourfifthtallymark,drawatallylinethroughthe
precedingfourmarkstomakeyourfinalfrequencycalculationseasiertoread.
4. Addupthenumberoftallymarksineachrowandrecordtheminthefinalcolumnentitled
Frequency.
GALAXIES
TherearebillionsofGalaxiesintheUniverse.Someareverysmallwithonlyafewmillionstars.
While others could have as many as 400 billion stars, or even more. There are three kinds of
Galaxies, Spiral, Elliptical, and Irregular. The only difference between the three is what shape
theyare.
SPIRAL
AvisuallightimageofAndromedaGalaxyshowstheemissionofordinarystarsandthelightreflectedbydust.

THEMOSTDEVASTATINGEARTHQUAKESOFTHELASTCENTURY
Hundreds of thousands of lives were lost because of the devastating earthquakes that
happenedinthelast100years.
The earthquake that struck Japan at the end of last week is one of the most powerful
andalsooneofthemostdevastatingearthquakesofthelast100years.
The8,9magnitudeearthquakehittheNorthEastcoastofJapanonFriday,intheSendai
area,400kmsdistancefromTokyo.Theearthquakewasfollowedbyhundredsofaftershocks(
7,4magnitudemaximum)andbyadevastatingtsunami.
However, it was the not only earthquake that had devastating consequences.
Earthquakeswithamagnitudeofupto9happenedbefore,causingthedeathsofhundredsof
thousands of people world wide. And the most devastating earthquake happened in Japan in
1995,whocauseddamagesworthmorethan200billiondollars.
SomeofthemostdevastatingearthquakesthathitEarthinthelast100years:
1906:UnitedStates.SanFrancisco,California:the7,8magnitudeearthquakeendedin3000
deadbodiesandcaused524milliondollarsindamages.

IMPENGNEGRO
(SinulatniRogelioSikat)
BUOD:
Naghuhugas ng kamay sa batalan si Impen nang kausapin o pangaralan siya ng kanyang ina.
Binalaansiyangkanyanginanahuwagnasiyangmakipagawayatuuwingbasagangmukha.
Nagpunta si Impen sa igiban ng tubig dahil isa siyang agwador. Mahina na ang kita ng kanyang
ina sa paglalaba at mahina na rin ang kanyang kita sa pagaagawador ngunit patuloy siya sa
pagtatrabahokahitnamaramingnangaapisakanya.Inaapisiyadahilsaestadongkanilangpamilyaat
dahilsakanyangkulay.IsasamgamatindingmanuksosakanyaayangkapwaagwadornasiOgor.
Napansin ni Impen ang langkay ng mga agwador sa may gripo. Nakaanim na karga siya at may
sisentasentimosnangkumakalansingsabulsangkanyangmaong.Nanatilisiyaroonupangmagigibpa
at tatanghaliin siya ng paguwi. Nakita niya si Ogor sa isang tindahan malapit sa gripo. Tulad ng
nakagawiannito,agadsiyanitongtinawagnaNegroatpinagsalitaanngmasasakitnasalita.Sumingitsi
Ogor sa pila nang si Impen na ang sasahod ng balde niya. Sa kagustuhang makaiwas sa gulo, hindi na
umimiksiImpenatnagpasyangumalisnalamang.
Pinatid ni Ogor si Impen nang papaalis na ito sa pila. Nabuwal si Impen. Tumama ang kanan
niyang pisngi at nagalit si Impen at nagsuntukan sila. Hindi tumigil si Ogor sa pagtadyak, pagsuntok, at
pananakitkayImpenhanggangsalabisnangnapunongpootsiImpen.HuminasiOgorsasunudsunod
nadagokatbayoniImpensakanya.SumukosiyakayImpen,naikinagulatnglahat.Maramingsandaling
walang nangahas na magsalita. Naramdaman ni Impen ang paghanga mula sa mga taong pumalibot sa
kanilaniOgor.TiningnanniImpenangnakabulagtangsiOgor.Nakadamasiyangkapangyarihan.
Aral:
Hindimabutiangpapangapingunithindidinmabutiangpagganti.
Philippine Indigenous Arts
Prepared By: Ms. Rosalia C. Rosario
INDIGENOUSPEOPLEANDETHNICGROUPS
PALAWAN

The tribes of Palawan are a diverse group of tribes primarily located in the island of Palawan and its
outlyingislands.Thesetribalgroupsarewidelydistributedtothelongstripofmainlandislandliterally
traversingLuzon,VisayasandMindanao.
Palawan is home to many indigenous peoples whose origins date back thousands of centuries. Pre
historicdiscoveriesrevealhowabundantculturallifeinPalawansurvivedbeforeforeignoccupiersand
colonizersreachedthePhilippinearchipelago.
In1962,ateamofanthropologistsfromtheNationalMuseumledbyDr.RobertFoxunearthedfossils
atLipuunPoint(nowknownastheTabonCaveComplex)inQuezontownthatwereclassifiedasthose
ofhomo sapiens andbelieved tobe 22,000 to 24,000 yearsold.The recovery ofthe TabonMan and
other significant findings in the area earned for Palawan the title, "the Cradle of Philippine
Civilization."
Batak
TheBatak,whichmeans"mountainpeople"inCuyononisagroupofindigenousFilipinopeoplethat
residesinthenortheastportionofPalawan.TheyliveintheruggedinteriorsofnortheasternPalawan.
Livingclosetonature,theyareapeacefulandshypeople.Thesepeoplebelieveinnaturespirits,with
whomtheycommunicatethroughababaylanormedium
Palaweos(Cuyunon)
Nativebornlowlanddwellers(callingthemselvesPalaweos,muchtotheamusementanddistressof
the original tribal groups, such as the Palawan who are called Palawano by outsiders) include the
Cuyunon,Agutayanonsubgroups.TheCuyunons,originallyfromtheislandtownofCuyoinnorthern
Palawan,areconsideredtheeliteclassinthisgroup.Theyarereligious,disciplinedandhaveahighly
developed community spirit. Their conversion to Christianity has led to the merger of the animistic
beliefs of the Cuyunon with the Christian elements to produce a folk Christianity which is the
prevailing belief of the Cuyunon.[4] The Agutayanons practice a simpler island lifestyle, with fishing
andfarmingastheirmainsourceoflivelihood.
Palawano(Monobobased)

ThePalawanotribe,alsoknownasPala'wan(orPalawan,dependingonsubdialect)orPalawano(only
byoutsiders),isoneoftheuniqueindigenouspeoplesofPalawan.TheyarepartofthelargeManobo
based linguistic groups of southern Philippines. They traditionally hunt using soars and bamboo
blowguns.
ThePalawanocloselyresembletheTagbanwa,andinthepast,theyweredoubtlessthesamepeople.
INDIGENOUSPEOPLESOFTHEPHILIPPINES
ETHNOGRAPHIC
REGIONS

CAR and
Region I

Region II

Region III and
Rest of Luzon

Island Group

Southern and
Eastern
Mindanao

Central
Mindanao

Northern and
Western
Mindanao

INVENTIONS
FLYINGSHUTTLEINVENTEDBYJOHNKAYON1733
Theflyingshuttle,createdbyJohnKayin1733,isoneofthemajorweavinginventions
MAJA BLANCA
MajaBlancaisaFilipinodessertmadefromcoconutmilk,cornstarch,andsugar.Often
calledCoconutPudding,thislusciousdessertiseasytomakeandtheingredientsarevery
common.Unknowntomany,theoriginalMajaBlancarecipedoesnotincludecornandmilk.In
thisrecipe,addedisawholesweetkernelcornandcondensedmilkforaddedtasteandamore
creamytexture.SinceChristmasseasonisjustaroundthecorner,thiswouldmakeaverygood
holidaydessertespeciallyduringpotluckChristmasPartiesandNocheBuenaaswell.
Recipe
Ingredients
4cupscoconutmilk
3/4cupcornstarch
14ouncescondensedmilk
3/4cupfreshmilk
3/4cupgranulatedsugar
15ounceswholesweetkernelcorn
5tbsptoastedgratedcoconut
Cooking Procedure
1. Pourthecoconutmilkinacookingpotandbringtoaboil.
2. Addthesugar,condensedmilk,andwholesweetkernelcornthenstiruntilall
theingredientsareevenlydistributed.
3. Simmerfor8minutes
4. Combinethefreshmilkandcornstarchthenwhiskuntilthecornstarchisdiluted
5. Pourthefreshmilkandcornstarchmixtureinthecookingpotandstir
thoroughly.
ll k hil i i il h i h d i d hi k
BASICCOOKINGUTENSILS
KitchenKnives
Oftenreferredtoascook'sorchef'stools,
knivesareamustforalltypesofkitchen
tasks,frompeelinganonionandslicing
carrots,tocarvingaroastorturkey.You'll
needafewdifferenttypesofknivesfor
variouscuttingtasksandthenadd
specialtyknivesasrequired.
CuttingBoards
Afewdifferenttypesofboardsinvarious
sizesisnecessaryforassortments.Ause
oflargerwoodenoneshavealotoffoods
tosliceorchop,roasttocarveorsimplyto
useashotpadsforcasseroles,breads,
bakingswhentheycomeoutoftheoven.
Smallerplasticboardsarehandyfor
cuttinganonionandthethinplastic,
flexibleboardsverynicewhenpreparinga
saladorslicingwatermelonforeasy
scoopingtotransfertoabinorbowl
SpatulastoBlend,Mix,Scrape
Thetermspatulareferstoseveraltypesof
kitchenutensilsincluding:rubberor
siliconetoolstoblendorscrapethefood
fromthebowl;metal,siliconeorplastic
eggturnersorflippers.
Geophysics, which studies the physics of the Earth, has led to many significant discoveries about the
Earth and its make-up. Seismologic studies of the Earth have uncovered new information about the
interior of the Earth that has helped to give credence to plate tectonic theory.
Geophysical studies have revealed that the Earth has several distinct layers. Each of these layers has its
own properties. The outermost layer of the Earth is the crust. This comprises the continents and ocean
basins. The crust has a variable thickness, being 35-70 km thick in the continents and 5-10 km thick in
the ocean basins. The crust is composed mainly of alumino-silicates.

The next layer is the mantle, which is composed mainly of ferro-magnesium silicates. It is about 2900 km
thick, and is separated into the upper and lower mantle. This is where most of the internal heat of the
Earth is located. Large convective cells in the mantle circulate heat and may drive plate tectonic
processes.

The last layer is the core, which is separated into the liquid outer core and the solid inner core. The outer
core is 2300 km thick and the inner core is 1200 km thick. The outer core is composed mainly of a nickel-
iron alloy, while the inner core is almost entirely composed of iron. Earth's magnetic field is believed to be
controlled by the liquid outer core.

LupangHinirang
(ThePhilippineNationalAnthem)
Bayangmagiliw
PerlasngSilanganan,
Alabngpuso,
Sadibdibmo'ybuhay.
LupangHinirang,
Duyankangmagiting,
Samanlulupig,
Dikapasisiil.
Sadagatatbundok,
Sasimoyatsalangitmongbughaw,
Maydilagangtula
Atawitsapaglayangminamahal.
Angkislapngwatawatmo'y
Tagumpaynanagniningning,
Angbituinatarawniya
Kailanpama'ydimagdidilim.
Lupangaraw,ngluwalhati'tpagsinta,
Buhayaylangitsapilingmo.
Amingligaya,napagmaymangaapi
Angmamataynangdahilsaiyo.

DIGESTIVESYSTEM
MajorRole:
Themainroleofthedigestivesystemistobreakdownandabsorbnutrients
thatarenecessaryforgrowthandmaintenance.
MajorOrgans:
Mouth,esophagus,stomach,smallandlargeintestines
Largeintestine
Ang Pabula ng Kabayo at ng Mangngalakal

A short story from Katig.com book of fables
(Inspired by the ancient fables of Aesop)

Isang mangangalakal ang maghahatid ng dalawang sakong asin sa palengke.
Inilulan niya ang mga sako ng asin sa kanyang kabayo at nagtungo sila sa palengke.
Nang tumatawid sila sa isang ilog na dinaanan ay hindi sinasadyang nadulas at
natumba ang kabayo. Napunit ang mga sako at ang ilang bahagi ng asin ay nabuhos sa
ilog at ang iba naman ay nalusaw dahil sa pagkababad sa tubig. Hindi naman nasaktan
ang kabayo at napansin niya na lubhang gumaan ang pasan niyang dalawang sako ng
asin at siya ay natuwa

Nang sumunod na linggo ay magpupunta uli ang mangangalakal sa palengke at
naglulan na nman ng dalawang sakong asin sa kanyang kabayo. nang mapalapit na sila
sa ilog ay napagisip-isip ng kabayo: "Kung magpapadulas ako sa ilog ay tiyak na
gagaan uli ang pasan ko," ang sabi ng kabayo sa kanyang sarili. Ganun na nga ang
ginawa ng kabayo. Muling nabutas ang mga sako at ibang asin ay nabuhos sa ilog at
ang iba naman ay nalusaw. Nguni't sa pagkakataong eto ay nakahalata ang
mangangalakal na sadyang nagpadulas ang kabayo sa ilog.

Pagdaan pa ng isang linggo ay muling magtutungo ang mangangalakal sa
palengke subalit sa pagkakataong eto ay apat na baldeng may lamang alpombra ang
kanyang inilulan sa kabayo - dalawang balde sa magkabilang tabi ng kabayo. "Aba, ok
to, mas magaan ang pasan ko ngayon. Ganun pa man ay magpapadulas pa rin ako sa
ilog para mas gumaan pa ang pasan ko," ang sabi ng kabayo sa kanyang sarili.

Pagdating sa ilog ay kusa na namang nagpadulas ang kabayo ngunit laking gulat
niya nang biglang bumigat ang kanyang pasan nang siya ay malublob sa tubig. Ang
apat na balde na may alpombra ay napuno ng tubig at di hamak nanaging mas
mabigat pa keysa sa dalawang sakong asin.

Mga aral ng pabula:

Ang masamang balakin ay may katapat na kaparusahan. Ang pagiging tuso ay
may katapat na kabayaran.

No. Barangay
Population
(2004)
Populationas
ofMay1,
2010
Area
(km
2
)
District
1. Bangkal 22,433 23,378 0.74 1st
2. BelAir 9,330 18,280 1.71 1st
3. Carmona 3,699 3,096 0.34 1st
4. Cembo 25,815 27,998 0.22 2nd
5. Comembo 14,174 14,433 0.27 2nd
6. Dasmarias 5,757 5,654 1.90 1st
7. EastRembo 23,902 26,433 0.44 2nd
8. ForbesPark 3,420 2,533 2.53 1st
9. GuadalupeNuevo 22,493 18,271 0.57 2nd
10. GuadalupeViejo 13,632 16,411 0.62 2nd
11. Kasilawan 6,224 5,291 0.09 1st
12. LaPaz 8,843 7,931 0.32 1st
13. Magallanes 7,509 5,576 1.20 1st
14. Olympia 20,172 21,270 0.44 1st
15. Palanan 16,614 17,283 0.65 1st
16. Pembo 35,035 44,803 1.23 2nd
17. Pinagkaisahan 6,186 5,804 0.16 2nd
18. PiodelPilar 22,495 27,035 1.20 1st
19. Pitogo 13,367 15,332 0.14 2nd
20. Poblacion 8,446 17,120 0.46 1st
21. PostProperNorthside 1,475 6,010 0.45 2nd
22. PostProperSouthside 25,037 45,310 0.60 2nd
23. Rembo 12,226 0.00 1st
24. Rizal 37,022 41,959 0.89 2nd
25. SanAntonio 12,226 11,443 0.89 1st
26. SanIsidro 8,686 7,589 0.50 1st
27. SanLorenzo 6,487 10,006 2.09 1st
28. SantaCruz 7,419 7,440 0.47 1st
29. Singkamas 6,226 7,426 0.13 1st
30. SouthCembo 13,570 14,672 0.20 2nd
31. Tejeros 16,820 13,868 0.29 1st
32. Urdaneta 3,817 3,717 0.74 1st
33. Valenzuela 5,908 7,261 0.24 1st
34. WestRembo 28,889 28,406 0.55 2nd
TOTAL 475,354 529,039 23.27
MATTER
GAS LIQUID SOLID
A gas has neither a definite
volume nor a definite shape.
Examples of gases are air,
oxygen, and helium.
A liquid has a definite volume,
but takes the shape of its
container.
Examples of liquids include
water and oil.
A solid has a definite shape and
volume.
Examples of solids include ice
(solid water), a bar of steel, and
dry ice (solid carbon dioxide).
assumes the shape and volume
of its container
assumes the shape of the part of
the container which it occupies
retains a fixed volume and shape
particles can move past one
another
particles can move/slide past one
another
rigid - particles locked into place
compressible

not easily compressible


lots of free space between
particles
little free space between
particles
little free space between particles
flows easily

flows easily

does not flow easily

another
particles can move/slide past one
another
rigid - particles cannot move/slide
past one another
AGYU
(EpikongManobo)
(Monobo)
AngpinanggagalinganngkabuhayanngmgaIlianonaypangongolektangsera.Ipinapalitnilaang
sera sa mga Moro, sa kanilang mga pangunahing pangangailangan tulad ng palay, asin at asukal.
NagkaroonngdipagkakaunawaansiAgyuatangdatungmgaMorodahilsapagkakautangnilang
isang daang tambak ng sera. Upang maiwasan ang madugong labanan, si Agyu at ang kaniyang
pamilya ay umalis sa Ayuman at pumunta ng Ilian. Ngunit hindi hahayaan ng mga Moro na
mamuhay sila ngpayapa. Sinundannila ang mga itoupangpatayin siya at ang kanyangpamilya.
LumabansiAgyuatangkanyangpamilyangbuongtapangatlumabasnapanalosalabansamga
Moro. Pagkatapos ng tagumpay ay naisip ni Agyu na lisanin ang Ilian at pumunta ng Bundok ng
Pinamatun.Doonaynagtayosilangmgabahaysapaananngbundok.
Isang araw ay pumunta si Agyu sa bundok ng Sandawa upang manghuli ng baboy ramo. Umuwi
siyanadalaang kanyanghulihabangangkanyangkapatidnalalakinasiLonoatmgakapatidna
babaingsinaYambunganatIkwaganaynakahanapngpulotpukyutan.Hinatinilaangbaboyramo
atpulotpukyutansakanilaatsakanilangmgaalipin.
Bakit ayaw mong kumuha ng karne at pulot para sa iyo, at sa iyong asawa sa Ayuman, Banlak?
tanongniciteAgyu/citesakanyangkapatidnalalaki.AngasawaniBanlaknasiMunganaynaiwan
saAyumansapagkatnagkaroonitongketong.
ARTEFACT
1. Tignanangmgasumusunodnalarawanatisulatkunganoatparasaanangbawat
bagay.
Anoito? ParaSaanito? Larawan
Kalesa Itoangpangunahing
sasakyangpangpubliko
natransportasyonsa
mgalungsodng
Pilipinasnoongunang
panahon
Inukitnarebultong
Anitooangdiyos
diyosanngmga
sinaunangtaosa
bansa.
Itoaysumisimblong
mganinunoatdiyosng
pagaaningmgataga
Ifugao
TagatugtogngMP3 Itoayginagamitupang
magpatugtogngMP3
nauringfiles.
MICROSCOPEPARTS

MINDANAOMUSICINSTRUMENTS
KulintangEnsembleorKulintangan
Thecompleteensemble
Twogongsonthestand
MUSICINMINDANAO
IndigenousPhilippinefolkloreischaracterizedbysacredritualsandpractices,andmademore
ferventandvibrantbythemusicthataccompaniesthem.
InMindanao,thesoundsoftheagumandguimbaosignaltheassemblyoftheparticipantsin
theperformanceofsacrificesbyindigenousgroups.Themiminsad,adancesong,isalso
chantedastheywalkbeforethealtar.
Theweddingfeastisanotheroccasionwheremusicplaysakeyrole.SomeMuslimgroupsplay
musicusingsmallandlargekettledrumsasaccompanimenttodancing,oneofthehighlightsof
thecelebration.
InJolo,thesuasuaisacelebratedcourtshipsonganddancethathasoftenbeenmodernized
fortroupeperformances.
AwardanceinBukidnoncalledthesagayanepitomizesthegallantryofMuslimcombatants
whilelittlegirlsperformafestivaldancewhereintheywearhollowcopperankletsandringlittle
cellstoproducecertainsoundstotheaccompanimentofavarietyoftomtomandan
indigenousxylophone.(Baas1975).
InAgusan,thetudob,asongcomposedoffournotes,issungduringriceharvests.InSulu,four
gongsareusedtoproduceakindofmusiccalledthetagungo.
MindanaofolkmusicincludestheancientMuslimfolksonganddancecalledestijaro,anda
Mindanaofolksongcalleduruyan.Theseareusuallyaccompaniedbydrums,gongs,orother
percussioninstrumentslikethesubing,agong.
SINGKIL
TheSingkl(SayawsaKasingkil)originatedfromtheMaranaopeoplewhoinhabittheshoresof
Lake Lanao.ItisderivedfromastoryintheDarangen,theMaranaointerpretationofthe
ancientIndian epic,theRamayana.Thenameofthedanceitselfmeans"toentanglethefeet
withdisturbingobjectssuchasvinesoranythinginyourpath".Itisapopulardanceperformed
duringcelebrationsandotherfestiveentertainment.Originallyonlywomen,particularly
royalty,dancedtheSingkl,whichservesaseitheraconsciousorunconsciousadvertisementto
potentialsuitors.
Theleaddancer,intheroleofPutriGandingan(theDarangennameforSita),graciouslystepin
andoutofclosingbamboospolesarrangedineitheraparallel,rectangular,orcrisscross
fashionwhilemanipulatingeitherapir(fans),mosala(scarves),orevenjusttheirbarehands.A
kulintangandagungensemblealwaysaccompaniesthedance.
Nemo,angBatangPapel
niReneO.Villanueva
Si Nemoay isang batang yari sa ginupit na diyaryo. Pinunitpunit, ginupitgupit saka
pinagdikitdikit,siNemoayginawangmgabataparasaisangproyektonilasaklase.
Ngayoy bakasyon na. Si Nemoy naiwang kasama ng ibang papel sa silid.
Nakatambaksiyasabuntonngmgamaalikaboknapolderatenbelop.
NUTRITIONAL VALUES OF FISH
Protein
Fishisaverygoodsourceofprotein.Ourbodiesarenotequippedtostoreprotein,
thereforeconsumingfishdailyhelpsyoufulfillyourdailyrequirement.
Omega3FattyAcids
Fishisagoodsourceofomega3fattyacids.Ourbodiesdon'tmanufacturethis
nutrient,whichhelpsprotectagainstheartdisease.
LowFat
Fishisagreatstapleofalowfatdiet.Themajorityoffishcontainlowlevelsof
saturatedfats.
BVitamins
FishcontainsBvitamins,whichhelptoreducestress,anxietyanddepression.TheB
vitaminshelpyourmemoryandreducetheriskofheartdisease.
VitaminA
VitaminA,whichisfoundinfish,helpsthebodytissuemendandprovidesthe
mechanicsforcellgrowth.SomeothercommonailmentsVitaminAhelpswardoff
arearthritis,acneandbronchitis.
Calcium
Fishalsocontainscalcium,whichhelpstomaintainstrongbonesandteeth.

SUBSTANCESTHATAREDISSOLVEDINOCEANWATER
1.
SaltsinSeaandOceanWaterSalinity.
In the past, salinity of seawater was measured by evaporating the water and weighing the
amountofsaltremaining.Sincethatapproachisdifficultandinaccurate,electricalconductivity
ofseawaterisnowusedtomeasuresalinity.
Conductivityincreasesassaltcontentofthewaterincreases.
Conductivitygivesveryaccuratesalinitydata:35.0000X.
Conductivity (and temperature and depth) are measured by instruments called CTDs
(Conductivity Temperature Depth). These instruments can make thousands of
measurements/hour.
Salinity, temperature, and depth (pressure) can be used to calculate density, which is
importanttounderstandingverticalcirculationofthewater.
Salinity is greatest in warm, tropical surface waters, where there is more evaporation
thanprecipitation.Itislowestwheretherearelargeinputsoffreshwaterfromrivers.
Salinityhasnounits.(ThePSUor"practicalsalinityunit"isincorrect,althoughfrequentlyused.)
Salinity is approximately equal to the weight, in grams, of salt dissolved in 1000 g of

seawater.Thiswouldbethesaltconcentrationinpartsperthousand().
Averageoceanwaterhasasalinityof35.0.
Thismeansthat1000gofaverageseawatercontains965gofwaterand35gofsalts.
Simbolismongbansa
Mgasimbolongbansangpilipinas
PambansangWatawat
PambansangAwit:LupangHinirang
JulianFelipe
PambansangBayani:Dr.JoseRizal
C CO OM MB BI IN NA AT TI IO ON NS S, ,P PE ER RM MU UT TA AT TI IO ON NS S, ,A AN ND DC CO OU UN NT TI IN NG GE EV VE EN NT TS S
Thesolutiontomanystatisticalexperimentsinvolvesbeingabletocountthenumberofpoints
inasamplespace.Countingpointscanbehard,tedious,orboth.
Fortunately,therearewaystomakethecountingtaskeasier.Thislessonfocusesonthreerules
of counting that can save both time and effort event multiples, permutations, and
combinations.
EVENTMULTIPLES
The first rule of counting deals with event multiples. An event multiple occurs when two or
more independent events are grouped together. The first rule of counting helps us determine
howmanywaysaneventmultiplecanoccur.
Rule1.Supposewehavekindependentevents.Event1canbeperformedinn
1
ways;Event2,
inn
2
ways;andsoonuptoEventk(whichcanbeperformedinn
k
ways).Thenumberofways
thattheseeventscanbeperformedtogetherisequalton
1
n
2
...n
k
ways.
Example1
Howmanysamplepointsareinthesamplespacewhenacoinisflipped4times?
Solution:Eachcoinflipcanhaveoneoftwooutcomesheadsortails.Therefore,thefourcoin
flipscanlandin(2)(2)(2)(2)=16ways.
Example2
Abusinessmanhas4dressshirtsand7ties.Howmanydifferentshirt/tieoutfitscanhecreate?
Solution:Foreachoutfit,hecanchooseoneoffourshirtsandoneofseventies.Therefore,the
businessmancancreate(4)(7)=28differentshirt/tieoutfits.
PERMUTATIONS
Often, we want to count all of the possible ways that a single set of objects can be arranged.
For example, consider the letters X, Y, and Z. These letters can be arranged a number of
differentways(XYZ,XZY,YXZ,etc.)Eachofthesearrangementsisapermutation.
Ingeneral, nobjectscanbearrangedinn(n1)(n 2) ...(3)(2)(1) ways. Thisproductis

representedbythesymboln!,whichiscallednfactorial.(Byconvention,0!=1.)
A permutation is an arrangement of all or part of a set of objects, with regard to the

order of the arrangement. This means that XYZ is considered a different permutation
thanZYX.
PREPOSITION
A preposition may be defined as connecting word showing the relation of a noun or a noun
substitute to some other word in the sentence (the squirrel in the tree; the preposition in shows the
relationshipbetweenthesquirrelandthetree.).Overninetypercentofprepositionusageinvolvesthese
nineprepositions:
with at by
to in for
from of on
Prepositionscauseproblemsbecausesometimestheycanbeusedinterchangeably(He
sat on the chair: He sat in the chair), because prepositions are often combined with verbs to
createphrasalverbs(tolookaftersomeone;tolookdownonsomeone),andbecausea single
prepositioncanbeusedtoexpressseveraldifferentideas(Heistallforhisage;Iswamforan
hour).
The most efficient method of study is to familiarize yourself with prepositions and
prepositional phrases through practice and memorization. This is particularly helpful for the
bilingualstudent,whooftenseemstofindprepositionusageoneofthemostdifficultpartsof
theEnglishlanguage.
UsesofCommonPrepositions
Prepositions are used to express a number of relationships, including time, location,
manner,means,quantity,purpose,andstateorcondition.Thefollowingoutlinedemonstrates
theusesofcommonprepositions.
A.TIME
in:
inthemorning
inthefall
inApril
in1987
insixmonths(attheendof)
intime(earlyenough)
on:
onTuesday(dayoftheweek)
onMay8(date)
ontime(punctual)
about:
aboutnoon(approximately)
after:
afterthegame
afterlunch
afterthree
Coconutshrimp
Ingredients
1egg
1/2cupallpurposeflour
2/3cupbeer
11/2teaspoonsbakingpowder
1/4cupallpurposeflour
2cupsflakedcoconut
24shrimp
3cupsoilforfrying
Directions
1. Inmediumbowl,combineegg,1/2cupflour,beerandbakingpowder.Place
1/4cupflourandcoconutintwoseparatebowls.
2. Holdshrimpbytail,anddredgeinflour,shakingoffexcessflour.Dipin
egg/beerbatter;allowexcesstodripoff.Rollshrimpincoconut,andplaceona
bakingsheetlinedwithwaxpaper.Refrigeratefor30minutes.Meanwhile,heat
oilto350degreesF(175degreesC)inadeepfryer.
3. Fryshrimpinbatches:cook,turningonce,for2to3minutes,oruntilgolden
brown.Usingtongs,removeshrimptopapertowelstodrain.Servewarmwith
yourfavoritedippingsauce.
THESTRUCTUREOFASENTENCE
Rememberthateveryclauseis,inasense,aminiaturesentence.Asimplesentencescontains
onlyasingleclause,whileacompoundsentence,acomplexsentence,oracompoundcomplex
sentencecontainsatleasttwoclauses.
TheSimpleSentence
Themostbasictypeofsentenceisthesimplesentence,whichcontainsonlyoneclause.A
simplesentencecanbeasshortasoneword:
Run!
Usually,however,thesentencehasasubjectaswellasapredicateandboththesubjectand
thepredicatemayhavemodifiers.Allofthefollowingaresimplesentences,becauseeach
containsonlyoneclause:
Melt!
Icemelts.
Theicemeltsquickly.
TheiceontherivermeltsquicklyunderthewarmMarchsun.
Lyingexposedwithoutitsblanketofsnow,theiceontherivermeltsquicklyunderthe
warmMarchsun.
Asyoucansee,asimplesentencecanbequitelongitisamistaketothinkthatyoucantella
simplesentencefromacompoundsentenceoracomplexsentencesimplybyitslength.
Themostnaturalsentencestructureisthesimplesentence:itisthefirstkindwhichchildren
learntospeak,anditremainsbyfarthemostcommonsentenceinthespokenlanguageof
peopleofallages.Inwrittenwork,simplesentencescanbeveryeffectiveforgrabbinga
reader'sattentionorforsummingupanargument,butyouhavetousethemwithcare:too
manysimplesentencescanmakeyourwritingseemchildish.
Whenyoudousesimplesentences,youshouldaddtransitionalphrasestoconnectthemtothe
surroundingsentences.
SENTENCE
SENTENCESTRUCTURE
In Clauses, there are two types: independent and dependent. Independent clauses are complete
sentences because they have a subject and verb and express a complete thought. Dependent
clauses, in contrast, cannot stand alone because they do not express a complete thoughteven
though they have a subject and a verb. Independent and dependent clauses can be used in a
number of ways to form the four basic types of sentences: simple, compound, complex, and
compoundcomplex.
Asimplesentencescontainsonlyasingleclause,whileacompoundsentence,acomplexsentence,
oracompoundcomplexsentencecontainsatleasttwoclauses.
THESIMPLESENTENCE
The mostbasictypeofsentenceisthesimplesentence,whichcontainsonly oneclause.Asimple
sentencecanbeasshortasoneword:
Run!
Usually, however, the sentence has a subject as well as a predicate and both the subject and the
predicate may have modifiers. All of the following are simple sentences, because each contains
onlyoneclause:
Melt!
Icemelts.
Theicemeltsquickly.
TheiceontherivermeltsquicklyunderthewarmMarchsun.
Lying exposed without its blanket of snow, the ice on the river melts quickly under the
warmMarchsun.
As you can see, a simple sentence can be quite long it is a mistake to think that you can tell a
simplesentencefromacompoundsentenceoracomplexsentencesimplybyitslength.
Themostnaturalsentencestructureisthesimplesentence:itisthefirstkindwhichchildrenlearn
tospeak,anditremainsbyfarthemostcommonsentenceinthespokenlanguageofpeopleofall
ages. In written work, simple sentences can be very effective for grabbing a reader's attention or
SET(MATHEMATICS)
Thisarticlegivesanintroductiontowhatmathematicianscall"intuitive"or"naive"settheory;
foramoredetailedaccountseeNaivesettheory.Forarigorousmodernaxiomatictreatmentof
sets,seeSettheory.
Theintersectionoftwosetsismadeupoftheobjectscontainedinbothsets,showninaVenn
diagram.
Asetisacollectionofwelldefinedanddistinctobjects,consideredasanobjectinitsownright.
Setsareoneofthemostfundamentalconceptsinmathematics.Developedattheendofthe
19thcentury,settheoryisnowaubiquitouspartofmathematics,andcanbeusedasa
foundationfromwhichnearlyallofmathematicscanbederived.Inmathematicseducation,
elementarytopicssuchasVenndiagramsaretaughtatayoungage,whilemoreadvanced
conceptsaretaughtaspartofauniversitydegree.
Definition
Asetisawelldefinedcollectionofobjects.GeorgCantor,thefounderofsettheory,gavethe
followingdefinitionofasetatthebeginningofhisBeitrgezurBegrndungdertransfiniten
Mengenlehre:
[1]
Asetisagatheringtogetherintoawholeofdefinite,distinctobjectsofourperception
[Anschauung]andofourthoughtwhicharecalledelementsoftheset.
Theelementsormembersofasetcanbeanything:numbers,people,lettersofthealphabet,
othersets,andsoon.Setsareconventionallydenotedwithcapitalletters.SetsAandBare
equalifandonlyiftheyhavepreciselythesameelements.
[2]
Asdiscussedbelow,thedefinitiongivenaboveturnedouttobeinadequateforformal
mathematics;instead,thenotionofa"set"istakenasanundefinedprimitiveinaxiomaticset
theory,anditspropertiesaredefinedbytheZermeloFraenkelaxioms.Themostbasic
propertiesarethataset"has"elements,andthattwosetsareequal(oneandthesame)ifand
onlyifeveryelementofoneisanelementoftheother.
SINAUNANGKULTURANGPILIPINO
1. Mgasinaunangpaniniwala

Anito Bathala
2. Pagpapaksalnoongunangpanahon
3. Hanapbuhay
Mangangaso
Skewness/Kurtosis
Skewness is the degree of departure from symmetry of a distribution. A positively
skewed distribution has a "tail" which is pulled in the positive direction. A negatively
skewed distribution has a "tail" which is pulled in the negative direction.

Kurtosis is the degree of peakedness of a distribution. A normal distribution is a
mesokurtic distribution. A pure leptokurtic distribution has a higher peak than the normal
distribution and has heavier tails. A pure platykurtic distribution has a lower peak than a
normal distribution and lighter tails.

Most departures from normality display combinations of both skewness and kurtosis
different from a normal distribution.
SKEWNESSANDKURTOSIS
Skewness
Thefirstthingyouusuallynoticeaboutadistributionsshapeiswhetherithasonemode(peak)
ormorethanone.Ifitsunimodal(hasjustonepeak),likemostdatasets,thenextthingyou
noticeiswhetheritssymmetricorskewedtooneside.Ifthebulkofthedataisattheleftand
therighttailislonger,wesaythatthedistributionisskewedrightorpositivelyskewed;ifthe
peakistowardtherightandthelefttailislonger,wesaythatthedistributionisskewedleftor
negativelyskewed.
Lookatthetwographsbelow.Theybothhave=0.6923and=0.1685,buttheirshapesare
different.
Beta(=4.5,=2)
skewness=0.5370
1.3846Beta(=4.5,=2)
skewness=+0.5370
Thefirstoneismoderatelyskewedleft:thelefttailislongerandmostofthedistributionisat
theright.Bycontrast,theseconddistributionismoderatelyskewedright:itsrighttailislonger
andmostofthedistributionisattheleft.
Youcangetageneralimpressionofskewnessbydrawingahistogram(MATH200Apart1),but
therearealsosomecommonnumericalmeasuresofskewness.Someauthorsfavorone,some
favoranother.ThisWebpagepresentsoneofthem.Infact,thesearethesameformulasthat
ExcelusesinitsDescriptiveStatisticstoolinAnalysisToolpak.
Youmayrememberthatthemeanandstandarddeviationhavethesameunitsastheoriginal
data,andthevariancehasthesquareofthoseunits.However,theskewnesshasnounits:itsa
purenumber,likeazscore.
SOIL
Darkenedtopsoilandreddishsubsoillayersaretypicalinsomeregions.
1. Amixtureofsandandorganicmaterial,usedtosupportplantgrowth.
2. Theunconsolidatedmineralororganicmaterialontheimmediatesurfaceoftheearththat
servesasanaturalmediumforthegrowthoflandplants.
3. The unconsolidated mineral or organic matter on the surface of the earth that has been
subjectedtoandshowseffectsofgeneticandenvironmentalfactorsof:climate(including
water and temperature effects), and macro and microorganisms, conditioned by relief,
acting on parent material over a period of time. A productsoil differs from the material
from which it is derived in many physical, chemical, biological, and morphological
propertiesandcharacteristics.
'Soil'isthethinlayeronthesurfaceoftheEarthonwhichthelivingbeingssurvive.Soilis
the layer which is composed with many substances, in this layer various plants have their roots.
Soil is made of many substances like weathered rock particles, and decayed plant and animal
matter.Didyouknowthatittakesmorethanathousandyearstoformofathinlayerofsoil?Yes,
soilisveryprecious.Soilismadeofdiversematerialslikebrokendownrockparticlesandorganic
material.Therearedifferenttypesofsoilandvariouswaystoclassifyit.
SOLARSYSTEM
OursolarsystemconsistsofanaveragestarwecalltheSun,theplanetsMercury,Venus,Earth,
Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. It includes: the satellites of the planets;
numerouscomets,asteroids,andmeteoroids;andtheinterplanetarymedium.
TheSunistherichestsourceofelectromagneticenergy(mostlyintheformofheatandlight)in
the solar system. The Sun's nearest known stellar neighbor is a red dwarf star called Proxima
Centauri,atadistanceof4.3lightyearsaway.Thewholesolarsystem,togetherwiththelocal
stars visible on a clear night, orbits the center of our home galaxy, a spiral disk of 200 billion
starswecalltheMilkyWay.TheMilkyWayhastwosmallgalaxiesorbitingitnearby,whichare
visiblefromthesouthernhemisphere.TheyarecalledtheLargeMagellanicCloudandtheSmall
MagellanicCloud.ThenearestlargegalaxyistheAndromedaGalaxy.Itisaspiralgalaxylikethe
MilkyWaybutis4timesasmassiveandis2millionlightyearsaway.Ourgalaxy,oneofbillions
ofgalaxiesknown,istravelingthroughintergalacticspace.
The planets, most of the satellites of the planets and the asteroids revolve around the Sun in
the same direction, in nearly circular orbits. When looking down from above the Sun's north
pole,theplanetsorbitinacounterclockwisedirection.TheplanetsorbittheSuninornearthe
sameplane,calledtheecliptic.Plutoisaspecialcaseinthatitsorbitisthemosthighlyinclined
(18degrees)andthemosthighlyellipticalofalltheplanets.Becauseofthis,forpartofitsorbit,
PlutoisclosertotheSunthanisNeptune.Theaxisofrotationformostoftheplanetsisnearly
perpendicular to the ecliptic. The exceptions are Uranus and Pluto, which are tipped on their
sides.
Earth
Venus
Mercury
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
DwarfPlanet
Universe
Asteroids
Sun
Ecliptic
Pluto

Microscopic view of a gas. Microscopic view of a liquid. Microscopic view of a solid.
Note that:
Particles in a:
o gas are well separated with no regular arrangement.
o liquid are close together with no regular arrangement.
o solid are tightly packed, usually in a regular pattern.
Particles in a:
o gas vibrate and move freely at high speeds.
o liquid vibrate, move about, and slide past each other.
o solid vibrate (jiggle) but generally do not move from place to place.
Liquids and solids are often referred to as condensed phases because the particles are very close together.
The following table summarizes properties of gases, liquids, and solids and identifies the microscopic
behavior responsible for each property.
Some Characteristics of Gases, Liquids and Solids and the Microscopic Explanation for
the Behavior
gas liquid solid
assumes the shape and
volume of its container
another
assumes the shape of the part
of the container which it
occupies
particles can move/slide past
one another
retains a fixed volume and
shape
rigid - particles locked into
place
compressible
lots of free space between
particles
particles
particles
flows easily
another
flows easily
particles can move/slide past
one another
does not flow easily
rigid - particles cannot
move/slide past one another


STARS
BillionsofStarsintheSky
Theearliestbeginningofastariscalledanebula.Anebulaisacloudofhydrogenandafewhelium
atoms hanging in space. Sometimes a nebula just stays at this point, but if the cloud gets thick
enough, with enough hydrogen atoms close enough together, it can become a brown dwarf. A
browndwarfisasmallstarthatisnotquitebigenough,sothereisnotenoughgravitytostartthe
nuclearfusionprocess.Browndwarfstarshardlyshineatall,butthey'renotverycommoneither.
Ifthebrowndwarfsucceedsinattractingenoughhydrogenatomsandpackingthemtightlyenough
together,thenitturnsintoamainsequencestaranordinarystarlikeoursun.Nineoutofeveryten
starsyoucanseefromEartharemainsequencestars.Insideamainsequencestar,thepressureof
gravity pushes hydrogen atoms together so they become helium atoms, and the extra energy
releasedbythisfusionprocessshootsoutofthestarandbecomeheatandsunlight.
STEPSINSCIENTIFICMETHOD

TOPICSFORSCIENTIFICINVESTIGATION
1. Canyoumakeyourownmusicalinstrumentthatcanplayacompletescale?Examples
mightincludearubberbandharporflutefromclay,woodorplastic.
2. Canablacklightdetectinvisiblestains?
3. Whattypeofplasticwrappreventsevaporationthebest?
4. Whatplasticwrappreventsoxidationthebest?
5. Arenightinsectsattractedtolampsbecauseofheatorlight?
6. Whattypeofcarantifreezeissafesttotheenvironment?
7. DodifferentbrandsoforangejuicecontaindifferentlevelsofvitaminC?
8. DoesthelevelofvitaminCinorangejuicechangeovertime?
9. Howeffectivearenaturalmosquitorepellents?
10. Doesmagnetismaffectthegrowthofplants?
11. DoorangesgainorlosevitaminCafterbeingpicked?
12. Howdoesthesugarconcentrationvaryindifferentbrandsofapplejuices?
13. DoesstoragetemperatureaffectthepHofjuice?
14. Doesthepresenceofcigarettesmokeaffectthegrowthrateofplants?
15. Doeseatingbreakfasthaveaneffectonschoolperformance?Doesitmatterwhatyou
eat?
16. Dothesametypesofmoldgrowonalltypesofbread?
17. Doeslightaffecttherateatwhichfoodsspoil?
18. Dofoodscontainingpreservativesstayfreshlongerthanfoodswithoutthem?
19. Howdoestimeorseasonofharvestaffectthechemistryandnutritionalcontentof
food?
20. Howlongdohomehaircoloringproductsholdtheircolor?Doesbrandmatter?Does
typeofhairaffectcolorfastness?Howdoesprevioustreatment(perming,previous
coloring,straightening)affectinitialcolorintensityandcolorfastness?

July___,2012
_______________________
TheChairman
_______________,MakatiCity
DearestSir/Madam:
Warmestgreetings!
We are the Grade 7 students of _______________. Under the Research I subject under
___________, we are assigned to conduct survey regarding issues and concerns in the local
Barangayunit.
Inthisregard,wewouldliketoaskpermissiontoconductasurveytoatleast10personsinour
community on problems encountered in the Barangay and what possible solutions they would
liketorecommend,intheirownview.
Hopingforyourkindfavoronourrequest.
ThankyouandGodBless!
Sincerelyyours,
GroupMembers:
Notedby:
________________________
Teacher
SURVEYONEXISTINGCALAMITYPROBLEMS
RESEARCHINSTRUMENT
Name:____________________________________BarangayandZone:___________________
QuestionnairePurpose:TobeinformedofthecalamityproblemsinourCommunity.
QuestionsonCalamitiesinourCommunity
(Pleaseanswerbycheckingoneormoreboxes):
1. Whatarethecalamitiesthathadpassed?
Flood LandSlide Hurricane Drought
Typhoon Earthquake Tsunami Others:_______________
2. Whatcalamitythatispresentnow?
Flood LandSlide Hurricane Drought
Typhoon Earthquake Tsunami Others:_______________
3. Whatproblemsthatfollowedthesecalamities?
Death Lossofshelter/house Trauma/Depression
HealthProblems Lackoffood/water Others:_______________
4. Whatmaybethesolutionstotheseproblems?
PreparednessofhomeandCommunity Coordinationcommunitygroups
Properdisposalofgarbage/waste CleanlinessofCommunity
Newinfrastructureagainstcalamities Awarenessonpreparedness
5. Whatwouldbethebenefitsonresolvingthese?
Preventionorminimizeeffectsofcalamities Immediaterecoveryofcommunity
Lesscasualties(death/illnesses/properties) Others:__________________________
6. Whataretheconsequencesifnotresolved?
Morecasualties(death/illnesses/properties) Repeatofmoreworsecalamities
Unabletoimmediatelyrecover Others:__________________________
TECHNICALWRITING
Technical writing is a form of technical communication. It is a style of writing used infields as

diverse as computer hardware and software, engineering, chemistry, the aerospace industry,
robotics,finance,consumerelectronics,andbiotechnology.
Technical writer writes communications done on the job, especially in fields with specialized
vocabularies,suchasscience,engineering,technology,andthehealthsciences.
The Society for Technical Communication (STC) defines technical writing as a broad field that
includesanyformofcommunicationthatexhibitsoneormoreofthefollowingcharacteristics:
(1) communicating about technical or specialized topics, such as computer applications,

medicalprocedures,orenvironmentalregulations;
(2) communicatingbyusingtechnology,suchaswebpages,helpfiles,orsocialmediasites;
or
(3) providinginstructionsabouthowtodosomething,regardlessofhowtechnicalthetask
is, and regardless of whether technology is used to create or distribute that
communication.
"Thegoaloftechnicalwritingistoenablereaderstouseatechnologyorunderstandaprocess
or concept. Because the subject matter is more important than the writer's voice, technical
writingstyleusesanobjective,notasubjective,tone.Thewritingstyleisdirectandutilitarian,
emphasizingexactnessandclarityratherthaneleganceorallusiveness.Atechnicalwriteruses
figurative language only when a figure of speech would facilitate understanding
1
."
Technicalwriting isaccomplishedbytechnicalwriters,whomaybeprofessionalsoramateurs.
Such writers ideally begin by forming a clear understanding of the purpose of the document
that they will create. Technical writers then typically gather information from existing
documentationandfromsubjectmatterexperts(SME).AnSMEisanyexpertonthetopicthat
the writer is working on. Technical writers are often not SMEs themselves (unless they are
writing about creating good technical documentation). Workers at many levels, and in many
different fields, have a role in producing technical communications. A good technical writer
needs strong language and teaching skills and must understand the many conventions of
moderntechnicalcommunications.
Advanced technical writers often move into specialized areas such as Advance Programming
Interface writing for software programming, document architecture, or information
management.
THE ATMOSPHERE
TheatmosphereofEarthisalayerofgasessurroundingtheplanetEarththatisretained
byEarth'sgravity.TheatmosphereprotectslifeonEarthbyabsorbingultravioletsolarradiation,
warming the surface through heat retention (greenhouse effect), and reducingtemperature
extremesbetweendayandnight(thediurnaltemperaturevariation).
Atmospheric stratificationdescribes the structure of the atmosphere, dividing it into

distinct layers, each with specific characteristics such as temperature or composition. The
atmosphere has a mass of about 51018kg, three quarters of which is within about 11km
(6.8mi; 36,000 ft) of the surface. The atmosphere becomes thinner and thinner with
increasingaltitude, with no definite boundary between the atmosphere andouter space. An
altitudeof 120km (75mi) is where atmosphericeffects become noticeable duringatmospheric
reentryofspacecraft.TheKrmnline,at100km(62mi),alsoisoftenregardedastheboundary
betweenatmosphereandouterspace.
Airis the name given toatmosphereused inbreathingandphotosynthesis. Dry air

contains roughly (by volume) 78.09%nitrogen, 20.95%oxygen, 0.93%argon, 0.039%carbon
dioxide, and small amounts of other gases. Air also contains a variable amount ofwater vapor,
onaveragearound1%.Whileaircontentandatmosphericpressurevariesatdifferentlayers,air
suitableforthesurvivalofterrestrialplantsandterrestrialanimalsiscurrentlyonlyknowntobe
foundinEarth'stroposphereandartificialatmospheres.
THEMAGNETICFIELDOFTHEEARTH
TheEarth'smagneticfieldissimilartothatofabarmagnettilted11degreesfromthespinaxisof
theEarth.TheproblemwiththatpictureisthattheCurietemperatureofironisabout770C.The
Earth'scoreishotterthanthatandthereforenotmagnetic.SohowdidtheEarthgetitsmagnetic
field?
Magneticfieldssurroundelectriccurrents,sowe surmisethatcirculatingelecticcurrentsinthe
Earth's molten metalic core are the origin of the magnetic field. A current loop gives a field
similartothatoftheearth.ThemagneticfieldmagnitudemeasuredatthesurfaceoftheEarthis
abouthalfaGaussanddipstowardtheEarthinthenorthernhemisphere.Themagnitudevaries
overthesurfaceoftheEarthintherange0.3to0.6Gauss

THESCIENCEPROCESS
Planning
Involvestheactivitiesstudentsundertakewhencuriosityisstimulatedbytheirobservationsofa
phenomena.Studentsaskquestionssuchaswhathappenswhen;whatistheeffectof..
Theyattempttoprovideanswerstotheirownquestions,suggestpossiblerelationshipsand
identifyvariablesthatmayinfluencethephenomena.
Theyattempttomakesenseofwhattheyhaveobservedbyresearchingwhatisknownfrom
secondarysources.Studentsdeveloparesearchquestion,predictpossibleoutcomesandforman
hypothesisthatdefinestheirscientificinvestigation.Theyidentifyandanalysepotentialproblems
withtheirinvestigation.
Conducting
Involvesstudentsrefininganddocumentingtheirstepbystepprocedure;collectingresources
suchasequipmentforconductingandmeasuringtheirobservations.Studentsdecideonthe
mostappropriatewaytomeasureandrecordtheirobservations.Theycarryouttheir
experiment,observe,measureandrecorddata,andconductrepeattrials.Theyidentifyand
managesafetyrisks.

THESCIENTIFICMETHOD
TheScientificMethod
1. ChooseyourTopic
2. IdentifyaProblem
3. ResearchtheProblem
4. FormaHypothesis
5. DesigntheExperiments
6. TesttheHypothesis
7. AnalyzetheResults
8. FormulateandReportConclusions

THESUN
AlthoughtheSunisaratherordinarystar,itisveryimportanttotheinhabitantsofEarth.TheSunisthe
sourceofvirtuallyallEarth'senergy.ItprovidestheheatandlightthatmakelifeonEarthpossible.Yet
EarthreceivesonlyabouthalfabillionthoftheenergythatleavestheSun.TheSunisahugeballofhot
gases.Likeotherstars,itproducesenormousamountsofenergybyconvertinghydrogentoheliumdeep
withinitsinterior.
POSITIONINTHESOLARSYSTEM:
TheSunliesatthecenterofthesolarsystem.Itcontainsmorethan99percentofthesystem'smass.
Theimmensepullofitsgravityholdstheplanets,dwarfplanets,asteroids,comets,andotherbodiesin
orbitaroundit.TheaveragedistancebetweentheSunandEarthisroughly93millionmiles(150million
kilometers).Lighttravelsthroughspaceatabout186,282miles(299,792kilometers)persecond,soa
rayofsunlighttakesonlyabout8minutestoreachEarth.Lightfromthoseothersuns,thestars,takes
muchlongertoreachtheEarth.However,lightfromthenextneareststar,ProximaCentauri,takesmore
thanfouryearstoarrive.TheSunisintheouterpartoftheMilkyWaygalaxy.Lightfromthecenterof
thegalaxytakesmanythousandsofyearstoreachEarth.BecausetheSunissoclosetoEarth,itseems
muchlargerandbrighterthanotherstars.Itistheonlystarwhosesurfacedetailscanbeobservedfrom
Earth.
THESUNASTHECENTEROFTHESOLARSYSTEM:
Earth
Venus
Mercury
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
DwarfPlanet
Universe
Asteroids
Sun
Ecliptic
Pluto
PhilippineIndigenousArts
1. AncientandpreSpanishEra:ItisbelievedthatthefirstinhabitantsofthePhilippines
arrivedovermanythousandsofyearsago.Itiscommonlythoughtthattheymigrated
overalandbridge,whichexistedatthattime,fromtheAsianmainland.Thenextknown
inhabitationiswhentheNegritoorAetaarrivedintheislands.However,theywere
drivenbackbyseveralwavesofimmigrantsfromIndonesia,onlytobefollowedbythe
maritimepeoplesoftheMalayanislands.
2. PhilippineIndigenousArtsSculpture/CarvingPotteryWeavingPhysicalornaments
3. Sculptureisthreedimensionalartworkcreatedbyshapingorcombininghardmaterials,
typicallystonesuchasmarble,metal,glass,orwood,orplasticmaterialssuchasclay,
textiles,polymersandsoftermetals.
4. Carvingisoneofthetechniquesusedinsculpture.
5. BulularecarvedAnitofiguresoftheIfugaos:theserepresenttheirancestralspiritand
granarygods.SEATEDIFUGAO"BULUL"ATTHECONCLUSIONOFTHEANNUAL
IFUGAOHARVESTRITUAL"BULULS"PLACEDINRICEGRANARIESARECONSIDERED
GUARDIANSOFTHEHARVEST
6. SarimanokShownabovearethemostwellknownoftheolddesigns,thesarimanok.The
figurerepresentsafowlwithwings,featheredtail,andaheaddecoratedwith
ornamentsofscrolledandpaintedmotifofleaves,spirals,andfeatherlikeforms.It
usuallystandsonafishandanotheronehangsfromitsbeak.Thewoodenfigure,usually
perchedatopabamboopole,standsamongdecorativeflagsduringweddingsandother
festiveoccasions.
7. AngHagabiayisangupuangkahoyngmgaIfugaonasumisimbolosapanlipunang
katayuanngisangmamamayan.Itoaynagpapakitangyamanatkapangyarihanngmay
arinitonakadalasanayisangKadanagyanoisangtaongnabibilangsamataasnaantas
salipunan.Itoaysakadahilanangtangingangmgamayayamanlamangangmay
kakayahangmagpagawanitokasamanaangritwalnaipinagdiriwangsaorasna
mataposangpagbubuonito.
8. Anghagabiayisangupuangkahoynagawasanarraoipil.Angorihinalnaanyonitoay
tinatawagnaginulguldingnaangibigsabihinay"kagayangkambing",sapagkatsa
dalawangdulongupuanaymayroongnakaukitnaanimo'yulongkambing.Sa
kasalukuyananghagabiaymayiba'tibananganyoangisangdulonitonatinatawagna
ngiwiaykagayanangulongisanghayopnamaymahabangilongatdalawang
malalakingtainga.
ESSAY

Anessayisashortpieceofwritingthatdiscusses,describesoranalyzesonetopic.Itcandiscussasubjectdirectly
or indirectly, seriously or humorously. It can describe personal opinions, or just report information. An essay can
be written from any perspective, but essays are most commonly written in the first person (I), or third person
(subjectsthatcanbesubstitutedwiththehe,she,it,ortheypronouns).
Therearemanydifferentkindsofessays.Thefollowingareasomeofthemostcommonones:
Descriptive Cause/Effect Argumentative

Definition Narrative Critical
Compare/Contrast Process
DESCRIPTIVE
Examples:Adescriptiveessaycoulddescribe...
*atreeinmybackyard;
*avisittothechildren'swardofahospital;
*ahotfudgesundae;
*whatanathletedidinordertomakeittotheOlympics.
The descriptive essay provides details about how something

looks,feels,tastes,smells,makesonefeel,orsounds.Itcanalso
describewhatsomethingis,orhowsomethinghappened.These
essaysgenerallyusealotofsensorydetails.Theessaycouldbea
listlike description that provides point by point details. Or, it
could function as a story, keeping the reader interested in the
plotandthemeoftheeventdescribed.
DEFINITION
Examples:Adefinitionessaymaytryanddefine...
*themeaningofanabstractconcept,likelove;
*thetruemeaningandimportanceofhonesty;
*howthemeaningoffamilygoesdeeperthanjustyourblood
relatives.
Adefinitionessayattemptstodefineaspecificterm.Itcouldtry
topindownthemeaningofaspecificword,ordefineanabstract
TYPES OF ROCKS
Geologists classify rocks in three groups, according to the major Earth
processes that formed them. The three rock groups are igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Anyone who wishes to collect
rocks should become familiar with the characteristics of these three rock
groups. Knowing how a geologist classifies rocks is important if you want to
transform a random group of rock specimens into a true collection.
IGNEOUS ROCKS
Igneous rocks are
formed from melted
rock that has cooled
and solidified. When
rocks are buried deep
within the Earth, they
melt because of the
high pressure and
temperature; the molten
rock (called magma)
can then flow upward or
even be erupted from a
volcano onto the Earth's
surface. When magma
cools slowly, usually at
depths of thousands of
feet, crystals grow from
the molten liquid, and a
coarse-grained rock
forms. When magma
cools rapidly, usually at
or near the Earth's
surface, the crystals are
extremely small, and a fine-grained rock results. A wide variety of rocks are
formed by different cooling rates and different chemical compositions of the
original magma. Obsidian (volcanic glass), granite, basalt, and andesite
porphyry are four of the many types of igneous rock.

WEATHERING
Weatheringingeneralreferstoagroupofprocessesbywhichsurfacerockdisintegratesinto
smallerparticlesordissolveintowaterduetotheimpactoftheatmosphereandhydrosphere.
Theweatheringprocessesoftenareslow(hundredtothousandsofyears).Theamountoftime
thatrocksandmineralshavebeenexposedattheearth'ssurfacewillinfluencethedegreeto
whichtheyhaveweathered.
Weatheringprocessesaredividedintothreecategories:
PhysicalWeathering
ChemicalWeathering
BiologicalWeathering
PHYSICALWEATHERING:
Primarymineralsandrocksaresplittedinfragmentsduetophysicalweathering.Thisleadsto
environmentalconditions(e.g.ahighersurfacearea)thatfavorchemicalweathering.Thereare
severalformsofphysicalweathering:
Abrasion:Watercarryingsuspendedrockfragmentshasascouringactiononsurfaces.
Examplesarethegrindingactionofglaciers,gravel,pebblesandbouldersmovedalongand
constantlyabradedbyfastflowingstreams.Particlescarriedbywindalsohavea'sandblasting
effect'.
Wettinganddrying:Waterpenetratesintorocksandreactswiththeirconstituentminerals.
WEDDINGDANCE
ByAmadorDaguio
Awiyao reached for the upper horizontal log which served as the edge of the headhigh
threshold. Clinging to the log, he lifted himself with one bound that carried him across to the
narrowdoor.Heslidbackthecover,steppedinside,thenpushedthecoverbackinplace.After
somemomentsduringwhichheseemedtowait,hetalkedtothelisteningdarkness.
Imsorrythishadtobedone.Iamreallysorry.Butneitherofuscanhelpit.
Thesoundofthegangsasbeatthroughthewallsofthedarkhouselikemuffledroarsoffalling
waters. The woman who had moved with a start when the sliding door opened had been
hearingthegangsasforshedidnotknowhowlong.Therewasasuddenrushoffireinher.She
gavenosignthatsheheardAwiyao,butcontinuedtositunmovinginthedarkness.
But Awiyao knew that she heard him and his heart pitied her. He crawled on all fours to the
middle of the room; he knew exactly where the stove was. With bare fingers he stirred the
covered smoldering embers, and blew into the stove. When the coals began to glow, Awiyao
putpiecesofpineonthem,thenfullroundlogsashisarms.Theroombrightened.
Why dont you go out, he said, and join the dancing women? He felt a pang inside him,
becausewhathesaidwasreallynottherightthingtosayandbecausethewomandidnotstir.
You should join the dancers, he said, as ifas if nothing had happened. He looked at the
woman huddled in a corner of the room, leaning against the wall. The stove fire played with
COMPILATIONOF
ASSIGNMENTSIN
GRADE8
(1BookReviewand
48Assignments)
BOOKREVIEW
TheLittlePrince
AREADINGOFANTOINEDESAINTEXUPERYS
THELITTLEPRINCE
COMPILATIONOF
ASSIGNMENTS
GRADE8
MINANGGINTO
(AlamatngBaguio)
Sa isang nayon sa Baguio na kung tawagin ay Suyuk, naninirahan ang mga

Igorot na pinamumunuan ni Kunto. Si Kunto ay bata pa ngunit siya ang
pinakamalakas at pinakamatapang sa kanilang nayon kaya siya ang ginawang
punongmatatandangpantas.
Angmgananinirahansanayongitoaynamumuhaynangtahimik.Maibiginsila
sakapwaatmaytakotsilasakanilangbathala.Tauntaonaynagdaraossilang
caao bilang parangal sa kanilang mga anito. Noong panahong iyon, ang mga
Igorotaynaniniwalasaibatibanganito.
Kung nagdaraos sila ng caao ay lingguhan ang kanilang handa. Nagpapatay

silangbaboynainiaalaysakanilangbathala.Nagsasayawanatnagkakantahan
sila.
Isang araw ay nagtungo si Kunto sa gubat upang mamana. Hindi pa siya

lubhang nakalalayo nang nakakita siya ng isang uwak. Nakatayo ito sa isang
ANGKATAMARANNGMGAPILIPINO
NiJoseRizal
Nailathalang limang yugto na bahabahagi sa La Solidaridad, ng Madrid,

mulaHulyo15toSetyembre15,1890.
LayuninnitoayangPagtuligsaparatangngmgapraylenaangmgaPilipino
aytamad,walangsilbi,atIresponsable.
IsaangLaIndolenciadelosFilipinossadalawangsanaysayniJoseRizalna
unanglumabassaMadrid,Spain.
DahilanngsinasabingpagigingtamadngmgaPilipinoayonkayRizal:
1. Ang pagiging tamad ng mgaPilipino ay bunga ng kaguluhan atkawalan ng

pagsulongnglipunan;
2. Angkatamaranaybungangklimaatkalikasan;
3. Angkatamaranayhindiminamanaonamamana;
4. AngmababangpagtinginngmgaKastilasamanomanongpaggawaaysanhi
ngkatamaranngmgaPilipino;
5. Matindingepektongpaniniwalasahimala;
6. Diskriminasyonsakulay;
7. Sapilitangpaggawa;
8. Pangaalipinsaatpagbentabilangalipin.
Buod:
Ang sanaysay ni Jose Rizal na "Katamaran ng mga Pilipino" (La indolencia de los
Filipinos)aysinulatniyaparamagbigaytugonsapagbabansagsamgaPilipinona
tamad. Ang ibig sabihin ng sanaysay na ito sa Ingles, "The Indolence of the
Filipinos", ay "little love for work, lack of activities". Ayon kay Rizal, ang
pagbabansagnaitoaymaykatotohanan.Sinabiniyanamaymgadahilanatsanhi
kungbaketmasasabinaangmgaPilipinoaymgatamad.
Ayon sa kanya, ang pangunahing sanhi ay ang mainit na klima ng Pilipinas.

Nahihirapan ang mga Pilipino na gumawa dahil sa init ng araw na tumitinag sa
ANGMGAUNANGKABIHASNAN
Sasinaunangpanahonnatuklasanngtaoanggamitngapoy,paggamitngkagamitanparasa
pangangaso,pagsabasaatpagsulat.
Sasinaunangpanahundinnabuoangunangpamilya,pamayanan,bayan,lungson,kaharianat
imperyo.Ditonalamanngtaonamayisaomaramingpuwersananakahihigitsataoatsiyang
painagmulanonagkontrolngmgabagaybagay.Dahilditto,dapatsiyangigalangatpurihin
sapagkatdittonagsimulaangunangkonseptongrelihiyon.
KatangiangPisikalngmgaUnangKabihasnan
Sakabanatangito,maglalakbaytayosanakaraan.Tatahakinnatinanglandasngmga
sinaunangtaosaFertileCrestatMesopotamiatuladngmga:
Semerian,Babylonian,Hittite,Hebreo,Phoenician,AssyrianatChaldean.
MamamanghatayosamgapiramideitinayongmgaparaonsaEgypt.Matutuklasandinnatin
angKabihasnansaIndia,angMehenjoDearoatHarappa.Matututunannatinangparaanng
mgasinaunangTsinosaChina.Atmatutuklasannatinangmgalihimngibapangsibilisasyong
itintagsaAfrica.
Sapagtuklasngsinaunangkabihasnan,bibigyandiinanghalossabaysabaynapagsikatng
sibilisasyonsakapataganngmgaIlogTigrisEuphrates,Indus,YangtzeatNile.Angmgailogna
itoangnagsilbingdaaanngmgakalakalatmgatao.
FertileCrescentatmgaKambalnailog
LISTOFPATHOGENICBACTERIABYCLINICALCHARACTERISTICS
BACTERIA TRANSMISSION DISEASES TREATMENT PREVENTION LABORATORY DIAGNOSI

Bacillus
anthracis
Contact with sheep,
goats and horses
Inhalation or skin
penetration through
abrasions of spore-
contaminated dust
Cutaneous anthrax
Pulmonary anthrax
Gastrointestinal
anthrax
In early infection:
Penicillin
Doxycycline
Ciprofloxacin
Anthrax vaccine
autoclaving of
instruments
Large, grayish,
nonhemolytic colonies
with irregular borders o
blood sugar
Direct
immunofluorescence
Bordetella
pertussis
Contact with
respiratory droplets
expelled by infected
human hosts.
Whooping cough
Complications:
Secondary bacterial
pneumonia
Macrolide antibiotics
Azithromycin
Erythromycin
Clarithromycin
Pertussis vaccine,
DPT vaccine
Direct
immunofluorescence
PCR amplification
Borrelia
burgdorferi
Ixodes ticks
reservoir in deer,
mice and other
rodents
Lyme disease Early stages:
cephalosporins
amoxicillin
doxycycline
If arthritic symptoms have
appeared:
Longer courses of
antibiotics
Lyme vaccine
wearing clothing
that limits skin
exposure to ticks
insect repellent
Microscopy using Giemsa
or Wright stain
PCR
serology (low precision
rate)
Brucella
abortus
Brucella canis
Brucella
melitensis
Brucella suis
Direct contact with
infected animal
Oral, by ingestion of
unpasteurized milk
or milk products
Brucellosis Combination therapy of:
doxycycline
streptomycin or gentamicin
Culture (difficult and tim
consuming)
Agglutination serology
Campylobacter
jejuni
Fecal/oral from
animals (mammals
and fowl)
Contaminated meat
(especially poultry)
Contaminated water
Acute enteritis Symptomatically by fluid
and electrolyte replacement
Ciprofloxacin in severe
cases
No available vaccine
Good hygiene
Avoiding
contaminated water
Pasteurizing milk
and milk products
Cooking meat
(especially poultry)
Finding campylobacter in
feces
Chlamydia
pneumoniae
Respiratory
droplets
Community-acquired
respiratory infection
Doxycycline
Erythromycin
None None for routine use
Chlamydia
trachomatis
Sexual (NGU, LGV)
Direct or
contaminated
surfaces and flies
(trachoma)
Passage through
birth canal (ICN)
Nongonococcal
urethritis (NGU)
Lymphogranuloma
venereum (LGV)
Trachoma
Inclusion conjunctivitis
of the newborn (ICN)
Azithromycin
Erythromycin
Tetracyclines
Doxycycline
No vaccine
Erythromycin or
silver nitrate in
newborn's eyes
Safe sex
Cellular cytoplasmic
inclusions by
immunofluorescence
DNA hybridization
ELISA for
lipopolysaccharides
Chlamydophila
psittaci
Inhalation of dust
with secretions or
feces from birds
(e.g. parrots)
Psittacosis Tetracycline
Doxycycline
Erythromycin (less
efficient)
Rise in antibody titre
Complement fixation
indirect
immunofluorescence
Clostridium
botulinum
Spores from soil
and aquatic
sediments
contaminating
vegetables, meat
and fish
Botulism Antitoxin (horse antiserum) Proper food
preservation
techniques
Mouse inoculation detect
toxin from food, intestina
contents or serum
Culture in standard
aerobic culture

BACTERIATHATCAUSEDISEASES
PathogenicBacteria:
Pathogenicbacteriaarebacteriathatcausebacterialinfectionordisease.
MajorPathogenicBacteria:
Although the vast majority of bacteria are harmless or beneficial, quite a few
bacteriaarepathogenic.Oneofthebacterialdiseaseswithhighestdiseaseburdenis
tuberculosis, caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which kills
about2millionpeopleayear,mostlyinsubSaharanAfrica.
Pathogenic bacteria contribute to other globally important diseases, such as

pneumonia, which can be caused by bacteria such as Streptococcus and
Pseudomonas, and foodborne illnesses, which can be caused by bacteria such as
Shigella,Campylobacter,andSalmonella.
Pathogenicbacteriaalsocauseinfectionssuchastetanus,typhoidfever,diphtheria,
syphilis,andleprosy.
FAMOUS PEOPLE IN BIOLOGY:
Aristotle
384 BC-322
BC)
Greek
Philosopher
Aristotle is properly recognized as the originator of the sc
Aristotle believed that creatures were arranged in a grad
man, the scala naturae or Great Chain of Being.[25] His sy
degree to which they are infected with potentiality", exp
laid warm and wet creatures alive, the lowest bore theirs
Louis Pasteur 18221895)
French chemist
and
microbiology
Whose contributions were among the most varied and val
he who proved that microorganisms cause fermentation a
for rabies, anthrax, and chicken cholera; he who saved th
His remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and preventio
theory of disease, also reducing mortality from puerperal
for rabies. He was best known to the general public for in
causing sickness - this process came to be called pasteuri
founders of microbiology, together with Ferdinand Cohn a
Charles Darwin (18091882) British naturalist
Eminent as a collector and geologist, who proposed and p
have evolved over time from common ancestors through t
that evolution occurs became accepted by the scientific c
while his theory of natural selection came to be widely se
evolution in the 1930s,[1] and now forms the basis of mod
scientific discovery remains the foundation of biology, as
diversity of life.[2]
Gregor Mendel (18221884)
Czech-Austrian
monk
Who is often called the "father of genetics" or his study of
showed that the inheritance of traits follows particular la
significance of Mendel's work was not recognized until the
the foundation of the discipline of genetics.
Jean-Baptiste
Lamarck
(17441829)
Naturalist,
French
evolutionist,
coined many
terms like
biology and
fossils
He was one of the main contributors to the Cell Theory. I
for a theory of "inheritance of acquired characters", calle
of soft inheritance were accepted by most natural histori
Lamarck's contribution to evolutionary theory consisted o
which an alchemical complexifying force drove organisms
environmental force adapted them to local environments
differentiating them from other organisms.[5]
Antoni van
Leeuwenhoek
(16321723)
Dutch biologist,
developer of the
microscope
He is commonly known as "the Father of Microbiology", an
best known for his work on the improvement of the micro
establishment of microbiology. Using his handcrafted mic
single celled organisms, which he originally referred to as
microorganisms. He was also the first to record microscop
spermatozoa and blood flow in capillaries (small blood ve
BIOLOGYADVANCEMENT
BIOFUELPRODUCTIONNEWADVANCES
May 12, 2013 Advanced biofuels liquid fuels
synthesized from the sugars in cellulosic biomass
offer a clean, green and renewable alternative to
gasoline, diesel and jet fuels. Bringing the costs of
producing these advanced biofuels down to
competitive levels with petrofuels, however, is a
majorchallenge.ResearchersattheU.S.Department
of Energy (DOE)'s Joint BioEnergy Institute (JBEI), a
bioenergy research center led by Berkeley Lab, have
takenanothersteptowardsmeetingthischallengewiththedevelopmentofanewtechniquefor
pretreatingcellulosicbiomasswithionicliquidssaltsthatareliquidsratherthancrystalsatroom
temperature.Thisnewtechniquerequiresnoneoftheexpensiveenzymesusedinpreviousionic
liquidpretreatments,andmakesiteasiertorecoverfuelsugarsandrecycletheionicliquid.
Withtheburningoffossilfuelscontinuingtoadd9billionmetrictonsofexcesscarbondioxideto
the atmosphere each year, the need for carbon neutral, costcompetitive renewable alternative
fuels has never been greater. Advanced biofuels, produced from the microbial fermentation of
sugarsinlignocellulosicbiomass,coulddisplacegasoline,dieselandjetfuelonagallonforgallon
basis and be directly dropped into today's engines and infrastructures without impacting
performance.Ifdonecorrectly,theuseofadvancedbiofuelswouldnotaddexcesscarbontothe
atmosphere.
Environmentally benignionic liquids are used asgreen chemistry substitutes for volatile organic
solvents. While showing great potential as a biomass pretreatment for dissolving lignocellulose
and helping to hydrolyze the resulting aqueous solution into fuel sugars, the best of these ionic
liquids sofarhave requiredthe use of expensive enzymes. Recent studies have shownthat acid
catalysts,suchashydrochloricorBrnsted,caneffectivelyreplaceenzymebasedhydrolysis,but
thesubsequentseparationofsugarsandionicliquidsbecomesadifficultandexpensiveproblem
canrequiretheuseofsignificantamountsofwater.
Guided by molecular dynamics simulations carried out at DOE's National Energy Research
ScientificComputingCenter(NERSC),SimmonsandhiscolleaguesatJBEIsolvedthisproblemby
deployingtheionicliquidimidazoliumchlorideintandemwithanacidcatalyst.
"Imidazolium is the most effective known ionic liquid for breaking down lignocellulose and the
chlorideanionisamenablewiththeacidcatalyst,"Simmonssays."Thecombinationmakesiteasy
toextractfermentablesugarsthathavebeenliberatedfrombiomassandalsoeasytorecoverthe
ionic liquid for recycling. By eliminating the need for enzymes and decreasing the water
consumption requirements of more traditional ionic liquid pretreatments we should be able to
reducethecostsofsugarproductionfromlignocellulose."
BIOLOGY
FieldsofBiology
Biology is a science which is concerned with thestudy of living organisms. It includes study of
theirorigin,structure,function,evolution,growth,distributioninnature,andtaxonomy.
DifferentFieldsofBiologyareasFollows
1. Anatomy is the field of biology which involves the study of form and function of
multicellularorganism.
2. Aerobiologyisthefieldofbiologywhichinvolvesthestudyofairborneorganicparticles
3. Astrobiology is the field of biology which involves the study of evolution, distribution, and
futureoflifeintheuniverse.
4. Biogeography is the field of biology which involves the study of spatial distribution of
organismsontheearth
5. Biochemistryisthefieldofbiologywhichinvolvesthestudyofchemicalreactionsrequired
forlife
6. Botanyisthefieldofbiologywhichinvolvesthestudyofplants
MatthiasJakobSchleiden(5April180423June1881)aGermanBotanist.
Acofounderofthecelltheory,alongwithTheodorSchwannandRudolfVirchow.
SchleidenwasthesonofawelltodomunicipalphysicianofHamburg.Hefirststudiedlawat
the University of Hamburg from 1824 to 1827 and obtained a doctorate. He subsequently
practicedlawinHamburg,butwasunhappywithhiscareerchoiceandchoosetodevelophis
hobby of botany into a fulltime pursuit. In 1833 he began to study natural science at
Gttingen and then transferred to Berlin. In choosing botany he was encouraged by his
botanistuncle,JohannHorkel(17691849).
During these years the famous naturalist Alexander von Humboldt (17691859) and the
ScottishbotanistRobertBrown(17731858)livedinBerlin.Schleidenworkedinthelaboratory
ofJohannesPeterMller(18011858),wherehemetTheodorSchwann.
In this inspiring milieu, Schleiden worked intensively and produced noteworthy publications.
He obtained his doctorate in 1839 at Jena and was then able to give free reign to his
pedagocicalfervor.Helecturedandwrotebothtechnicalandpopularscientificworksonthe
widestrangeoftopics.
Schleidens lectures drew anthusiastic, overflow audiences and his numerous articles
appearedinhighlyrespectedjournals.
He declined an offer from the University of Giessen in 1846, but in 1850 he accepted
nominationastitularprofessorofbotanyatJena.Healsoreceivedmanyhonorsfromlearned
societies. In spite of his success, Schleiden decided to leave Jena. His combative personality
probably contributed tothisdecision; he was often involved in polemicswith leading figures
oftheday.
He soon became a highly regarded popular lecturer and writer, and he was one of the most
popularpopularizersoftheage.
Branches of Biology
Biology, the scientific study of life, includes several relevant branches. Below is a list of major branches of
biology with a brief description for each.
Agriculture - science and practice of producing crops and livestock from the natural resources of the earth
Anatomy - study of the animal form, particularly human body
Astrobiology - branch of biology concerned with the effects of outer space on living organisms and the
search for extraterrestrial life.
Biochemistry - the study of the structure and function of cellular components, such as proteins,
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules, and of their functions and transformations
during life processes
Bioclimatology - a science concerned with the influence of climates on organisms, for instance the effects
of climate on the development and distribution of plants, animals, and humans
Bioengineering - or biological engineering, is a broad-based engineering discipline that deals with bio-
molecular and molecular processes, product design, sustainability and analysis of biological systems.
Biogeography - a science that attempts to describe the changing distributions and geographic patterns of
living and fossil species of plants and animals
Bioinformatics - information technology as applied to the life sciences, especially the technology used for
the collection, storage, and retrieval of genomic data
Biomathematics - mathematical biology or biomathematics is an interdisciplinary field of academic study
which aims at modelling natural, biological processes using mathematical techniques and tools. It has both
practical and theoretical applications in biological research.
Biophysics - or biological physics is an interdisciplinary science that applies the theories and methods of
physical sciences to questions of biology
Biotechnology - applied science that is concerned with biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives
thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use
Botany - the scientific study of plants
Cell biology - the study of cells at the microscopic or at the molecular level. It includes studying the cells
physiological properties, structures, organelles, interactions with their environment, life cycle, division and
apoptosis
Chronobiology - a science that studies time-related phenomena in living organisms
Conservation Biology - concerned with the studies and schemes of habitat preservation and species
protection for the purpose of alleviating extinction crisis and conserving biodiversity
Cryobiology - the study of the effects of low temperatures on living organisms
Developmental Biology - the study of the processes by which an organism develops from a zygote to its full
structure
Ecology - the scientific study of the relationships between plants, animals, and their environment
Ethnobiology - a study of the past and present human interactions with the environment, for instance the
use of diverse flora and fauna by indigenous societies
BRIEFHISTORYOFISRAEL
ThepeopleofIsrael(alsocalledthe"JewishPeople")tracetheirorigintoAbraham,
who established the belief that there is only one God, the creator of the universe
(seeTorah).Abraham,hissonYitshak(Isaac),andgrandsonJacob(Israel),arereferredtoas
the patriarchs of the Israelites. All three patriarchs lived in the Land of Canaan, that later
came to be known as the Land of Israel. They and their wives are buried in the Ma'arat
HaMachpela,theTombofthePatriarchs,inHebron(GenesisChapter23).
"Your name is Jacob, but you will not be called Jacob any longer. From now on your name will be Israel.
The name Israel derives from the name given to Jacob by God when he struggled
withHim(Genesis32:29).His12sonswerethekernelsof12tribesthatlaterdevelopedinto
the Jewishnation.The name Jewderives from Yehuda (Judah) one ofthe 12 sons of Jacob
(Reuben, Shimon, Levi, Yehuda, Dan, Naphtali, Gad, Asher, Yisachar, Zevulun, Yosef,
Binyamin)(Exodus 1:1). So, the names Israel, Israeli or Jewish refer to people of the same
origin.
ThedescendantsofAbrahamcrystallizedintoanationatabout1300BCEaftertheir
Exodus from Egypt under the leadership of Moses (Moshe in Hebrew). Soon after the
Exodus, Moses transmitted to the people of this new emerging nation, the Torah, and the
Ten Commandments (Exodus Chapter 20). After 40 years in the Sinai desert, Moses led
CELLCYCLE
(FUNDAMENTALPROCESS)
CONTROLOFCELLDIVISION
Mostcellshavetwomajorphases:mitosisandinterphaseoftentogetherreferredtoas
thecellcycle
Formosttissuesatanygiventime,onlyafewcellsareinmitosiswhiletherestremain
in interphase which is the period between divisions of the cytoplasm and is where a
typicaleukaryoticcellspendsmostofitslife
Somecellslosethecapacitytodividealtogetherandstayininterphaseindefinitely(for
example in humans: nerve cells and muscle cells), whilesomedivide regularly
andothersonlyoccasionally
CHARACTERISTICSOFINDIANLITERATURE
The characteristics of Indian Literature are naturally an aspect of Indian

consciousness, tradition and culture. It is distinguished from the western
consciousness,uponwhichanIndianisnurturedfrombirthtotheiradulthoodin
aclosednitfamilywithhighbackgroundofreligionandtraditionpracticesbythe
communityandsociety
According to Rudyard Kiplings oftquoted line, East is East, and West is

West,andneverthetwainshallmeet,particularlytheapproachofliterature.Itis
possible for them to meet on a common ground; eastern literature might be of
appealandperennialsourceofcharmforthewritersandreadersintheWest,as
it really has been, and the same, without any fear of carping, might be said of
westernliterature.
To strike a balance and a compromise, as the circumstances permitted,

without losing their native character had been a constant feature of Indian life.
WhatthenarethesecharacteristicsoftheIndianconsciousness,whichtheIndian
Literatures retain even up to this day, in spite of so many inroads from an alien
sourceuponit?WhereinliestheIndiannessoftheIndians?
THECOREOFINDIALITERATURE:INDIANCONSCIOUSNESS
TheseconsciousnessesareatthebackboneofIndianLiterature:
REINCARNATION: It is the widespread belief in Mukti, and in

REINCARNATION.ItisapowerfulobsessionwiththeIndians.Thereisnothinglike
it in western consciousness. A westerner would turn away from it as something
strangeandunknown.ButithappenstobethebasicbeliefoftheIndian.Itishis
life breath. Indians are prepared to sacrifice if he can only attain to this state of
highestbeing,towhichallhisvisibleeffortsandinvisibleaspirationsaredirected.
AperpetualobsessionwiththeIndian,thisbeliefcolourshiswholelife.
KARMA: A belief that is very closely attendant upon the Indians belief in
Mukti, is his belief in the doctrine of KARMA. It is second to the first only in the
determinationofhisattitudetowardslife.Wearesuchandsuchbecausewedid
such and such in the past. Our actionsin a previous birth determine our state in
the present. Charitable deeds are commonly done in the hope of getting a
FAMOUSPEOPLEINBIOLOGY
Aristotle(384BC322BC)GreekPhilosopher
Aristotle is a towering figure in ancient Greek philosophy, making contributions to logic, metaphysics,
mathematics,physics,biology,botany,ethics,politics,agriculture,medicine,danceandtheatre.Hewas
a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates. He was more empiricallyminded than Plato or
SocratesandisfamousforrejectingPlatostheoryofforms.
Aristotle sees the universe as a scale lying between the two extremes: form without matter is on one
end,andmatterwithoutformisontheotherend.Thepassageofmatterintoformmustbeshowninits
various stages in the world of nature. To do this is the object of Aristotles physics, or philosophy of
nature. It is important to keep in mind that the passage from form to matter within nature is a
movement towards ends or purposes. Everything in nature has its end and function, and nothing is
without its purpose. Everywhere we find evidences of design and rational plan. No doctrine of physics
can ignore the fundamental notions of motion, space, and time. Motion is the passage of matter into
form,anditisoffourkinds:(1)motionwhichaffectsthesubstanceofathing,particularlyitsbeginning
anditsending;(2)motionwhichbringsaboutchangesinquality;(3)motionwhichbringsaboutchanges
inquantity,byincreasingitanddecreasingit;and(4)motionwhichbringsaboutlocomotion,orchange
ofplace.Ofthesethelastisthemostfundamentalandimportant.
Aristotleisproperlyrecognizedastheoriginatorofthescientificstudyoflife.
Aristotlebelievedthatcreatureswerearrangedinagradedscaleofperfectionrisingfromplantsonup
toman,thescalanaturaeorGreatChainofBeing.Hissystemhadelevengrades,arrangedaccording"to
the degree to which they are infected with potentiality", expressed in their form at birth. The highest
animalslaidwarmandwetcreaturesalive,thelowestboretheirscold,dry,andinthickeggs.
GENEMUTATION
AgenemutationisapermanentchangeintheDNAsequencethatmakesupa
gene.MutationsrangeinsizefromasingleDNAbuildingblock(DNAbase)toa
largesegmentofachromosome.
Gene mutations occur in two ways: they can be inherited from a parent or
acquiredduringapersonslifetime.Mutationsthatarepassedfromparentto
childarecalledhereditarymutationsorgermlinemutations(becausetheyare
presentintheeggandspermcells,whicharealsocalledgermcells).Thistype
of mutation is present throughout a persons life in virtually every cell in the
body.
Mutationsthatoccuronlyinaneggorspermcell,orthosethatoccurjustafter
fertilization, are called new (de novo) mutations. De novo mutations may
explain genetic disorders in which an affected child has a mutation in every
cell,buthasnofamilyhistoryofthedisorder.
Acquired (or somatic) mutations occur in the DNA of individual cells at some
time during a persons life. These changes can be caused by environmental
factors such as ultraviolet radiation from the sun, or can occur if a mistake is
made as DNA copies itself during cell division. Acquired mutations in somatic
cells (cells other than sperm and egg cells) cannot be passed on to the next
generation.
Mutationsmayalsooccurinasinglecellwithinanearlyembryo.Asallthecells
divideduringgrowthanddevelopment,theindividualwillhavesomecellswith
the mutation and some cells without the genetic change. This situation is
calledmosaicism.
Some genetic changes are very rare; others are common in the population.
Geneticchangesthatoccurinmorethan1percentofthepopulationarecalled
polymorphisms.Theyarecommonenoughtobeconsideredanormalvariation
intheDNA.Polymorphismsareresponsibleformanyofthenormaldifferences
between people such as eye color, hair color, and blood type. Although many
polymorphisms have no negative effects on a persons health, some of these
variationsmayinfluencetheriskofdevelopingcertaindisorders.

HUMANSEXUALITY
(WHATCHILDRENNEEDTOKNOWANDWHEN)
HumanSexualityWhatChildrenNeedtoKnowandWhenAtaGlance
Itsbesttostarttalkingwithchildrenaboutsexualityinearlychildhood
butitsnevertoolatetostart.
Givingourchildrenageappropriateinformationwillhelpthemfeelmore
incontroloftheirbodiesandmakeresponsibledecisions.
Allkidsincludingthosewithdisabilitiesneedtolearnaboutsexuality.
Wewantourchildrentogrowuptohavehealthyandhappylives.Formostofus,thisincludes
havingrewardingrelationshipsandsexlives.
Tohelpthemreachthisgoal,
weneedto
givethemtheinformationtheyneedtomakeresponsiblechoices
encouragethemtotakegoodcareoftheirbodies
helpthembuildtheconfidencetheyneedtorespectthemselvesandother
people
earntheirrespectifwecandothat,theyaremorelikelytolooktous
andothertrustedadultsforinformationwhentheyneedit
Teachingourchildrenaboutsexualityisanongoingprocess.Theyneedalotofinformation.
Theyneedtoknowabouteverythingfromanatomytopubertytomasturbationtohealthy
relationships.
Ourchildrendontalllearnatthesamerate.Butherearesomegeneralguidelinesthatapplyto
mostkids.Theyreaboutwhatchildrenneedtoknowandwhatcommunicationskillstheyneed
tohavewhenitcomestosexandsexuality.Wehavegroupedthemaccordingtowhatis
appropriatefordifferentagegroups.Wehopetheyarehelpful.
HUMANSEXUALITYCARE
SEXUALHEALTHDEFINITIONS
Sexuality:
The sexual knowledge, beliefs,

attitudes, values, and behaviours of
individuals. Its dimensions include the
anatomy, physiology, and
biochemistry of the sexual response
system;identity,orientation,rolesand
personality; and thoughts, feelings,
and relationships. The expression of
sexuality is influenced by ethical,
spiritual,cultural,andmoralconcerns.

SCIENCE

I. INVENTORS AND DISCOVERERS

MP3
History and Development

For LP MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3, more commonly referred to as MP3, is a popular audio
encoding format. It uses a lossy compression algorithm that is designed to greatly reduce the
amount of data required to represent the audio recording, yet still sound like a faithful
reproduction of the original uncompressed audio to most listeners. It was invented by a team
of European engineers of Philips, CCETT (Centre commun d'tudes de tlvision et
tlcommunications), IRT and Fraunhofer Society, who worked in the framework of the
EUREKA 147 DAB digital radio research program, and it became an ISO/IEC standard in 1991.

MP3 is an audio-specific format. The compression takes off certain sounds that cannot
be heard by the listener, i.e. outside the normal human hearing range. It provides a
representation of pulse-code modulationencoded audio in much less space than
straightforward methods, by using psychoacoustic models to discard components less audible
to human hearing, and recording the remaining information in an efficient manner. Similar
principles are used by JPEG, an image compression format.

I-POD
History and design

iPod came from Apple's digital hub strategy,
[3]
when the company began creating
software for the growing market of digital devices being purchased by consumers. Digital
cameras, camcorders and organizers had well-established mainstream markets, but the
company found existing digital music players "big and clunky or small and useless" with user
interfaces that were "unbelievably awful",
[3]
so Apple decided to develop its own. Apple's
hardware engineering chief, Jon Rubinstein, assembled a team of engineers to design it,
including Tony Fadell, hardware engineer Michael Dhuey, and design engineer Jonathan Ive,
with Stan Ng as the marketing manager. The product was developed in less than a year and
unveiled on 23 October 2001. CEO Steve Jobs announced it as a Mac-compatible product with
a 5 GB hard drive that put "1000 songs in your pocket."

The name iPod was proposed by Vinnie Chieco, a freelance copywriter, who (with
others) was called by Apple to figure out how to introduce the new player to the public. After
Chieco saw a prototype, he thought of the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey and the phrase "Open
the pod bay door, Hal!", which refers to the white EVA Pods of the Discovery One spaceship.
Apple had previously registered the name "iPod" for Internet kiosks, but never put it to use.
[3]

JAPANESETRADITIONS
JAPANESETRADITIONALDRESS
ThekimonoisaJapanesetraditionalgarmentwornbymen,womenandchildren.Theword
"kimono",whichliterallymeansa"thingtowear"(ki"wear"andmono"thing"),hascometo
denote these fulllength robes. The standard plural of the word kimono in English is
kimonos,buttheunmarkedJapanesepluralkimonoisalsosometimesused.
Kimono are Tshaped, straightlined robes worn so that the hem falls to the ankle, with
attachedcollarsandlong,widesleeves.Kimonoarewrappedaroundthebody,alwayswith
the left side over the right (except when dressing the dead for burial.), and secured by a
sash called an obi, which is tied at the back. Kimono are generally worn with traditional
footwear(especiallyzriorgeta)andsplittoesocks(tabi).
Today, kimono are most often worn by women, and on special occasions. Traditionally,
unmarriedwomenworeastyleofkimonocalledfurisode,withalmostfloorlengthsleeves,
on special occasions. A few older women and even fewer men still wear the kimono on a
dailybasis.Menwearthekimonomostoftenatweddings,teaceremonies,andothervery
specialorveryformaloccasions.Professionalsumowrestlersareoftenseeninthekimono
becausetheyarerequiredtoweartraditionalJapanesedresswheneverappearinginpublic.
KATAMARANNGMGAPILIPINO
(INDOLENCEOFTHEFILIPINOS)
niJoseRizal
Indolence
saTagalogangibigsabihinaykatamaran;walangsilbi;ayawgumawa.
saInglesnamanaydislikeofwork;laziness,idlenessordispositiontobeidle,thelackof
inclinationtowork.
AngnilalamanngsanaysaynasinulatniRizal:
ItoayisangsanaysaynasinulatniRizalbilang depensaparasamgaIndionakung saan

tinawagnatamadangmgaPilipinongmgakolonyalnaEspanyol.
IpinakitaditoniRizalangmadamingkatwiranathalimbawaupangihayagangsinasabing
indolence ay isang epekto lamang ng dehumanizing conditions na kung saan ang mga
Indioaysapilitangmabuhay.
Dinagdagan ni Rizal ang kahulugan ng indolence. Ito ay the inclination to live off the
laborofothers.
Inamin ni Rizal na tamad ang mga Pilipino. Pero ito ay dahil sa init ng klima sa ating
bansa.
Lubhang nakapagpapapawis at nakapanghihina ang init at madalas silang sumilong sa

lilim.
Ang init ay nakapagpapalusog sa lupa, kaya ang mga pananim ay hindi kailangang
laggingalagaan.
Sinabi ni Rizal na hindi mana o likas ang katamaran sa mga Pilipino noong panahon ng
Kastila. Ang totoo, bago dumating ang mga Kastila, ang mga Pilipino ay may masiglang
pakikipagkalakalansamgaInstik,Hapon,ArabeatMalay.
NaginglaganaplamangangkatamaranngmgaPilipinonoongpanahonngmgaKastila.
Dahilsamasasamangpalakadngpamahalaan,tiwalingpagtuturongrelihiyonatdahilsa
ugalinarinngmgaKastila.
Bago pa man dumating sa Pilipinas ang mga Kastila ay nakikipagkalakalan na tayo sa

ibang bansang Asyano at Gitnang Silangan. Ngunit ito ay naputol ng monopolya ng
Galleon Trade. Sa Espanya lamang via Mehiko maaaring makipagkalakalan ang mga
MGAKAHULUGANNGTRADISYONGPILIPINO
Caao:
Sa Benguet, ang etniko Igorots ng Baguio ay tauntaon dumarating na

magkakasama para sa pagsaulog o pagdidiwang sa Grand Caao, isang sosyo
relihiyoso seremonya na tumatapat sa pangingilin ng araw ng Benguet
(AnniversaryoffoundationdayofBenguit).
Ang pagdiriwang nagsisimula sa isang aktibidad na tinawag nila ang avang.

Ang bawat delegado ng munisipyo ng Benguet ay pumipila at nakikilahok sa
pagkuhangisangtaongmatakawnakumakatawansakanilangbayan.
Ang mataas na saserdote sa lipi, na tinatawag na ang mambunong, ay

magsasagawangpanalanginupangpagpalainangmgababoynalutonasiyang
isangpagkainparasalahat.
BawatisasamgamunisipyongBenguet:Atok,Bakun,Bokod,Buguias,Itogon,
Kabayan,Kapangan,Kibungan,LaTrinidad,Mankayan,Sablan,Tuba,atTublay
aymagsagawangkanilangsarilingmgakatutubongsayawnatinatawagnaang
tayawsakanikanilangmgayugto.
Angsayaw,nabinubuongdalawangtao,isanglalakeatisangbabae,kungsaan
anglalakiaynakasuotngkumotnakanilangtinatawagnaanggatingnamay
katutubongdisenyosabawatbalikatatmay alpombrasagisagngkapisanan,at
MULTIMEDIA
Multimediacomesinmanydifferentformats.Itcanbealmostanythingyoucanhearorsee.
Examples:Pictures,music,sound,videos,records,films,animations,andmore.
Modern Web pages have often embedded multimedia elements, and modern browsers
havesupportforvariousmultimediaformats.
Multimedia is media and content that uses a combination of different content forms. This
contrasts with media that use only rudimentary computer displays such as textonly or
traditionalformsofprintedorhandproducedmaterial.Multimediaincludesacombination
oftext,audio,stillimages,animation,video,orinteractivitycontentforms.
Multimedia is usually recorded and played, displayed, or accessed by information content
processing devices, such as computerized and electronic devices, but can also be part of a
live performance. Multimedia devices are electronic media devices used to store and
experience multimedia content. Multimedia is distinguished from mixed media in fine art;
by including audio, for example, it has a broader scope. The term "rich media" is
synonymous for interactive multimedia. Hypermedia can be considered one particular
multimediaapplication.
MajorCharacteristicsofMultimedia:
Multimedia presentations may be viewed by person on stage, projected, transmitted, or
played locally with a media player. A broadcast may be a live or recorded multimedia
presentation. Broadcasts and recordings can be either analog or digital electronic media
technology. Digital online multimedia may be downloaded or streamed. Streaming
multimediamaybeliveorondemand.
MUSICANDYOURWORKOUT
Howyourworkoutplaylistcangiveyouanedgewhenyouexercise.
ByRobynAbree
WebMDFeature
ReviewedbyBrunildaNazario,MD
Music could make your workout better. You could last longer, be less bored, and actually
enjoyit,foronce!
Butthemusicyoupickmatters.Andyoumightwanttothinktwicebeforeyoustraponthose
headphones.
Here'showtomakemusicyoursecretweaponforexercise.
WorkingOuttoMusic
Music can motivate you to work longer and harder, says DavidLee Priest, PhD, a health
psychologistandresearcheratLondon'sBrunelUniversity.
"Fast music, especially, provides us more information to process, which may distract
someonefromthephysicalsensationsoffatigueandblocksignalstostopexercising,"Priest
says.
Butnotallfastsongsdothat.Ifthemusicistoofast,itisn'tlikelytoboostyourperformance
orendurance,saysBrunelUniversitysportspsychologyexpertCostasKarageorghis,PhD.He
hasstudiedtheeffectsofmusiconexerciseformorethan20years.
"Findings show there is a sweet spot, in terms of tempo, between 120 and 140 beats per
minute,"saysKarageorghis,whohasstudiedtheeffectsofmusiconexerciseformorethan
20 years. "Beyond that, it doesn't improve enjoyment or any other psychological variable
whileexercising."
Italsodependsonwhoyouare.
If you're anelite athlete, or if you work out a very intense level (about 70%80% of your
aerobiccapacity),you'realreadysointoitthatmusicmaynotgiveyouasmuchofanedge.
Butformostpeoplewhoworkoutatamoderatelevelacoupleoftimesaweek,musicis
definitely a plus. It's a pleasant distraction, which can help if you find exercise boring,
Karageorghissays.
Forthem,musicislikethe"cheesesauceontopofthebroccoli,"Priestagrees.Thatis,music
helpsthemtolerateexercise,andmaymotivatethemtoworkoutmoreoften.
MUSICOFTHAILAND
ThemusicofThailandreflectsitsgeographicpositionattheintersectionofChinaandIndia,and
reflects trade routes that have historically included Persia, Africa, Greece and Rome. Thai
musicalinstrumentsarevariedandreflectancientinfluencefromfarafieldincludingtheklong
thapandkhim(Persianorigin),thejakhe(Indianorigin),theklongjin(Chineseorigin),andthe
klong kaek (Indonesian origin). Though Thailand was never colonized by colonial powers, pop
musicandotherformsofmodernAsian,EuropeanandAmericanmusichavebecomeextremely
influential.ThetwomostpopularstylesoftraditionalThaimusicarelukthungandmorlam;the
latterinparticularhascloseaffinitieswiththeMusicofLaos.
AsidefromtheThai,ethnicminoritiessuchastheLao,Lawa,Hmong,Akha,Khmer,Lisu,Karen
andLahupeopleshaveretainedtraditionalmusicalforms.
CLASSICALMUSIC
SiamesetheatergroupwhichperformedinBerlin,Germanyin1900.
Thai classical music is synonymous with those stylized court ensembles and repertoires that
emerged in its present form within the royal centers of Central Thailand some 800 years ago.
These ensembles, while being deeply influenced by Khmer and even older practices and
repertoires from India, are today uniquely Thai expressions. While the three primary classical
MUSICIANS OFISRAEL
EARLYMUSICIANS:
FirstAliyah(FirstJewishImmigrants)andZionist:
The first efforts to create a corpus of music suitable for a new Jewish entity that would
eventuallybecomeIsraelwerein1882.ThiswastheyearoftheFirstAliyah,thefirstwaveof
JewishimmigrantsseekingtocreateanationalhomelandinPalestine.Astherewerenosongs
yetwrittenforthisnationalmovement,ZionistyouthmovementsinGermanyandelsewhere
published songbooks, using traditional German and other folk melodies with new words
written in Hebrew. An example of this is the song that became Israel's national anthem,
"Hatikvah".
NaftaliHerzImber(HebrewPoet):
HeexpressedthelongingoftheJewishpeopletoreturntothelandofZion.Themelodyisa
populareasternEuropeanfolkmelody.
In1895settlersestablishedthefirstJewishorchestrainPalestine.Theorchestrawasawind
band,locatedinthetownofRishonLeZion,andplayedlightclassicsandmarches.
AvrahamZviIdelsohn:
HewasatrainedcantorfromRussiaandamusicologist,settledinJerusalemin1906,withthe
objective of studying and documenting the musics of the various Jewish communities there.
At the time, there were a number of Jewish enclaves in Jerusalem, for Yemenites, Hassids,
SyriansandotherJewishethnicgroups.
Idelsohn:
Meticulously documented the songs and musical idioms of these groups. He also made the
firsteffortstobringthesesongstotheattentionofallJewishsettlers,withtheaimofcreating
anewJewishmusicalgenre.
Idelsohn was joined in Palestine by a few more classically trained musicians and
ethnomusicologists, including Gershon Ephros in 1909 and, later,Joel Engelin 1924. Like
NEWSCIENTIFICINVENTIONSOF2012
This year witnessed the inception of many new scientific breakthroughs by way of inventions
and discoveries! Let's check out some such new scientific inventions of 2012 to see what
scienceofferedusthisyearintermsoftechnologyandprogress.
Sciencedoesnotknowitsdebttoimagination.
~RalphWaldoEmerson
Scienceisallabouthavinganopenimagination,notbeingafraidofmakingmistakesandasking
the right questions. Almost all old and new scientific inventions and discoveries owe their
originsandexistencetothesethreeessentialhumanattitudes!Althoughmostinventionshave
been results of deliberate conceptualization and research, time has also stood testimony to a
numberofaccidentalinventionsthatchangedtheworld!Rightfromtheinventionofthewheel
by prehistoric humans to more advanced inventions that changed the world (like gunpowder,
antibiotics, aircraft, telephone, etc.), science has experienced only progress and advancement
in the hands of humankind. In line with such scientific progress, let us look at some new
scientific inventions of 2012 that have given actual form to various imaginary concepts which
werepreviouslyridiculedastheravingsofamadman!
SomeSmartInventionsofthisYear
Checkoutthefollowingnewinventionstogetanideaoftheinfiniteexpanseofscientificscope.
Lookingatthesenewinventionsanddiscoveriesmakeusboldenoughtohopetoseefictitious
asofnow scientific technologies and concepts, which we have only read about in science
fictionsnovelsandseeninscifimovies,takematerialshape!Indeed,thefollowingitemsgivea
newdefinitiontothephrasegreatestinventionsofalltime.
NUTRITION DEFICIENCIES

I. Protein-energy Malnutrition (PEM)

There are three (3) forms of serious Protein-energy Malnutrition (PEM): marasmus,
kwashiorkor, and marasmic kwashiorkor.

1. Marasmus -. These forms of serious PEM represent a
group of pathologic conditions associated with a
nutritional and energy deficit occurring mainly in
young children from developing countries at the time
of weaning. Marasmus is a condition primarily caused
by a deficiency in calories and energy.

2. Kwashiorkor - A severe malnutrition, seen primarily in
children of tropical and subtropical regions, caused
by deficiency in the quality and quantity of dietary
protein. Kwahiorkor is characterized by failure to
grow, anemia, liver damage, edema, discoloration of
the skin or hair, and bulky stools containing
undigested food.

3. Marasmic Kwashiorkor - Condition that has features of
Marasmus and Kwashiorkor. A malnutrition disease,
primarily of children, resulting from the deficiency of both calories and
protein. The condition is characterized by severe tissue wasting,
dehydration, loss of subcutaneous fat, lethargy, and growth retardation.

NUTRITION DISORDERS

Hypoalimentation/
Malnutrition
Protein-energy
Malnutrition
(PEM)
Marasmus ~ Deficiency in calories and energy)
Kwashiorkor ~ Deficiency in protein
Marasmic Kwashiorkor ~ Condition that has features of
Kwashiorkor
Catabolysis ~ Severe case of PEM because there is no so
carbohydrates and vitamins due to starvation
Avitaminosis
B Vitamins
B1: Beriberi/Wernicke's encephalopathy (
B2: Ariboflavinosis
B3: Pellagra (Niacin deficiency)
B6: Pyridoxine deficiency
B7: Biotin deficiency
B9: Folate deficiency
B12: Vitamin B12 deficiency
Other
Vitamins
A: Vitamin A deficiency/Bitot's spots
C: Scurvy
D: Rickets/Osteomalacia
E: Vitamin E deficiency
K: Vitamin K deficiency
Mineral
Deficiency
Zinc Iron Magnesium Chromium Selenium (Keshan dis
Molybdenum Copper Calcium Potassium
Hyperalimentation
Overweight and
Obesity
Childhood obesity
Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
Abdominal obesity
Vitamin
Poisoning
Hypervitaminosis A
Hypervitaminosis D
Hypervitaminosis E
Mineral
Overload
Inborn errors of metal metabolism
Toxicity

PagibigsaTinubuangLupa
niAndresBonifacio
Alingpagibigpaanghihigitkaya
sapagkadalisayatpagkadakila
gayangpagibigsatinubuanglupa?
Alinpagibigpa?Walananga,wala.
Ulitulitinmangbasahinngisip
atisaisahingtalastasingpilit
angsalitatbuhaynalimbagattitik
ngisangkatauhanitoynamamasid.
Banalnapagibigpagikawangnukal
satapatnapusongsinotalinman,
imbittaonggubat,maralitatmangmang
nagigingdakilaatiginagalang.
Pagpuringlubosangnagiginghangad
sabayanngtaongmaydangalnaingat,
umawit,tumula,kumathatsumulat,
kalakhandinnilayisinisiwalat.
Walangmahalaganghindiinihandog
ngpusongmahalsaBayangnagkupkop,
dugo,yaman,dunong,tiisatpagod,
buhaymayabutingmagkalagotlagot.
Bakit?Anoitongsakdalnanglaki
nahinahanduganngbuongpagkasi
nasalalongmahalkapangyayari
atginugugulanngbuhaynaiwi.
Ay!ItoyangInangBayangtinubuan,
siyayinattanginakinamulatan
ngkawiliwilingliwanagngaraw
nanagbibigayinitsalunongkatawan.
Sakanyayutangangunangpagtanggol
ngsimoynghangingnagbigaylunas,
sainisnapusonasisinghapsinghap,
sabalongmalalimngsiphayothirap.
KalakipdinnitoypagibigsaBayan
anglahatnglalongsagunitaymahal
mulasamasayatgasongkasanggulan.
hanggangsakatawanaymapasalibingan.
PASTRYANDBREAD
PASTRY
Pastry is the name given to various kinds of baked products made from ingredients such as
flour,sugar,milk,butter,shortening,bakingpowder,and/oreggs.Smalltartsandothersweet
bakedproductsarecalled"pastries."
Pastrymayalsorefertothedoughfromwhichsuchbakedproductsaremade.Pastrydoughis
rolled out thinly and used as a base for baked products. Common pastry dishes include pies,
tarts,quichesandpasties.
BREAD
Bread is a staple food prepared by cooking a dough of flour and water and often additional
ingredients,suchasbutterorsalttoimprovethetaste.
Bread is the staple food in Europe, Europeanderived cultures such as the Americas, and the
MiddleEastandNorthAfrica,asopposedtoEastAsiawhosestapleisrice.
DIFFERENCEOFPASTRYANDBREAD
Pastryisdifferentiatedfrombreadbyhavingahigherfatcontent,whichcontributestoaflaky
or crumbly texture. A good pastry is light and airy and fatty, but firm enough to support the
weightofthefilling.Whenmakingashortcrustpastry,caremustbetakentoblendthefatand
flour thoroughly before adding any liquid. This ensures that the flour granules are adequately
coatedwithfatandlesslikelytodevelopgluten.Ontheotherhand,overmixingresultsinlong
gluten strands that toughen the pastry. In other types of pastry, such as Danish pastry and
croissants,thecharacteristicflakytextureisachievedbyrepeatedlyrollingoutadoughsimilar
tothatfor yeast bread,spreading it withbutter, and folding ittoproduce many thinlayersof
folds.
Anotherdifferenceistheraisingagent.Apastry(patisserie)isasmallcakeortart,usuallymade
withbakingpowder.Bread(viennoiserie)suchascroissantsorpainsauchocolatisraisedwith
yeast.

SAAKINGMGAKABATA
TulaniJoseP.Rizal

Kapagka ang bayay sadyang umiibig
Sa langit salitang kaloob ng langit
Sanlang kalayaan nasa ring masapi

Katulad ng ibong nasa himpapawid
Pagkat ang salitay isang kahatulan
Sa bayan, sa nayo't mga kaharian

At ang isang taoy katulad, kabagay
Ng alin mang likha noong kalayaan.
Ang hindi magmahal sa kanyang salita
Mahigit sa hayop at malansang isda

Kaya ang marapat pagyamanin kusa
Na tulad sa inang tunay na nagpala
Ang wikang Tagalog tulad din sa Latin,

Sa Ingles, Kastila, at salitang anghel,
Sapagkat ang Poong maalam tumingin
Ang siyang naggagawad, nagbibigay sa atin.
Ang salita natiy tulad din sa iba

Na may alfabeto at sariling letra,
Na kaya nawalay dinatnan ng sigwa
Ang lunday sa lawa noong dakong una.

Sa edad na walo (8), isunulat ni Rizal ang una niyang tula sa
katutubongwikaatpinamagatang"SAAKINGMGAKABATA".

SANAYSAY
Ayon kay Alejandro G. Abadilla, "nakasulat na karanasan ng isang sanay sa

pagsasalaysay.angsanaysayaynagmulasa2salita,angsanayatpagsasalaysay.Ito
ay panitikang tuluyan na nagalalahad ng kurukuro, damdamin, kaisipan, saloobin,
reaksyon at iba pa ng manunulat hinggil sa isang makabuluhan, mahalaga at
napapanahongpaksaoisyu.
Mahalaga ang pagsusulat at pagbabasa ng sanaysay sapagkat natututo ang

mambabasamulasainilalahadnakaalamanatkaisipangtaglayngisangmanunulat.
nakikilalarinngmgamambabasaangmanunulatdahilsaparaanngpagkasulatnito,
sapaggamitngsalitaatsalawakngkaalamansapaksa.
URINGSANAYSAY:
Pormal o Maanyo sanaysay na tumatalakay sa mga seryosong paksa at

nangangailangan ng masusing pagaaral at malalim na pagkaunawa sa paksa.
Inaakay ng manunulat ang mga manbabasa sa malalim na pagiisip upang
makabuongsarilingpagpapasyaatkumilospagkatapos.
Dipormal, Pamilyar o Palagayan sanaysay na tumatalakay sa mga paksang

magaan, karaniwan, pangarawarawat personal. binibigyang diin ng
manunulat ang mga bagaybagay, mga karanasan o isyung maaaring
magpakilala ng personalidad ng manunulat o pakikisangkot niya sa mga
mambabasa.
SANGKAPNGSANAYSAY:
TemaatNilalamananumanangnilalamanngisangsanaysayayitinuturing
napaksadahilsalayuninsapagkakasulatnitoatkaisipangibinahagi.
Anyo at Istruktura ang anayo sat istruktura ng sanaysay ay isang

mahalagang sangkap sapagkat nakaaapekto ito sa pagkaunawa ng mga
mambabasa, ang maayos na pagkakasunudsunod ng edeya o pangyayari ay
makatututlongsamambabasasapagkaunawasasanaysay.
FAMOUS SCIENTIST

I. LIST OF FOREIGN SCIENTIST:

Niels Bohr

Life: October 7, 1885 - November 18, 1962
Born in Copenhagen, Denmark

Niels Bohr was a Danish scientist who won the Nobel Prize for physics in 1922 for his work in
regards to understanding the structure of atoms. Bohr introduced the theory that electrons
travel in an orbital path around the atom's nucleus. He also theorized that light could have
properties of both a wave and a particle at the same time.

Nicolaus Copernicus

Life: February 19, 1473 - May 24, 1543
Born in Toru, Royal Prussia

Nicolaus Copernicus was the first to publish a full-fledged theory that the earth was
not the center of the universe (as was the current thought in the 1500's) and that the earth
actually revolved around the sun. Copernicus also theorized that the earth rotated on its axis,
which accounted for the daily movement of the stars.

Since 150 AD to the 1500's, the Ptolemy's theory prevailed that the earth was the flat
center of the universe that did not rotate or revolve. This theory was well accepted by both
scientific and religious communities. Nicolaus Copernicus did not publish his theory right away
but chose to publish De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial
Spheres) near his death in 1543.

FAMOUSFILIPINOSCIENTISTS
GregorioY.Zara,D.Sc.Physics
Hisimportantachievementsinclude:
Theinventionofthetwowaytelevisiontelephone;
ThediscoveryofelectricalkineticresistanceknownastheZaraeffect;
The invention of an airplane engine that runs on alcohol instead of aviation fuel and
methodsbywhichsolarenergycanbeharnessed;and
Zaras airplane engine was successfully tested in a test flight conducted at the Manila
InternationalAirport(nowtheNinoyAquinoInternationalAirport)onSept.30,1954.
For having completed over 40 research papers and making 20 outstanding contributions to
science,Zarareceivedmanyawards,including:
ThePresidentialDiplomaofMerit;
HewasconferredtheDistinguishedServiceMedalin1959forhispioneeringworksand
achievementsinsolarenergyresearch,aeronauticsandtelevision;
ThePresidentialGoldMedalandDiplomaofHonorforScienceandresearchin1966;
TheCulturalHeritageAwardforScienceEducationandAeroEngineeringin1966;and
Proclaimed as National Scientist and Academician in 1978 by the National Academy of
ScienceandTechnologycreatedin1976.
SEIZURES
A seizure is the physical findings or changes in behavior that occur after an

episodeofabnormalelectricalactivityinthebrain.
The term "seizure" is often used interchangeably with "convulsion." Convulsions

are when a person'sbody shakes rapidlyand uncontrollably.During convulsions,
the person's muscles contract and relax repeatedly. There are many different
typesofseizures.Somehavemildsymptomsandnobodyshaking.
Considerations
It may be hard to tell if someone is having a seizure.Someseizures only cause a

persontohavestaringspells.Thesemaygounnoticed.
Specific symptoms depend on what part of the brain is involved. They occur
suddenlyandmayinclude:
Brief blackout followed by period of confusion (the person cannot
rememberaperiodoftime)
Changesinbehaviorsuchaspickingatone'sclothing
Droolingorfrothingatthemouth
Eyemovements
Gruntingandsnorting
Lossofbladderorbowelcontrol
Mood changes such as sudden anger, unexplainable fear, panic, joy, or
laughter
Shakingoftheentirebody
Suddenfalling
Tastingabitterormetallicflavor
Teethclenching
SENATORS OF THE PHILIPPINES
16
th
CONGRESS
FranklinM.Drilon
SenatePresident
Majority(20102016)
RalphG.Recto
SenatePresidentProTempore
Majority(20102016)
AlanPeterCompaeroS.Cayetano
MajorityLeader
(20132019)
JuanPonceEnrile
SINAUNANGKABIHASNANNGMESOPOTAMIA
Mesopotamia:LupainsaPagitanngDalawangIlog(TigrisatEuphrates)
pinangalanan ng mga Griyego na Mesopotamia dahil sa dalawang ilog na

nasapaligidnito,angIlogTigrisatEuphrates
mayroongmatabaatmainamnalupaupangtirhanngtao
MGAKABIHASNANGUMUSBONGSAMESOPOTAMIA
1. Sumeria
2. Babylonia
3. Hittite
4. Assyria
5. Hebreo
5.1.IsraelatJudah
6. Phoenecia
7. Persia
8. Chaldea
STRABISMUS
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Strabismus is a disorder in which the two eyes do not line up in the same
direction, and therefore do not look at the same object at the same time. The
conditionismorecommonlyknownas"crossedeyes."

SYNOPHRYS
Medical term forhypertrichosisin between theeyebrows, thus giving an

appearanceofasinglelongeyebrow(orunibrow)
SynophrysisoneoftheprominentfeaturesofindividualswithCorneliadeLange
syndrome.Conversely,synophrysisalsoseeninindividualswithoutsuchdisorder.
__________________________________________________________________________________
Reference:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001004.htm
THECELL
TREMORORTREMULOUSNESS
Atremoris an involuntary, somewhat rhythmic,muscle contractionand

relaxation involving to and fro movements (oscillationsor twitching) of one or
more body parts. It is the most common of all involuntary movements and can
affectthehands,arms,eyes,face,head,vocalfolds,trunk,andlegs.Mosttremors
occur in the hands. In some people, tremor is a symptom of
anotherneurologicaldisorder.Averycommonkindoftremoristhechatteringof
teeth, usually induced by cold temperatures or by fear.
Causes:
Tremor can be a symptom associated with disorders in those parts of the brain
that control muscles throughout the body or in particular areas, such as the
hands. Neurological disorders or conditions that can produce tremor
includingmultiple sclerosis,stroke,traumatic brain injury,chronic kidney
diseaseand a number ofneurodegenerative diseasesthat damage or destroy
parts of thebrainstemor thecerebellum,Parkinson's diseasebeing the one most
oftenassociatedwithtremor.
Tuwaang
(EpicofBagobo)
NakatanggapsiTuwaangngmensahebuhatsahanginnanagsasabinakailanganniyangdumalo
ng kasal ng Dalaga ng Monawon. Huwag kang pumunta, Tuwaang, babala ng kanyang tiyahin.
Nararamdaman ko na mayroong masamang mangyayari sa iyo doon. Huwag kang magalala,
tiyang.Kayakongalagaanangsarilikosinabiniyangmatatagatdeterminadongpumunta.Hindi
monaiintindihan,Tuwaang.
Hindiakonatatakotsakahitano,tiyang.Ngayonangtangingnalalamankoaygustokomakita
ang kagandahan ng Dalaga ng Monawon. Hindi pinakinggan ni Tuwaang ang kanyang tiyahin.
Naghanda siya sa pagdalo sa kasal. Isinuot niya ang damit na ginawa ng mga diyos para sa
kanya.Mayroonsiyanghugispusongbasketnamaaaringmakagawangkidlat.Dalarinniyaang
kanyang espada atpanangga at isang mahabang kutsilyo. Sumakay siya sa kidlat at nakarating
sa kapatagan ng Kawkawangan. Doon ay natagpuan niya ang Gungutan, isang
nakapagsasalitangibon.Gustongibonnasumamasakanyasakasalankayadinalananiyaito.
NangmakaratingsaMonawon,siyaaymagalangnapinapasoksaloobngbulwagankungsaan
ginaganapangkasalan.
Nagsimulang magdatingan ang mga bisita. Unang dumating ay ang Binata ng Panayangan,
pagkataposayangBinatangLiwanonatangBinatangSumisikatnaAraw.Hulingdumatingang
lalaking ikakasal, ang Binata ng Sakadna na kasama ang isang daang lalaki. Nang dumating ay
iniutos ng lalaki na paalisin ang mga bisitang hindi nararapatna naroon.Nainsulto si Tuwaang
sasinabinglalakingikakasalnasilanglahataypulangdahon,naangibigsabihinaymgabayani.
Nagsimula ang seremonya sa pagaalay ng mga bisita ng mga mamahaling regalo. Dalawa ang
natira para sa lalaking ikakasal ngunit inamin ng Binata ng Sakadna na wala silang gintong
plauta at gintong gitara na maitutumbas sa mga natira. Tumulong si Tuwaang. Sa kanyang
misteryosonghiningasiyaaynakagawanggintongplauta,gitaraatgong.
Lumabasnaangbabaingikakasalsakanyangsilidatnagsimulangmagbigayngngangasabawa't
isang bisita. Pagkatapos ay tumabi ito kay Tuwaang na naglagay sa lalaking ikakasal sa kahiya
TypesofGraphs
Graphsareveryeffectivevisualtreatbecausetheyhavethecapacitytopresentinformation
quicklyaswellaseasily.Thatisthemainreasonwhygraphsarecommonlyusedbydifferent
mediaandalsoinbusiness.Datacanbeunderstoodbetterwhenitispresentedasagraph
ratherthanasatablebecausethegraphshavetheabilitytorevealatrendorcomparison.In
theworldofstatistics,graphsgiveustherelationshipbetweendifferentvariablesorshowthe
valuespreadofagivenvariableorphenomenon.Inthissection,wewillconcentrateonlyon
the2dimensionalfiguresandgraphs.
TypesofGraphsandCharts
Thegraphicaldemonstrationofstatisticaldatainachartisnormallyspecifiedasstatistical
graphchart.Therearemanykindsofgraphsandchartswhichareusedtoindicateasetofdata.
Thedataiseitherunremittingorseparate.Thesegraphsareveryhelpfultorecognizethe
statisticaldata.
TypesofGraphsandtheirUses
Therearedifferentkindsofgraphicalchartsbasedonstatisticsasfollows:
1. Linegraphs
2. Piecharts
3. Bargraph
4. Scatterplot
5. Stemandplot
6. Histogram
7. Frequencypolygon
8. Frequencycurve
9. Cumulativefrequencyorogives
Letusstudythegraphsandtheirusesindetail.

UHAWANGTIGANGNALUPA
LiwaywayA.Arceo
1
Ilang gabi nang ako ang kapiling niya sa higaan. Tila musmos akong dumarama sa init ng
kanyang dibdib at nikikinig sa pintig ng kanyang puso. Ngunit, patuloy akong nagtataka sa
malalimnapaghinganiya,sakanyangmalungkotnapagtitigsalahatngbagay,paghikbi...
2
Ilang araw ko nang hindi nadadalaw ang aklatan: ilang araw ko nang hindi nasasalamin ang
isang larawang mahal sa akin: bilugang mukha, malapad na noo, hatisakaliawang buhok,
singkit na mga mata, hindi katangusang ilong, mga labing duyan ng isang ngiting puspos
kasiyahan...Sakanyaangakingnooatmgamata.Angakinghawasnamukha,ilongnakawangki
ngtukangisangloro,atmaninipisnalabi,aykayIna...
3
Sa Ina ay hindi palakibo: siya ay babaing abilang at sukat ang pangungusap. Hindi niya ako
inuutusan. Bihira siyang magalit sa akin at kung nagkakagayon ay maikli ang kanyang
pananalita: Lumigkit ka!...At kailangang di ako makita. Kailangang do ko masaksihan ang
kikislap na poot sa kanyang mga mata. Kailangang di ko namamalas ang pagkagat niya sa
kanyang labi. Kailangang do ko na makita ang panginginig ng kanyang mga daliri. Ito rin ang
katumbasngkanyangmariinghuwangkungmayroonsiyangipinagbabawal.
AngngitiniInaaypatakngulankungtagaraw:angbatakongpusoaytigangnalupanguhaw
nauhaw...
Minsan man ay hindi ko narinig na may pinagkagalitan sila ni Ama bagamat hindi ko
mapaniwalaang may magkabiyak ng pusong hindi nagkakahinampuhan. Marahil ay sapagkat
kapwasilamayhawaknakainawaan:angpagbibigayansaisatisaayhindinalilimotkailanman.
4
Kung gabiay hinahanapko ang kaaliwang idinudulat ng isang amang nagsasalaysay tungkol sa
mga kapre at nuno at tungkol sa magagandang ada at prinsesa; ng isang nagmamasid at
nakangitingina;ngisangpulutongngnakikinignamagagandaatmasasayangbata.
VEGETATION
Vegetation is a very general term for the plant life; it refers to the ground
coverprovidedbyplants.
It is a general term, without specific reference to particular taxa, life forms,

structure, spatial extent, or any other specific botanical or geographic
characteristics. It is broader than the term flora which refers exclusively to
species composition. Perhaps the closest synonym is plant community, but
vegetation can, and often does, refer to a wider range of spatial scales than
that term does, including scales as large as the global. Primeval redwood
forests, coastal mangrove stands, sphagnum bogs, desert soil crusts, roadside
weedpatches,wheatfields,cultivatedgardensandlawns;allareencompassed
bythetermvegetation.
NaturalVegetation
Meaning of Natural Vegetation: Natural vegetation refers to a plant
community which has grown naturally without human aid and has been left
undisturbed by humans for a long time. This is termed as virgin vegetation.
Thus, cultivated crops and fruits, orchards form part of vegetation but not
naturalvegetation.
VirginvegetationThevirginvegetation,whicharepurelyIndianareknownas
endemicorindigenousspeciesbutthosewhichhavecomefromoutsideIndia
aretermedasexoticplants.
FloraThetermfloraisusedtodenoteplantsofaparticularregionorperiod.
Faunathespeciesofanimalsarereferredtoasfauna.

VEGETATIONMAP
(SeeVegetationMap)
ThetypesofnaturalvegetationshownonthisNaturalvegetationMapareTundra
and Mountain Vegetation, Needleleaf Evergreen Forest, Mixed Needleleaf
Evergreen and Broadleaf Deciduous Woodland, Broadleaf Deciduous Woodland,
Midlatitude Grassland, Evergreen Broadleaf and Deciduous Trees and Shrubs,
Semidesert Scrub, Desert, Tropical Grassland, Tropical Broadleaf Rainforest and
Monsoon Forest and Subtropical Broadleaf and Needleleaf Forest. The Natural
Vegetation Map shows that the vegetation distribution is so varied throughout
theworld.
Tundra Vegetation is found in the high northern latitudes of the world.
VegetationintheTundraregioncomprisesoflichen,whichgrowsonrocksandis
made of fungus and algae living and growing together. Tundra vegetation
comprises of Polar Tundra and Alpine Tundra. Tundra Vegetation basically
comprisesofgrasses,mossesandlichens.
NeedleleafEvergreenForestsextendintolower altitudes.Such forests arefound

on plateaus as well. Sierra Nevada and Rockies are examples of Needleleaf
Evergreen Forests. The natural vegetation is under threat due to expanding
agriculture,loggingandfuelwoodconsumption.Around49%oftheforestcoveris
TropicalForests,15%areTropicalRainforests,5%areplantations,24%areBoreal
Forests,13%areTemperateForestsand8%areSubtropicalForests.
Reference:
http://www.mapsofworld.com/thematicmaps/worldnaturalvegetation.htm#
NaturalVegetationMapshowsaworldmap,wheretheregionsoftheworldhave
been shown with different colors according to the natural vegetation in that
particularregionoftheworld.
WRITINGACRITICALANALYSISESSAY
Thepurposeforwritingacritiqueistoevaluatesomebodyswork(abook,anessay,amovie,a
painting)inordertoincreasethereadersunderstandingofit.Acriticalanalysisissubjective
writingbecauseitexpressesthewritersopinionorevaluationofatext.Analysismeansto
breakdownandstudytheparts.
Writingacriticalpaperrequirestwosteps:criticalreadingandcriticalwriting.
Criticalreading
1. Identifytheauthorsthesisandpurpose
2. Analyzethestructureofthepassagebyidentifyingallmainideas
3. Consultadictionaryorencyclopediatounderstandmaterialthatisunfamiliartoyou
4. Makeanoutlineoftheworkorwriteadescriptionofit
5. Writeasummaryofthework
6. Determinethepurposewhichcouldbe
Toinformwithfactualmaterial
Topersuadewithappealtoreasonoremotions
Toentertain(toaffectpeoplesemotions)
7. Evaluatethemeansbywhichtheauthorhasaccomplishedhispurpose
Ifthepurposeistoinform,hasthematerialbeenpresentedclearly,accurately,with
orderandcoherence?
Ifthepurposeistopersuade,lookforevidence,logicalreasoning,contraryevidence
Ifthepurposewastoentertain,determinehowemotionsareaffected:doesitmake
youlaugh,cry,angry?Whydiditaffectyou?

ToGettheCOMPETECOMPILATION,pleaseemailme:r_borres@yahoo.com
COMPILATIONOF
ASSIGNMENTS
HIGHSCHOOLLEVEL
GeneralSubjects
(92Assignments)

2NDLT.HIROOONODA
LubangIsland,Philippines
SurrenderedMarch5,1974
ThemostfamousofallHoldouts,hisstorywaswidlyreportedintheworldmedia,andhewrote
abooktranslatedtoEnglishabouthiswartimeexperiencesand29yearsasaJapaneseholdout.
Background
BorninthetownofKainan,Japanin1922andwhenheturnedseventeen,hewenttoworkfor
atradingcompanyinChina.InMayof1942,OnodawasdraftedintotheJapaneseArmy.Unlike
mostsoldiers,heattendedaschoolthattrainedmenforguerillawarfare.
AssignmenttoLubangIsland,Philippines
On December 26, 1944 (age 23), Hiroo Onoda was sent to the small island of Lubang Island,
approximately seventyfive miles southwest of Manila in the Philippines. Shortly after
Americans landed, all but four of the Japanese soldiers had either died or surrendered. Hiroo
Ondawasalsowiththreeotherholdouts,whoalldiedoverthedecades:PrivateYuichiAkatsu,
CorporalShoichiShimada(died1954),PrivateKinshichiKozuka(died1972).
CircumstancesofHisSurrender
Despite the efforts of the Philippine Army, letters and newspapers left for them, radio
broadcasts, and even a plea from Onoda's brother, he did not belive the war was over. On
February 20, 1974, Onoda encountered a young Japanese university dropout named Norio
SuzukiwhowastravelingthewoldandtoldhisfriendsthathewasgoingtolookforLieutenant
Onoda, a panda, and the abominable snowman, in that order. The two became friends, but
Onoda said that he was waiting for orders from one of his commanders. On March 9, 1974,
OnodawenttoanagreeduponplaceandfoundanotethathadbeenleftbySuzuki.Suzukihad
broughtalongOnodasonetimesuperiorcommander,MajorTaniguchi,whodeliveredtheoral
orders for Onoda to surrender. Intelligence Officer 2nd Lt. Hiroo Onada emerged from the
ANG KALUPI
NiBenjaminP.Pascual
(MaiklingKwentongKatutubongKulay)
I.PagkilalasaMayAkda
SiBenjamin Pascualay ipinanganak saLungsod ng Laoag,Ilocos Norte. Isa siyang
kuwentista at nobelista. Marami na siyang naisulat na maikling kuwento sa wikang Ilokano at
nakasulatnarinngdalawangnobelasawikangito.NaisalinniyasawikangIlokanoangRubaiy
atni Omar Khayam. Magkasama sila niJose Bragadona nagedit ngPamulinawen, isang
antolohiyangmgatulang36namakatangIlokano.SiyaangTagapayongLegalngGUMIL,Metro
Manila. Mula sa kanyang panulata ng maikling kuwentongAng Mga Lawinnaisinalin
niReynaldoDuquesaTagalog.
II.UringPanitikan
Ang maikling kwento ay isang anyong panitikan na nagsasalaysay nang tuloytuloy ng
isangpangyayaringhangosatunaynabuhay.Ito'ymayisaoilangtauhanlamang,sumasaklaw
ng maikling panahon, may isang kasukdulan at nagiiwan ng kakintalan o impresyon sa isip ng
mambabasa. Ang kasukdulan ang bahaging kwento nanag bibigay ng pinaka masidhi o pinaka
mataas na kapananabikan o interes sa mambabasa. Ang kakintalan o impresyon na manang
kaisipa ng naiiwan sa isipan ng mga mambabasa. Ito ay matatapos sa isang upuan lamang,
maari itong magpakita ng iba't ibangdamdaminat bumabase sa buhay ng isang tao, mayroon
naming kathang isip lamang. Ang maikling kwento ay isang akdang pampanitikan na ang mga
pangyayariayumiinogsabuhaynamgapangunahingtauhan.
III.LayuninngMayAkda
AngKalupi
niBenjaminPascula
(MaymabigatnapagkakasalasabatassiAlingMartadahilsamaliniyangpaghatolsakatauhanng
bata.Madalasmangyarinadahilsaayosngisangtaoaydaglisiyangnapagbibintanganngdimabuti.
Maykaranasankabananakapagbintangodilikayaynapagbintanganngdimabuti?Basahinang
kwentoatikawnaanghumatolsamgatauhannito.)
MataasnaangarawnanglumabassiAlingMartasabakuranngkanilangmaliitnabarungbarong.
Aliwalasangkanyangmukha:sakanyanglubognamgamatanabahagyangpinapagdilimngkanyang
malalagongkilayaynakikintalangkagandahanngkaayaayangumaga.Atsakanyangmanipisat
maputlanglabi,bahagyangpasoksapagkakalat,aynaglalaroangisangngitingkasiyahan.Arawng
pagtataposngkanyanganaknadalaga;sagabingiyonaytatanggapinnitoangdiplomabilang
katunayangnataposniyaangapatnataonginilagisamataasnapaaralan.Angsandaling
pinakahihintayniyasamahabahabarinnamangpanahonngpagpapaaralaydumatingna.Ang
pagkakaroonngisanganaknanagtaposnghighschoolayhindinaisangmaliitnabagaysaisang
mahirapnagayaniya,naiisipniya.Samapangarapinniyangdiwaayparaniyangnakikitaang
kanyanganaknadalagasaisangkasuotangputtingputi,kipkipangilanglibroatnakangiti,patungo
salalopangmataasnahangarinsabuhay,angmakatapossakolehiyo,magpaunladngkabuhayanat
sumagana.Maaaringbalangarawaymagkaroondinsiyangmamanugangingmaysinabirinnaman.
Nasadaannasiyaayparapaniyangnaririnigangmatinisnahalakhakngkanyanganaknadalaga
habangpaikutikotnitongsinusukatsaharapngsalaminangnagbuburdahangputingdamitna
isusuotsakinagabihan.Napangitisiyangmuli.
MamimilisiAlingMarta.Bitbitngisangkamayngisangpangnangsisidlanngkanyangpamimiling
uulamin.Habangdaan,samantalangpatungosapamilihangbayansaTundo,aymatamanniyang
iniisipangmgabagaynakanyangpamimilhin.Hindipangkaraniwangarawitoatkailangang
magkaroonsilangmaganaknghindipangkaraniwangpananghalian.Bibilisiyangisangmatabang
manok,isangkilongbaboy,gulaynapanahogatdalawangpilingnasaging.Bibilinarinsiyang
garbansos.Gustonggustongkanyangmagtataposnaanakangminatamisnagarbansos.
Magikakasiyamnanangdumatingsiyasapamilihan.Salabaspalamangaynaririnignaniyaangdi
magkamayawnaingaynanagbubuhatsaloob,angingayngmgamagbabangusnapagkanta
pangisinisigawanghalagangkanilangpaninda,angsalitsalitangtawaranngmgamamimili.
Linggongumagaatangpalengkeaysiksikan.Saharapanniyapainilingmagdaan.Anglugarng
magmamanokaynasadulongpamilihanatsapanggitnanglagusansiyadaraanupangmagdaan
tuloysatindahanngmgatuyongpanindaatbumilingmantika.Nangdumatingsiyasagitnang
pasilyoatumakmanghahakbangnapapasok,aysiyangpaglabasnahumahangosngisangbatang
lalaki,atangkanilangpagbabanggaaymuntiknaniyangikabuwal.Angsikongbataaytumamasa
kanyangdibdib.Anokaba?angbulyawniAlingMarta.Kaysikipnangdaraananaypatakbokapa
kunglumabas!
Angbataaynakapantalonngmarumingmaongnasakahabaanaypinagilanglilisanglaylayan.
Nakasuotitonglibagingkamiseta,punitmulasabalikathanggangpusod,naikinalitawngkanyang
butuhanatmarumingdibdib.NatiyakniAlingMartanaangbataayanakmahirap.
Pasensyanakayo,Aleangsabingbata.Hawaknitoangisangmaliitnabangos.Tigbebente,sa
loobloobniAlingMarta.Angbataaytakotnanakatinginsakanya,Hindikohokayosinasadya.
Nagmamadalihoakoe.
ANGTIMOGASYA
AngTimogAsyaayisangrehiyonnamatagpuansakatimugangbahagingAsya.AngTimogAsya
aymaypitongbansanamatatagpuansaAsya.
Ang pangunahing relihiyon ang Hinduismo. Tinatawag ding "Land of Mysticism" dahil sa mga
paniniwalangtaglayngmgarelihiyonatmgapilosopiyangumusbongdito.Umusbongdinditoangmga
relihiyongBuddhism,JainismatSikhism.
ANGTULA
Angtulaayisanguringsiningatpanitikanngpilipinonakilalasamalayangpaggamitngwikasa
ibatibanganyoatestilo.Pinagyayamananganyoatestilongtulasapamamagitanngpaggamit
ngtayutay.
MgaElementongTulangPilipino
1. Saknong isang grupo ng mga salita sa loob ng isang tula na may dalawa o higit pang
taludtod.
a. Dalawanglinyacouplet
b. Tatlonglinyatercet
c. Apatnalinyaquatrain
d. Limanglinyaquintet
e. Animnalinyasextet
f. Pitonglinyaseptet
g. Walonglinyaoctave
2. Sukatbilangngpantigngtula
3. Tugmapinagisangtunogsahulihanngmgataludtod
a. Assonanceparaanngpagtutugmangtunognakungsaanangsalitaaynagtatapos
sapatinig.
b. conssonance paraan ng pagtutugma ng tunog na kung saan ang salita ay
nagtatapossakatinig.
4. SiningoKariktanpaggamitngpili,angkopatmaririkitnasalita.
5. Talinhagaitoaytumutukoysapaggamitngmatatalinhagangalitaattayutay.
6. Anyopormangtula.
AnoangTula:
Ayon kina Ongoco at Pineda, ang tula ay madaling maipaliwanag bunga ng kawalan ng
kaalaman sa pagsulat at pagbasa at kailangan munang matutunan ng mga tao upang maging
malinaw at maipabatid sa iba ang isang akdang tuluyan. Ang mga akdang patula naman ay
madalingmaisaulonamaaringmaipaulitsaibahanggangsamgasusunodpangsalinlahi.
ANGELMANSYNDROME
Angelman syndrome is a complex genetic disorder that primarily affects the

nervous system. Characteristic features of this condition include delayed
development, intellectual disability, severe speech impairment, and problems
with movement and balance (ataxia). Most affected children also haverecurrent
seizures (epilepsy) and a small head size (microcephaly). Delayed development
becomes noticeable by the age of 6 to 12 months, and other common signs and
symptomsusuallyappearinearlychildhood.
Children with Angelman syndrome typically have a happy, excitable demeanor

with frequent smiling, laughter, and handflapping movements. Hyperactivity, a
short attention span, and a fascination with water are common. Most affected
childrenalsohavedifficultysleepingandneedlesssleepthanusual.
With age, people with Angelman syndrome become less excitable, and the
sleeping problems tend to improve. However, affected individuals continue to
have intellectual disability, severe speech impairment, and seizures throughout
their lives. Adults with Angelman syndrome have distinctive facial features that
maybedescribedas"coarse."Othercommonfeaturesincludeunusuallyfairskin
with lightcolored hair and an abnormal sidetoside curvature of the spine
(scoliosis).Thelifeexpectancyofpeoplewiththisconditionappearstobenearly
normal.
HowcommonisAngelmansyndrome?
Angelmansyndromeaffectsanestimated1in12,000to20,000people.
WhatarethegeneticchangesrelatedtoAngelmansyndrome?
ManyofthecharacteristicfeaturesofAngelmansyndromeresultfromthelossof
function of a gene calledUBE3A. People normally inherit one copy of
ANTS AND PLANTS
Do ants benefit plants? Like so many things in nature, the interrelationships among
organisms are far more complicated than it first appears. Plants rely on ants for
many things but not pollination, the sexual act of transferring pollen from one flower
to the other. Only 12 plants (5 of which are orchids) have ants as the proposed
pollinators. Even in these dozen we might be dealing with guilt by association. In
most of these 12, one or more of the following critical pieces of information is
missing: the observation of pollen actually being transplanted from one flower to
another and/or the demonstration that ant pollinators produce live, i.e. fertile seeds.
This second piece of information is particularly important because ants excrete
antibiotics that coat their outer surface. Such excretions have been repeatedly
shown to reduce pollen germination. Thus, even if the pollen gets to the female
portion of the flower, it may not germinate.
Ants do appear, however, to be important distributors of seeds, particularly in our
area. Seeds of many of the herbs that brighten our forest floors with a carpet of
spring flowers have food bodies (elaiosomes) attached to their seeds. In New York
beech/maple forests, over 50 percent of the spring blooming herbs have seeds with
elaiosomes. Biologists speculate that these food packets have essential compounds
(steroid-like substances) needed for normal development of the ant young. The
seeds produced by these herbs are toted back to the ant hill. The food packet is
devoured, but not the seed. This is the reward offered to the plant. The soil
surrounding the surviving seeds is enriched by ant droppings and aerated and
drained by the tunnels. Asarum canadensis (Wild Ginger) Claytonia virginiana
(Spring Beauty), Erythronium americanum (Trout lily), Hepatica acutiloba (Hepatica),
Hexastylis sp. (Ginger, Little Brown J ugs or Little Brown Pigs) Sangunaria
canadensis (Bloodroot), Trillium grandiflorum (Trillium), Viola blanda and Viola
canadensis (Violets), and Uvularia sp. (Bellwort), common members of our moist
forest spring flora are some of the plants species that appear to be distributed by
ants.
Ants also provide important defense mechanisms against herbivores and other plant
predators. This role was brought home to me quite forcibly while visiting Costa Rica.
I was walking along a dirt road sandwiched between two cultivated fields when a
wonderfully shaded spot was offered by a weedy Cecropia tree. Its large umbrella-
shaped leaves beckoned me to stay awhile, rest, mop my brow, and have a sip from
my canteen. Propping on the truck, I suddenly became aware of a war being waged
on my hand by a fiery attack force of tiny ants. The pain was sudden and intense.
There was no competition; I lost. I found out later that these fierce creatures were
members of the aptly named genus Azteca. The stems of this shrubby Cecropia are
hollow. Colonies of ants live within these apartments. The plant not only provides
shelter but food as well. Specially produced food packets are found on the leaves
solely for the use of ants. The ants in return defend the plant from all dangers, real or
perceived (for example, me).
Bert Holldabler and E.O. Wilson in their very readable treatise on ants, list nearly 100
genera of plants in the tropics that have such an ant defense mechanism
(mymecolphily). Although mymecolphily appears to be more common in the tropics,
ANYONG LUPA

1. Kapatagan (Plain) isang lugar kung saan walang pagtaas o pagbaba ng
lupa, patag at pantay ang lupa rito. Maaaring itong taniman ng mga
palay,mais,at gulay.

2. Bundok (Mountain/Hill) isang pagtaas ng lupa sa daigdig, may matatarik
na bahagi at hamak na mas mataas kaysa burol.

ANYONG TUBIG

1. Karagatan (Ocean) - Ang pinakamalaking anyong tubig.

2. Dagat (Sea) - Malaking anyong tubig, ngunit mas maliit sa Karagatan.

1. Tama ba ang paniniwalang gusto pairalin sa atin noon ng mga Hapon na ang
Asia ay para sa Asyano?

A. Oo, dahil tayong mga Asyano ay dapat magtulungan.
B. Oo, dahil tayo ay magkakatulad na Asyano at may pare-parehong
hangarin.
C. Hindi, sapagkat gusto lamang nila lumawak ang kanilang teritor yo at
maging makapangyarihan.
D. Hindi, sapagkat ang isang bansa ay dapat mamuno sa mamayan nito.

2. Ano kaya ang kadahilanan nang pagbagsak ng Bataan sa kamay ng mga
Hapon?

A. Sa pagsabog ng Pearl Harbor at pagkamatay ng maraming sundalo at
gerilya.
B. Nang umalis si Douglas MacArthur upang pamunuan ang Southwestern
Pacific.
C. Dahil sa pagbagsak ng depensa ng USAFFE sa baybayin at ang walang
humpay na pag-atake ng hukbong panghimpapawid ng J apan.
D. Sa pag-atras ng pwersang USAFFE at mga gerilya.

3. Bakit kaya gusto ng mga Hapon na masakop ang ating bansang Pilipinas?

A. Dahil ito ay pinamumunuan ng mga Amerikano.
B. Dahil gusto nilang lumawak ang kanilang impluwensya, maging
makapangyarihan at nirerespeto.
C. Dahil nais nilang makilalang lider ng mga Asyano at mapairal na ang Asia
ay para sa mga Asyano.
D. Gusto nilang lumakas ang kanilang pwersa at lumaki ang kanilang
teritoryo.

4. Para sa inyo tama baa ng Misyong Os-Rox sa paghangad ng maagang
kasarinlan ng mga mamayan ng bansang ito?

A. Tama, upang tayo ay makapagsarili at din a lang umasa.
B. Tama, dahil dapat tayo ang namamahala sa ating bansa at makakamit
natin ang tunay na kalayaan.
C. Mali, sapagkat may mga bansa naming umunlad habang nasa
pamamahala ng ibang bansa sa kanila.
D. Mali, dahil kung tayo ay pumailalim sa mga Amerikano ay matutulungan
nila tayong umunlad at umayos ang ekonomiya na nanggaling lamang sa
digmaan.

APPLICATIONSSOFTWARE
OVERVIEWOFAPPLICATIONSSOFTWARE:
An application is a program or group of programs designed for end users. Application

software can be divided into two general classes: SYSTEMS SOFTWARE and APPLICATIONS
SOFTWARE.Systemssoftwareconsistsoflowlevelprogramsthatinteractwiththecomputerat
a very basic level. This includes operating systems, compilers, and utilities for managing
computerresources.
In contrast, applications software (also called enduser programs) includes database

programs,wordprocessors,andspreadsheets.Figurativelyspeaking,applicationssoftwaresits
on top of systems software because it is unable to run without the operating system and
systemutilities.
ARCTIC
AvitalzonebetweenNorthAmerica'sandRussia'snorthernmostfrontiersconsistsoftheArctic
regions.Onceonlyexplorers,traders,andInuit,orEskimo,hunterswereinterestedinthevast,
icy area at the top of the world. Today, because of its strategic location and its value to
scientists,theArcticisthesceneofmuchactivity.
The Arctic is studded with air bases, constant reminders that the shortest air routes between
theUnitedStatesandRussiaareoverthearea.OnlyanarrowchannelseparatesLittleDiomede
Island, of the United States, from Big Diomede Island (Ostrov Ratmanova), which is Russian
territory. The longrange missile and the nuclearpowered submarine have made distances
between the two countries seem even shorter. Yearround scientific research stations are
maintainedtostudyweather,climate,andmineralresourcesoftheArctic.
TheArcticissometimesdefinedastheareathatlieswithintheArcticCircle.TheArcticCircleis
a parallel of latitude (66 30 N. latitude), 1,650 miles (2,660 kilometers) from the North Pole,
the northern end of the Earth's axis. Actually, the Arctic Circle does not enclose all the Arctic
regions. The true Arctic is the area in which the mean temperature for the warmest month is
lessthan50 F.Thecoldestregion,thepolarsegment,iswherethemeantemperatureofthe
warmestmonthisbelowfreezing.
Thesubarcticregionistheareathathasameantemperatureabove50 F(10 C)formorethan
threebutlessthanfourmonthsayear.TheboundaryoftheArcticissometimessaidtobethe
linebeyondwhich notreesgrow.Thisisbasedonthetheorythattreelifecannotexistunless
thereisatleastonemonthayearwithatemperatureof50 F.
ArcticOceanandArcticLand
Thegreaterpartofthe8,000,000squaremiles(21,000,000squarekilometers)withintheArctic
Circle is occupied by the Arctic Ocean (5,440,200 square miles, or 14,090,050 square
kilometers). Around thepole,theocean is about 13,800 feetdeep (4,200 meters). Islands dot
the southern two thirds of the ocean. Then comes a rim of land provided by the northern
continents.
The most important islands north of America are Baffin, Victoria, and Ellesmere, belonging to
Canada. Svalbard, a Norwegian group, and Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya, belonging to
Russia,arethelargestislandsnorthofEurope.
NorthofAsia,nearSiberia,lieSevernayaZemlyaandtheNewSiberianIslands.Otherislandsin
theArcticregionsareWrangel,PrincePatrick,Devon,andBanksislands,andtheParryIslands.
AlaskaandnorthernCanadaformtheArcticlandsofNorthAmerica.Farthereastistheworld's
largest island, Greenland. It is part of the Danish kingdom. At Dundas, Greenland, the United
Stateshasalargeairbase.
BASICSFORHANDLINGFOODSAFELY
Safestepsinfoodhandling,cooking,andstorageareessentialtopreventfoodborneillness.You
can't see, smell, or taste harmful bacteria that may cause illness. In every step of food
preparation,followthefourFightBAC!guidelinestokeepfoodsafe:
CleanWashhandsandsurfacesoften.
SeparateDon'tcrosscontaminate.
CookCooktopropertemperatures.
ChillRefrigeratepromptly.
SHOPPING
Purchaserefrigeratedorfrozenitemsafterselectingyournonperishables.
Neverchoosemeatorpoultryinpackagingthatistornorleaking.
Donotbuyfoodpast"SellBy,""UseBy,"orotherexpirationdates.
STORAGE
Alwaysrefrigerateperishablefoodwithin2hours(1hourwhenthetemperatureisabove
90F).
Check the temperature of your refrigerator and freezer with an appliance thermometer.
Therefrigeratorshouldbeat40Forbelowandthefreezerat0Forbelow.
Cook or freeze fresh poultry, fish, ground meats, and variety meats within 2 days; other
beef,veal,lamb,orpork,within3to5days.
Perishablefoodsuchasmeatandpoultryshouldbewrappedsecurelytomaintainquality
andtopreventmeatjuicesfromgettingontootherfood.
To maintain quality when freezing meat and poultry in its original package, wrap the
packageagainwithfoilorplasticwrapthatisrecommendedforthefreezer.
In general, highacid canned food such as tomatoes, grapefruit, and pineapple can be
storedontheshelffor12to18months.Lowacidcannedfoodsuchasmeat,poultry,fish,
andmostvegetableswillkeep2to5yearsifthecanremainsingoodconditionandhas
beenstoredinacool,clean,anddryplace.Discardcansthataredented,leaking,bulging,
orrusted.
BESTFILIPINOINVENTIONSFOR2012
Details
Category:Science
PublishedonSaturday,01September201217:18
WrittenbyFrameliaV.AnonasandMhedaG.Garcia/S&TMediaService,STII
FILIPINOSareacreativelotasconfirmedinthisyearswinninginventionsofthe2012National
InventionContestandExhibit(NICE).Gettingthejudgesnods,aswellaspartnerswithspecial
awards,areremarkablecreationsthatcatertovaryinginterest.
Some are designed to make life safer, to ease up and hasten tasks, and even to stimulate the
mind with fun. Whatever their purpose, the inspiration and brilliance of the inventors and
researchers behind these creations highly encourage other creative minds to explore the
possibilitiesoflocallyavailablematerials.
This years best include a fun board game, a lowcost bamboo splitter, a transforming ladder,
enzyme for cheese, a guide for the blind, a remote powerline disconnection system, among
others.Theyweredesignedforavarietyofpurposesbutarealloneintheiraimofmakinglife
betterforFilipinos.


BONE AND MUSCLE DISEASES

BONE DISEASES:

Arthritis ~ Inflammation of one or more joints that can be caused by gout,
rheumatic fever, or ankylosing spondylitis, a disease that affects the spine.

o Osteoarthritis - It is usually a mild, sometimes painful disease occurring
primarily with advancing age, when degenerative changes alter the
structure of the joints. Symptoms may be relieved and the condition
controlled with drugs, exercise, and other measures, sometimes including
orthopaedic surgery;

o Rheumatoid arthritis - Is by far the more serious, painful, and potentially
crippling form; it is chronic, is characterized by flare-ups and remissions,
and occurs throughout the world, in all climates and ethnic groups. The
prevalence in developed countries is generally about 3 per cent, with three
times as many women as men affected.

o Gout - complex disease of uncertain origin caused by the faulty metabolism
of uric acid produced in the body, and resulting in elevated levels of uric
acid in the blood. A diet rich in malt beverages, wines, and proteins may
precipitate individual attacks but does not cause the disease. Its incidence
is not usually affected by climate or season; about 95 per cent of sufferers
are men. The disease is rare in people under the age of 30; between 10 and
20 per cent of cases have a family history of the disease.

Rickets ~ nutritional disorder characterized by skeletal deformities. Rickets is
caused by a decreased mineralization of bones and cartilage due to low levels of
calcium and phosphorus in the blood. Vitamin D is essential for the maintenance of
normal calcium and phosphorus levels. Classic rickets, a deficiency disease of
children characterized by improper development or hardening of bones, is due to
lack of sufficient vitamin D in the diet, or to insufficient ultraviolet radiation from
direct sunlight, a lack that prevents conversion of the element 7-
dehydrocholesterol in the skin to vitamin D.

Poliomyelitis ~ infectious viral disease of the central nervous system, sometimes
resulting in paralysis. The greatest incidence of the disease, also known as
infantile paralysis, is in children between the ages of five and ten years.

Osteomyelitis ~ is a term applied to any inflammation of bone or bone marrow,
usually caused by infection by such micro-organisms as Staphylococcus aureus,
various streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and a host of others, as well as
BRAINSTEM
Brain:Brainstem
Hindandmidbrains;posterolateralview
In vertebrate anatomy the brainstem (or brain stem) is the posterior part of the brain,
adjoiningandstructurallycontinuouswiththespinalcord.Thebrainstemprovidesthemain
motorandsensoryinnervationtothefaceandneckviathecranialnerves.Thoughsmall,this
is an extremely important part of the brain as the nerve connections of the motor and
sensory systems from the main part of the brain to the rest of the body pass through the
brain stem. This includes the corticospinal tract (motor), the posterior columnmedial
lemniscus pathway (fine touch, vibration sensation and proprioception) and the
spinothalamic tract (pain, temperature, itch and crude touch). The brain stem also plays an
important role in the regulation of cardiac and respiratory function. It also regulates the
centralnervous system,and is pivotal in maintaining consciousness andregulating the sleep
cycle.
It is usually described as including the medulla oblongata (myelencephalon), pons (part of
metencephalon), and midbrain (mesencephalon).
[1][2]
Less frequently, parts of the
diencephalonareincluded.
BUILDINGBETTERBATTERIES
ReportedNovember2011
BOULDER,CO(IvanhoeNewswire)Everyoneknowsthefrustrationofhavingabattery
die right when you need it. Now researchers have created a new battery with more
power, so you can talk, type, or even drive longer. We report on why it really is the
batterythatkeepsgoingandgoing,andgoing.
They power our phones, our computers, even our cars. But batteries have one big
downside, they die! And its usually way to soon and at the worst possible time.
Chemist Amy Prieto and her colleagues at Colorado State University are working to
changethat.
"If you could make one really good battery, you could put it into a bunch of different
areas and really impact people's lives, Amy Prieto, a chemist at Colorado State
UniversitytoldIvanhoe.
That's just what Prieto did. Calculations predict this prototype battery has a 1,000
higher power density, lasts 10 times longer, can be charged an unlimited amount of
timesandisathirdofthecostofcurrentlithiumionbatteries.
"Thekeytoourbatteryisit'sveryhighsurfacearea,Prietosaid.
A high surface area means it will charge faster. The battery is made up of three main
parts: an anodemade of tiny copper nanowires, a cathodemade from a rubberlike
material,andanelectrolytemadeofplasticthatseparatestheanodefromthecathode.
Nanowiresincreasethebatterysperformanceandaresosmallthat25millionofthem
canfitonthesurfaceofapenny.
"So,they'rereallytiny,thatsurfaceareaisabout10,000timeshigher, sothat'swhere
yougetthispowerfrom,Prietoexplained.
Researcherswillfirsttestthebatteryonelectricbikesthensmartphones,andoneday
everythingfrompacemakerstoelectriccars.
CARMAINTENANCECHECKLIST
It doesn't take too long to check the basic maintenance items in your car like engine oil,
transmission fluid or tires. This generic car maintenance checklist is designed to give you a
generalidea;asdifferentcarshavedifferentrequirements.Forthecorrectinformationonhow
to maintain your car, as well as safety precautions, refer to your vehicle's owner's manual or
takeyourcartoadealerorautorepairshop.
Carmaintenancebasics
It'sreallynotthatdifficulttokeepyourcaringoodshape.
Herearethebasics:
Readyourcarowner'smanual,ithasalltheinformationoncarmaintenanceaswellas
safetyprecautions.
Keepallthefluids(e.g.engineoil,transmissionfluid,coolant,etc.)cleanandtoppedup.
Followyourmaintenanceschedule,thereisanumberofthingsthatneedtoberegularly
serviced or replaced at certain intervals (e.g. brakes, air filter, timing belt, spark plugs,
etc.)
Checktirepressureregularly.
Changeyouwindshieldwipersiftheydon'tcleanproperly.
Wash and wax your vehicle once in a while to keep the car finish shiny and protected
fromcorrosion.
Deal with any problems as soon as they arise, before they become more serious and
requireexpensiverepairs.
Useonlyoriginalparts.
Atleastonceayearhaveyourcarcheckoutinagarage.
Howtocheckengineoil
Check engine oil regularly, especially if you notice that the oil level drops between the oil
changes. Engine oil cools down and lubricates the engine. Driving with very low oil level can
causeengineproblems.
Cerbrum
Thisarticleisaboutthelargeregionofthebrain.Forthesmallerregioninthelowerpartofthe
brain,seeCerebellum.
Brain:Cerebrum
Diagramdepictingthemainsubdivisionsoftheembryonicvertebratebrain.
Artery anteriorcerebral,middlecerebral,posteriorcerebral
Vein cerebralveins
MeSH Telencephalon
NeuroLexID birnlex_1042
Thecerebrumortelencephalon,togetherwiththediencephalon,constitutetheforebrain.Itis
themostanterioror,especiallyinhumans,mostsuperiorregionofthevertebratecentral
nervoussystem.Telencephalonreferstotheembryonicstructure,fromwhichthemature
cerebrumdevelops.Thedorsaltelencephalon,orpallium,developsintothecerebralcortex,
andtheventraltelencephalon,orsubpallium,becomesthebasalganglia.Thecerebrumisalso
dividedintosymmetricleftandrightcerebralhemispheres.
Withtheassistanceofthecerebellum,thecerebrumcontrolsallvoluntaryactionsinthebody.
CHROMOSOMALABERRATIONS
Chromosomal aberrations are abnormalities in the structure or number

ofchromosomesandareoftenresponsibleforgeneticdisorders.Formorethana
century, scientists have beenfascinatedby the study of human chromosomes. It
was not until 1956, however, that it was determined that the
actualdiploidnumber of chromosomes in a human cell was fortysix (22 pairs of
autosomesandtwosexchromosomesmakeupthehumangenome).In1959two
discoveries opened a new era of genetics. Jerome Lejeune, Marthe Gautier, and
M. Raymond Turpin discovered the presence of an extra chromosome in Down
syndromepatients.AndC.E.Fordandhiscolleagues,P.A.JacobsandJ.A.Strong
first observed sex chromosome anomalies in patients with sexual development
disorders.
AdvancesinChromosomalAnalysis
Identification of individual chromosomes remained difficult until advances in

staining techniques such as Qbanding revealed the structural organization of
chromosomes. The patterns of bands were found to be specific for individual
chromosomes and hence allowed scientists to distinguish the different
chromosomes. Also, such banding patterns made it possible to recognize that
structural abnormalities or aberrations were associated with specific genetic
syndromes. Chromosome disorders, or abnormalities of even a minute segment
(orband)arenowknowntobethebasisforalargenumberofgeneticdiseases.
Chromosomal disorders and their relationship to health and disease are studied
using the methods ofcytogenetics.Cytogenetic analysisis now an integral
diagnostic procedure inprenatal diagnosis. It is also utilized in the evaluation of
patients withmental retardation, multiple birth defects, and abnormal sexual
development, and in some cases of infertility or multiple miscarriages.
Cytogenetic analysis is also useful in the study and treatment of cancer patients
and individuals withhematologic disorders. The types of chromosomal
abnormalities that can be detected bycytogeneticsare numerical aberrations,
translocations,duplications,deletions,andinversions.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
The Circulatory System is responsible for transporting materials
throughout the entire body. It transports nutrients, water, and oxygen to
your billions of body cells and carries away wastes such as carbon
dioxide that body cells produce. It is an amazing highway that travels
through your entire body connecting all your body cells.
Parts of the Circulatory System
The circulatory System is divided into three major parts:
1. The Heart
2. The Blood
3. The Blood Vessels
The Heart
The Heart is an amazing organ. The heart beats about 3 BILLION times
during an average lifetime. It is a muscle about the size of your fist. The
heart is located in the center of your chest slightly to the left. It's job is to
pump your blood and keep the blood moving throughout your body.
It is your job to keep your heart healthy and there are three main things
you need to remember in order to keep your heart healthy.
1. Exercise on a regular basis. Get outside and play. Keep that body
moving (walk, jog, run, bike, skate, jump, swim).
2. Eat Healthy. Remember the Food Pyramid and make sure your
eating your food from the bottom to top.
3. Don't Smoke! Don't Smoke! Don't Smoke! Don't Smoke! Don't
Smoke!
The Blood
The blood is an amazing substance that is constantly flowing through
our bodies.
Your blood is pumped by your heart.
Your blood travels through thousands of miles of blood vessels
right within your own body.
Your blood carries nutrients, water, oxygen and waste products to
and from your body cells.
A young person has about a gallon of blood. An adult has about 5
quarts.
CONVEXMIRRORSUSEDINCARS
Anyone who has sat in the driver's or passenger's seat in a car has probably noticed the
tinywording,"Objectsinmirrorarecloserthantheyappear,"thatrunsalongthebottomofthe
passengerside rearview mirror. Some may question the logic of making objects seem like they
are farther away than they actually are, but the reason is that using a convex mirror this way
givesthedriverthebestrangeofvision.Incontrast,thewidewindshieldmirrorisflatbecauseit
ismeanttoshowwhatisdirectlybehindthecar,notfarofftothesides.
Sidemirrorsofcarsareconvexmirrors

DETERMININGIFTHEUSEOFCONVEX
MIRRORSINVEHICLESARESAFE
ABSTRACT:
Anyone who has sat in the driver's or
passenger's seat in a car has probably noticed the
tiny wording, "Objects in mirror are closer than they
appear," that runs along the bottom of the
passengerside rearview mirror. Some may question
thelogicofmakingobjectsseemliketheyarefarther
away than they actually are, but the reason is that
using a convex mirror this way gives the driver the
bestrangeofvision.Incontrast,thewidewindshield
mirror is flat because it is meant to show what is
directlybehindthecar,notfarofftothesides.
Most of vehicles today has convex mirrors
for their side mirrors. This way, the cars behind the
vehicle is easily seen without needing to move their
heads sidetoside.Everythingappearssmallerinthe
mirror, so they cover a wider field of view than a
normal plane mirror does as the image is
"compressed".
Meaning you can see more vehicles behind
and beside you for longer before they enter a blind
spot.
The passengerside mirror on acaris
typically a convex mirror. In some countries, these
are labeled with the safety warning "Objects in
mirror are closer than they appear", to warn the
driver of the convex mirror's distorting effects on
distance perception. Convex mirrors are preferred in
vehicles because they give an upright, though
diminished,image. Alsotheyprovideawiderfieldof
viewastheyarecurvedoutwards.
INTRODUCTION:
This research aims to investigate if convex
mirrors are effective as the front mirrors instead of
sidemirrors.
Specifically this study attempts to answer the ff
questions:
What are the advantages of convex mirrors
incars?
What are the disadvantages of convex

mirrorsincars?
Whereshoulditbeusedbest?
Hypothesis:
The convex mirrors always project a virtual,
uprightandsmallerimagenomatterinwhat
position it is infront of a convex mirror.
Thus, it projects a compressed image in
which is easier to see the things in a large
place.
Convex and concave mirrors always need

computation in which to determine the
height and distance of the object when the
image is seen. Which makes curved mirrors
hard to estimate the distance between the
objectsseeninthemirror.
Thus, a convex mirror compresses the

image. It makes it easier to see large
pictures.Whichmakesitmostusefulonside
mirrorsthanfrontmirrorsbecauseitishard
to estimate the distance when parking or
movingbackwards.
CORNELIADELANGESYNDROME
CorneliadeLangesyndromeisadevelopmentaldisorderthataffectsmanyparts
ofthebody.Thefeaturesofthisdisordervarywidelyamongaffectedindividuals
andrangefromrelativelymildtosevere.
Cornelia de Lange syndrome is characterized by slow growth before and after

birth, intellectual disability that is usually severe to profound, skeletal
abnormalities involving the arms and hands, and distinctive facial features. The
facialdifferencesincludearchedeyebrowsthatoftengrowtogetherinthemiddle
(synophrys);longeyelashes;lowsetears;small,widelyspacedteeth;andasmall,
upturnednose.Manyaffectedindividualsalsohavebehaviorproblemssimilarto
autism, a developmental condition that affects communication and social
interaction.
Additional signs and symptoms of Cornelia de Lange syndrome can include

excessive body hair (hypertrichosis), an unusually small head (microcephaly),
hearing loss, short stature, and problems with the digestive tract. Some people
with this condition are born with an opening in the roof of the mouth called a
cleftpalate.Seizures,heartdefects,eyeproblems,andskeletalabnormalitiesalso
havebeenreportedinpeoplewiththiscondition.
HowcommonisCorneliadeLangesyndrome?
Although the exact incidence is unknown, Cornelia de Lange syndrome likely

affects1in10,000to30,000newborns.
WhatgenesarerelatedtoCorneliadeLangesyndrome?
Mutations in theNIPBL,SMC1A, andSMC3genes can cause Cornelia de Lange

syndrome.NIPBLgene mutations have been identified in more than half of all
people with this condition; mutations in the other two genes are much less
CULTURE OF FILIPINO

1. Folk song - a song made and handed down among the common people: folk songs are
usually of anonymous authorship and often have many versions; a song belonging to the
folk music of a people or area, often existing in several versions or with regional
variations; and a song composed in the style of traditional folk music.

2. Different functions of folk song:
Local identity;
Love songs;
Lullabies;
Playful songs;
Work songs;
Humorous;
Birth and death ceremonies;
Celebrations and fiestas; and
others

3. Philippine Indigenous art an art originated from indigenous people of the Philippines or
from the culture and heritage of the first people (aboriginal) of the land.

1. Architecture Banawe Rice Terrace

DataCollectionMethods inStatistics
Aswehaveseeninthedefinitionofstatistics,datacollectionisafundamentalaspectandasa
consequence,therearedifferentmethodsofcollectingdatawhichwhenusedononeparticular
set will result in different kinds of data. Let's move on to look at these individual methods of
collectioninordertobetterunderstandthetypesofdatathatwillresult.
1. CensusDataCollection
Censusdatacollectionisamethodofcollectingdatawherebyallthedatafromeachand
everymemberofthepopulationiscollected.
Characteristics:
Covers very expanded data collection thus requires a lot of resources. For example,
when you collectthe ages of all the students ina given class, you areusing the census
datacollectionmethodsinceyouareincludingallthemembersofthepopulation(which
istheclassinthiscase).
Limitations:
Thismethodofdatacollectionisveryexpensive(tedious,timeconsumingandcostly)if
thenumberofelements(populationsize)isverylarge.Tounderstandthescopeofhow
expensive it is, think of trying to count all the ten year old boys in the country. That
wouldtakealotoftimeandresources,whichyoumaynothave.
2. SampleDataCollection
Sample data collection, which is commonly just referred to as sampling, is a method

whichcollectsdatafromonlyachosenportionofthepopulation.
Sampling assumes that the portion that is chosen to be sampled is a good estimate of
the entire population. Thus one can save resources and time by only collecting data
fromasmallpartofthepopulation.Butthisraisesthequestionofwhethersamplingis
accurate or not. The answer is that for the most part, sampling is approximately
accurate. This is only true if you choose your sample carefully to be able to closely
approximatewhatthetruepopulationconsistsof.
Characteristics:
SamplingisaloteasierthanCensusDataCollectionandrequiresfarlessresources.
Samplingisusedcommonlyineverydaylife,forexample,allthedifferentresearchpolls
thatareconductedbeforeelections.Pollstersduringelectiondon'taskallthepeoplein
MARASMUS
Itisasevereformofmalnutritioncausedbyinadequateintakeof
proteinandcalories,anditusuallyoccursinthefirstyearoflife,
resultinginwastingandgrowthretardation.Itisonecomponent
of proteinenergy malnutrition (PEM), the other being
kwashiorkor.
Marasmus accounts for a large burden on global health. The

World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that deaths
attributabletomarasmusapproach50percentofthemorethan
tenmilliondeathsofchildrenunderagefivewithPEM.
The major factors that cause a deficit of caloric and protein intake include the following: the
transition from breastfeeding to nutritionpoor foods in infancy, acute infections of the
gastrointestinal tract, and chronic infections such as HIV or tuberculosis . The imbalance
between decreased energy intake and increased energy demands result in a negative energy
balance.
The physiologic response to a negative energy balance is to reduce energy consumption.

Children who suffer from marasmus display decreased activity, lethargy, behavioral changes,
slowedgrowth,andweightloss.Thesubsequenteffectsonthebodyarewastingandalossof
subcutaneous fat and muscle, resulting in growth retardation. The majority of children who
sufferfrommarasmusneverreturntoageappropriategrowthstandards.


Natl artist for literature Edith Tiempo passes away
By Alex V. Pal
Inquirer Visayas
8:34 pm | Sunday, August 21st, 2011

LITERARY GREAT. National Artist for Literature Edith L. Tiempo, renowned founder of the Silliman Writers
Workshop, died Sunday of myocardial infarction. Photo from Facebook
DUMAGUETE City, PhilippinesNational Artist for Literature Dr. Edith L. Tiempo died on Sunday in
Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental.
She was 92.
Doctors at the Silliman Medical Center, where Tiempo was rushed Sunday afternoon for myocardial infarction,
pronounced her dead at 5:35 p.m. after trying to resuscitate her.
Dr. Tiempo died at a time when Silliman University was starting its 110th Founders Day celebration.
We have lost one of our pillars, Silliman University President Dr. Ben Malayang III announced at the end of
the 95th anniversary vesper worship service of the Silliman University Church.
But Dr. Tiempo will be part of our Founders Day celebration, he added.
The National Commission on Culture and the Arts, in its website, says Tiempo, a poet, fictionist, teacher and
literary critic, is regarded as one of the finest Filipino writers in English whose works are characterized by a
remarkable fusion of style and substance, of craftsmanship and insight.
Together with her late husband, Edilberto K. Tiempo, she founded and directed the Silliman National Writers
Workshop in Dumaguete City.
In the last 50 years, the Workshop has produced some of the countrys best writers, who have come to fondly
call her Mommy Edith.
Tiempos published works include the novel A Blade of Fern (1978), His Native Coast (1979), The Alien Corn
(1992), One, Tilting Leaves (1995) and The Builder (2003); the poetry collections, The Tracks of Babylon and
Other Poems (1966), and The Charmers Box and Other Poems (1993); and the short story collection Abide,
Joshua, and Other Stories (1964).
Her works have won numerous prizes from the Don Carlos Palanca Awards in Literature, the CCP literary
contest, and the Philippine Free Press literary contest.
ETHNICGROUPSANDINDIGENOUSPEOPLEOFTHEPHILIPPINES
ThehumanresourcesofthePhilippinesisitspeople.Filipinoscallthem.Butdiversegroupsthey
include.Diversalsocallthem.TheAetasisoneoftheancestors.TheyalsocalledNegritos,Aytaor
Baluga.BasicallytheyliveintheCentralLuzon.ItisinthemountainsofZambales,Quezon,Lagunaand
Cagayan.ManyalsoresideinthemountainsofPanayandNegros.
Aetas,IfugaoandKalinga:
Aetas,theIfugaoandKalingaresidesinLuzon.TheyarelocatedintheMountainProvince.Theyarethe
foundersofthefamousIfugaoriceterracesoftwothousandyearsago.
Ilocanos:
AnothergroupofFilipinosinLuzonaretheIlocanos.TheyusuallyliveinnorthernLuzon.Butthereare
IlocanosalsoinotherpartsofVisayasandMindanao.Theyliveinthatareatowork,trade,ormarry.
Theyareindustriousandhardworking.TheyarealsolocatedinthemiddleandsouthernLuzonthe
Tagalog.TheyarethesecondlargestgroupofChristiansinthePhilippines.
Mangyan:
KnownastheMangyaninLuzon.TheyarefoundtheislandofMindoro.Mostofthemhaveexternal
appearancethewaytheirsimpleancestorsare.
Cebuano,IlongoandWaray:
AdiversegroupinthePhilippineislandofVisayas.OneoftheseistheCebuanowiththegreatestgroup
intheregion.TheynotedfolksongMatudNilaanddancetoRosasPandan.
MeetingalsoVisayasIlonggo.TheyrecognizenativesonganddanceDandansoyandCariosa.
TurntheWaraygroupofFilipinosinMindanao.SomeofthemaretheBadjaos,Maranao,Tausug,
Tiboli,andManobo.
LivesintheseasideBadjaos.TheyfoundfromZamboangatoSulu.Fishingistheirmainoccupation.
TheteamofTiboliresideinCotabato.Farmingisthemainikinaraisethem.
Theirmainlivelihoodisfishingandfarming.
FAMOUS FILIPINO INVENTORS

Karaoke Inventor

Roberto del Rosario, ay isang Pilipino na di-
umano ay naka imbento ng Sing-Along-
System (SAS) na nagging Karaoke sa
kasalukuyan, na sa Hapones ang tawag ay
"pagkanta ng walang banda". Ilan pa sa
mga imbento ni del Rosario ay ang Trebel
Voice Color Code (VCC), piano tuner's
guide, piano keyboard stressing device,
voice color tape, at ang one-man-band
(OMB). Ang OMB ay ang sinasabing naging
Sing-Along-System (SAS) o Karaoke.

Inventor of Incubator

Fe del Mundo, ang unang Asiana na
nakapagtapos sa Harvard Universitys
School of Medicine. Isa sa pagaaral
nya ang sinasabing pinagmulan ng
imbention na incubator at ang
jaundice relieving device. Si Del
Mundo ay isang International Pediatric
Association (IPA) awardee na
nakapagtapos sa University of the
Philippines (UP) College of Medicine.
Simula pa noong 1941, siya ay
sumulat ng humigit kumulang na 100
articles sa medical journals ng U.S.,
Philippines at India. Noong 1966,
natangap niya ang Elizabeth Blackwell
Award, dahil sa kanyang "outstanding service to mankind". At noong
1977, siya ay ginawaran ng Ramon Magsaysay Award para sa
katangitanging paglilingkod publiko.

`

Artist : Juan Novicio Luna
Period : 1857-1899
Title : Filipino painter in the late 19th
century.
Style and
Techniq
: Traditional painter.
During his homecoming
period he painted many portraits
such as Gobernador General Ramon
Blanco, La Bulaquena, those of his
parents, brothers, sisters in-law and
nieces. He painted landscapes like
Taal Volcano, Marikina, etc., and
genre scenes like Tampuhan (Sulking)

The Spoliarium, for which he won gold prize at the 1884 Madrid Exposition, is currently
in the National Museum in Manila.

FILIPINOCOSTUMSANDTRADITIONS
Filipinoshasthissomekindofculturetopassonwhatkindofconductthattheyhavelearned
fromtheirparentswhichmadethecustomsandtraditionsoftheFilipinossurvivethroughall
theseyears.ItwasbuiltastheSpanishandotherinvaderstrytoinvadeourcountry,the
Philippines.
ManoPo
Whenchildrenoryoungpeoplegreetorsaygoodbyetotheirelderstheytypicallydosoby
takingtherighthandoftheelderwiththeirrighthandandtouchthebacktheelder'shand
lightlyontheirforehead.ThisactiscalledManoPo.ItisawaytogiverespecttoeldersandI've
alsounderstoodittobeawayofacceptingablessingfromtheelder.Manoisspanishfor'hand'
whilethewordPoisoftenusedattheendofasentencewhenaddressingeldersorsuperiors.
Po
ThewordPoisoftenusedwhenspeakingwithanelderortoasuperior.Typcially,itisaddedto
theendofasentence.Forexample,thankyouwouldbethankyoupo.Intagalog,salamat
meansthankyou.Toanelderyouwouldsaysalamatpo.Thewordpodoesn'treallyhavea
meaningbutaddsformalityasasignofrespect.
Mymom,whoisinher70's,doesntreallylikethefilipinotraditionofsayingpo.Shetendsto
getalittlefrustratedwithalwayshearingpoaftereveryexchangeinaconversation.Shemade
allofmycousinslaughbytellingthemtostopstayingpoallthetime.
FilipinosareAllRelatedtoOneAnother
ItseemsFilipinosareallrelatedtooneanother.Ourbloodlinescertainlyintersectsomewhere
butthissocalledfamilyrelationisduetotwothings:1)Ourclassificationoffamilymembersis
verysimple,and2)Werefertopeoplethatarenotrelatedtousasfamilymembersasasignof
respect.Let'slookintothisfilipinotraditionalittlefurther.
Mymotherhasafirstcousin.HisnameisNelson.MymomandNelson'smomaresisters.
Nelsonismyfirstcousinonceremoved.I,however,considerNelsontobemyUnclebecausehe
isofthesamegenerationasmymother.Becauseheisofmymom'sgenerationIcallhimTito,
orUncle.
Now,mymom'sbestfriendfromnursingschoolisLanda.Landaisafewyearsyoungerthanmy
mombutstillofmymom'sgeneration.Icallmymom'sbestfriendTitaLandaorAuntLanda.
WearenotrelatedbutIstillcallherandconsiderhertobemyaunt.
FILIPINOEPICS
GENERALDESCRIPTION
The Tagalog word for 'epic' is epiko from the Spanish. Philippine epics are lengthy
narrative poemsbasedon oral tradition. The verses were chanted or sung while being passed
fromgenerationtogenerationbeforebeingwrittenonpaper.Theplotsoftheirstoriesrevolve
aroundsupernaturaleventsandheroicdeeds.
With the diversity of ethnic groups in the Philippines, Filipino epics are not national in
scope the way the Kaleva is in Finland, for example. Instead of glorifying national heroes,
Philippineepicsarespecifictoaparticularpartofthecountry,andthustheyarereferredtoas
ethnoepics or regional epics. In fact, the epic poems of the Philippines are in many different
languages,notjustthecurrentlydominantTagalog.
NUTRITIVEVALUEOFFISH
Thesaltwaterfishisagoodsourceofomega3fattyacidsthathelpinmaintainingoverall
healthofbody.Fishoilisheartfriendlyanditisrecommendedtobeconsumedbythose
sufferingfromcardiovasculardiseases.Proteincontentisalsoveryhighinfishdishes.According
tonutritionists,fishshouldbeconsumedatleast23daysinaweek.
Thoughfishisanutritionalproductitcausessomehealthhazardstoo.Therearesomespecies
offishlikeshellfishandfuguthatmaycausefoodpoisoningifnotcookedproperly.Parasites
arealsopresentinrawfish,inwhichcase,itisrecommendedtocookfishwithpropermethod.
Somenutritionalfactsaboutfish:
Sometypesoffishareverylowinfat
Thefattierfishtypescontainhealthyessentialfattyacids(omega3)thatareactually
verygoodforthebody
WhitefishtypesarerichinvitaminB12
OilyfisharerichinvitaminsA,B12andD
Fishisahighprotein,lowfatfood
Smallfishbonesthatmaybeeatenarerichincalcium
Fishisagoodsourceofiron
Fishisveryeasytodigestandthereforeagoodfoodchoicefortheelderlyorpeople
whoarenotfeelingverywell
Fishdoesnotcontainharmfulsaturatedorhydrogenatedfats
100goffishcontainuptohalfthedailyrecommendedamountofprotein

FORCE
Thesimplestway todescribeforceistosaythatitisa`push'ora`pull'oratwist.Thepush or
pullonanobjectmaycauseeitherdeformationormay changethestateofmotionoftheobject
underconsideration.Theharderyou'push'or'pull',themoreforceyouareapplying.
Aforceisapushorpulluponanobjectresultingfromtheobject'sinteractionwithanotherobject.
Wheneverthereisaninteractionbetweentwoobjects,thereisaforceuponeachoftheobjects.
Whentheinteractionceases,thetwoobjectsnolongerexperiencetheforce.Forcesonlyexistas
aresultofaninteraction.
For simplicity sake, all forces (interactions) between objects can be placed into two broad
categories:
contactforces,and
forcesresultingfromactionatadistance
Contactforces:
Are those types of forces that result when the two interacting objects are perceived to be
physically contacting each other. Examples of contact forces include frictional forces, tensional
forces,normalforces,airresistanceforces,andappliedforces.Contactforcesare:
FrictionalForce
TensionForce
NormalForce
AirResistanceForce
AppliedForce
SpringForce
Actionatadistanceforces:
Are those types of forces that result even when the two interacting objects are not in physical
contact with each other, yet are able to exert a push or pull despite their physical separation.
Examples of actionatadistance forces include gravitational forces. For example, the sun and
planets exert a gravitational pull on each other despite their large spatial separation. Electric
forcesareactionatadistanceforces.Forexample,theprotonsinthenucleusofanatomandthe
electronsoutsidethenucleusexperienceanelectricalpulltowardseachotherdespitetheirsmall
spatialseparation.Andmagneticforcesareactionatadistanceforces.Forexample,twomagnets
canexertamagneticpulloneachotherevenwhenseparatedbyadistanceofafewcentimeters.
GravitationalForce
ElectricalForce
MagneticForce
GENEMUTATION
A gene mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up a

gene. Mutations range in size from a single DNA building block (DNA base) to a
largesegmentofachromosome.
Gene mutations occur in two ways: they can be inherited from a parent or
acquired during a persons lifetime. Mutations that are passed from parent to
child are called hereditary mutations or germline mutations (because they are
presentintheeggandspermcells,whicharealsocalledgermcells).Thistypeof
mutationispresentthroughoutapersonslifeinvirtuallyeverycellinthebody.
Mutations that occur only in an egg or sperm cell, or those that occur just after
fertilization,arecallednew(denovo)mutations.Denovomutationsmayexplain
genetic disorders inwhich an affected child has a mutation in every cell, but has
nofamilyhistoryofthedisorder.
Heograpiya
Heograpiya(Kastila:Geografia)angtawagsaaghamngmgalokasyonngmundo.Nakapokusito
sadistribusyonnglikasnayamanatmgataosaibabawnglupa.
AngsalitangheograpiyaaymulasasalitangKastilanggeografa.Nagugatitosamgasalitang
Griyegonggi(daigdig)atgrfein(isulatoilarawan).
Naritoangmgabagaynapinagaaralansaheograpiya:
Kartograpiyaopaggawangmapa
Mgabansasamundo
Kapaligirangpangkalikasan
Klima
Lupa
Ilog
Bato
Anyonglupa

HUMANHISTORY
StoneAgehumansarrive30000BC
Human fossil records indicate that the Philippines may have been inhabited for
thousands of years. According to earlier archaeological findings, the first man in the
Philippines came around islands with Asia which Professor H. Otley Beyer, eminent
American authority on Philippine archeology and anthropology, dubbed the "Dawn
Man". Yet the oldest human fossil found in the Philippines thus far is the 22,000year
old skull cap of a "StoneAge Filipino" discovered by Dr. Robert B. Fox, American
anthropologistof the National Museum, inside Tabon Cave,Palawan,onMay 28,1962
anddubbedthe"TabonMan".
TheTaboncavesofPalawanindicatesettlementforatleast30,500years;thesehunter
gatherers used stone flake tools. (In Mindanao, the existence and importance of these
prehistoric tools was noted by famed Jos Rizal himself, because of his acquaintance
withSpanishandGermanscientificarchaeologistsinthe1880s,whileinEurope.)
The custom of Jar Burial, which ranges from Sri Lanka, to the Plain of Jars, in Laos, to
Japan, also was practiced in the Tabon caves of Palawan. A spectacular example of a
secondary burial jar is owned by the National Museum of the Philippines, a National
Treasure,withajarlidtoppedwithtwofigures,onethedeceased,armscrossed,hands
touching the shoulders, the other a steersman, both seated in a prao, with only the
mastmissingfromthepiece.Secondaryburialwaspracticedacrossalltheislandsofthe
Philippinesduringthisperiod,withthebonesreburied,someintheburialjars.Seventy
eight earthenware vessels were recovered from the Manunggul cave, Palawan,
specificallyforburial.
Southeast Asia, as seen on the display globe at the Field Museum of Natural History,
Chicago,Illinois
About 30,000 years ago, the Negritos, who became the ancestors of today's Aetas, or
Aboriginal Filipinos, descended from their northernly abodes in Central Asia passing
through the Indian Subcontinent and reaching the Andamanese Islands. From thereon,
theNegritoscontinuedtoventureonlandbridgesreachingSoutheastAsia.Whilesome
oftheNegritossettledinMalaysia,becomingwhatisnowtheOrangAslipeople,several
Negrito tribes continued on to the Philippines through Borneo. They had a Paleolithic
culture, and have no community life, government and laws, arts, science and
technology,andwritingandliterature.Theyliveanomadiclifestyle,roamingtheforests
and living in crude dwellings consisting of leaves and sticks. But they were skillfully
adeptinusingthebowandarrowasaprimarydefenseweapon.Theyalsogatheredwild
plantsforconsumption.
MGAURINGHOMINIDAE
HOMINIDAE
AngHominidaeangtaksonomikongpamilyangmgaprimadonakinabibilanganngmgatao,
mgachimpanzee, mgabonobo, mgagorilya, at mgaoranggutan.
[1]
Ito ay tinatawag ring
mgadakilang mgabakulawomalaking bakulawupang itangi mula samas maliit na
bakulaw(mgagibbon). Ang mga kasapi ng pamilyang ito ay tinatawag na
mgahominido,hominidyoohominid.
Dahilsapagtitipongito,kabilangsaHominidaeang4namgaheneraat5species.Nakahintil
ang mga kasapi nitong hindi tao sa ekuwatoryal naAprika,SumatraatBorneo. Pumipetsa
angmgafossilnghominidyosaMiosenoatnakilalangmulasaAsya.
Nasasaklawan ng timbang ng mga hominidyo ang mula sa 48kg hanggang 270kg. Mas
malalaki ang mga kalalakihan kesa mga kababaihan. Mgaprimadooprimataang mga
hominidyo,namaymatitipunongmgakatawanatmaunladnamgabisig.
Kabilangdinsaklasipikasyonangmganinunongpangkasalukuyangnabubuhaynamgauri.
HOUSEHOLDMATERIALS:
1. CuttingandPiercing
a. Knife
b. Scissor
c. Ax
d. Hatchet
e. Cuttingboard
2. SmoothingandSharpening
a. Sharpeningstone
b. Sandpaper
3. HandymanTools
a. Hammer
b. Nail
c. Saw
d. Drill
e. Chisel
f. LongnoseFlier
g. CuttingFlier
h. Flier
i. Brush
j. ElectricalTape
k. Screwdriver
l. Screw
4. Storingandtransporting
a. Bag
b. Basket
c. Plasticcontainer
d. Watercontainer
5. Cookingfood
a. Stove
b. Pans
c. Casseroles
d. Knives
PLASTIC MADE OUT OF MILK
How can plastic be made out of milk? Find out how an acid (in this case, vinegar) along
with a measuring cup and teaspoon, a mug, a stirring spoon, and paper towels can turn
hot milk into plastic.
Acti vi ty's uses: Classroom demo or small group exploration
Area(s) of science: Physical Science
Difficulty level:
Prep time: <10 minutes
Acti vi ty time: 10-20 minutes
Key terms:
plastics, casein, monomers, polymers, chemical reaction,
chemistry, food chemistry, acids

Background Information:
Plastics are a group of materials that can look or feel different, but can all be molded
into many shapes. The similarities and differences between different plastic products
come down to the molecules they are made of. Plastics are all similar because they are
all made up of molecules that are repeated over and over again in a chain, called a
polymer. Polymers can be chains of one type of molecule, or chains of different types of
molecules linked together in a regular pattern. In a polymer, a single repeat of the
pattern of molecules is called a monomer (even if the polymer is made up of only one
type of molecule).
HOWTOWRITEATHESISSTATEMENT
WhatisaThesisStatement?
Almostallofusevenifwedontdoitconsciouslylookearlyinanessayforaoneortwosentence
condensationoftheargumentoranalysisthatistofollow.Werefertothatcondensationasathesisstatement.
WhyShouldYourEssayContainaThesisStatement?
totestyourideasbydistillingthemintoasentenceortwo
tobetterorganizeanddevelopyourargument
toprovideyourreaderwithaguidetoyourargument
Ingeneral,yourthesisstatementwillaccomplishthesegoalsifyouthinkofthethesisastheanswertothe
questionyourpaperexplores.
HowCanYouWriteaGoodThesisStatement?
Herearesomehelpfulhintstogetyoustarted.
Almostallassignments,nomatterhowcomplicated,canbereducedtoasinglequestion.Yourfirststep,then,isto
distilltheassignmentintoaspecificquestion.Forexample,ifyourassignmentis,Writeareporttothelocal
schoolboardexplainingthepotentialbenefitsofusingcomputersinafourthgradeclass,turntherequestintoa
questionlike,Whatarethepotentialbenefitsofusingcomputersinafourthgradeclass?Afteryouvechosen
thequestionyouressaywillanswer,composeoneortwocompletesentencesansweringthatquestion.
Q:Whatarethepotentialbenefitsofusingcomputersinafourthgradeclass?
A:Thepotentialbenefitsofusingcomputersinafourthgradeclassare
OR
A:Usingcomputersinafourthgradeclasspromisestoimprove
Theanswertothequestionisthethesisstatementfortheessay.
Evenifyourassignmentdoesntaskaspecificquestion,yourthesisstatementstillneedstoansweraquestion
abouttheissueyoudliketoexplore.Inthissituation,yourjobistofigureoutwhatquestionyoudliketowrite
about.
IDIOMS
(An Idiom is a natural manner of speaking to a native speaker of a language.)

A Bird In The Hand Is Worth Two In The Bush:
Having something that is certain is much better than taking a risk for more, because chances are you might lose
everything.

A Blessing In Disguise:
Something good that isn't recognized at first.

A Chip On Your Shoulder:
Being upset for something that happened in the past.

A Dime A Dozen:
Anything that is common and easy to get.

A Doubting Thomas:
A skeptic who needs physical or personal evidence in order to believe something.

A Drop in the Bucket:
A very small part of something big or whole.

A Fool And His Money Are Easily Parted:
It's easy for a foolish person to lose his/her money.

A House Divided Against Itself Cannot Stand:
Everyone involved must unify and function together or it will not work out.

A Leopard Can't Change His Spots:
You cannot change who you are.

CHARACTERISTICSOFINDIANLITERATURE
The characteristics of Indian Literature are naturally an aspect of Indian

consciousness, tradition and culture. It is distinguished from the western
consciousness,uponwhichanIndianisnurturedfrombirthtotheiradulthoodin
aclosednitfamilywithhighbackgroundofreligionandtraditionpracticesbythe
communityandsociety
According to Rudyard Kiplings oftquoted line, East is East, and West is

West,andneverthetwainshallmeet,particularlytheapproachofliterature.Itis
possible for them to meet on a common ground; eastern literature might be of
appealandperennialsourceofcharmforthewritersandreadersintheWest,as
it really has been, and the same, without any fear of carping, might be said of
westernliterature.
To strike a balance and a compromise, as the circumstances permitted,

without losing their native character had been a constant feature of Indian life.
WhatthenarethesecharacteristicsoftheIndianconsciousness,whichtheIndian
Literatures retain even up to this day, in spite of so many inroads from an alien
sourceuponit?WhereinliestheIndiannessoftheIndians?
THECOREOFINDIALITERATURE:INDIANCONSCIOUSNESS
TheseconsciousnessesareatthebackboneofIndianLiterature:
REINCARNATION: It is the widespread belief in Mukti, and in

REINCARNATION.ItisapowerfulobsessionwiththeIndians.Thereisnothinglike
it in western consciousness. A westerner would turn away from it as something
strangeandunknown.ButithappenstobethebasicbeliefoftheIndian.Itishis
life breath. Indians are prepared to sacrifice if he can only attain to this state of
highestbeing,towhichallhisvisibleeffortsandinvisibleaspirationsaredirected.
AperpetualobsessionwiththeIndian,thisbeliefcolourshiswholelife.
KARMA: A belief that is very closely attendant upon the Indians belief in
Mukti, is his belief in the doctrine of KARMA. It is second to the first only in the
determinationofhisattitudetowardslife.Wearesuchandsuchbecausewedid
such and such in the past. Our actionsin a previous birth determine our state in
HOWBUSINESSUSESINFORMATIONSYSTEMS
InformationSystems(IS)inorganizationscaptureand
manage data to produce useful information that
supports an organization and its employees,
customers, suppliers and partners. Many
organizations consider information systems to be
essential to their ability to compete and gain
competitive advantage. Most organizations have
cometorealizethatallworkersneedtoparticipatein
the development of information systems. Therefore,
information systems development is a relevant
subjecttoallregardlessofwhetherornotstudyingto
become an information systems professional.
Information systems come in all shapes and sizes.
They are classified according to the functions they
serve.
Transaction Processing System (TPS) captures

and processes data about business transactions.
Examples are inventory tracking system,
materials management system, customer order
system,andaccountingsystem.
ManagementInformationSystem(MIS)provides
for managementoriented reporting based on
transaction processing and operations of the
organization. An example is a production
schedulingmanagementinformationsystem.
Decision Support System (DSS) either helps to
identify decisionmaking opportunities or
provides information to help make decisions. An
example is a DSS for purchasing decisions like
Consumers Digest that provides product reviews
and shopping tips. Another is a DSS for real
estate decisions, Countrywide which provides
financingcalculatorsandmortgagealternatives.
ExecutiveInformationSystem(EIS)supportsthe
planning and assessment needs of executive
managers.Forexample,anEIScanhelpaCEOto
quickly view sales activity categorized by region,
product, month, local market, or any number of
othermethodsoftheorganization.
Expert System (ES) captures the expertise of
workersandthensimulatesthatexpertisetothe
benefits ofnonexperts. Examples of this are the
systems for the diagnosis of bacteriological
diseases in patients and quality control of
products.
Communications and Collaboration System
(CCS) enables more effective communications
between workers, partners, customers, and
suppliers to enhance their ability to collaborate.
This includes videoconferencing, audio
conferencing, email, voicemail, fax, instant
messagingandchat.
Office Automation System (OAS) supports the
wide range of business office activities that
provide for improved workflow between
workers.Maintypesoftoolsincludespreadsheet
programsandtext&imageprocessingsystems.
Enterprise Resource Planning System (ERP)
enables coordination of activities, efficient
response to customer orders and the use of
valuable information for improved decision
making.
INFORMATIONSYSTEMUSERSANDTHEIRNEEDS
System users define the business requirements and

expectations for the system. Hence, they view an
information system in terms of the functionality
provided to their jobs, ease of learning and ease of
use. There are many classes of system users. Each
class should be directly involved in any information
systemdevelopmentprojectthataffectsthem.
InternalSystemUsers
Internal system users are employees of the
businesses for which most information systems are
built. They make up the largest percentage of
information system users in most businesses. They
include:
Top Managers are concerned with strategic

(longterm)planninganddecisionmaking.
Middle Managers and KnowledgeWorkersMiddle
managers are more concerned with tactical
(shortterm) operational problems and decision
making. Knowledge workers consist largely of
business and industrial specialists who perform
highlyskilledandspecializedwork.
INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY
TechTarget.com:Postedby:MargaretRouse
IninformationtechnologyandontheInternet,infrastructureisthephysicalhardwareusedto
interconnectcomputersandusers.Infrastructureincludesthetransmissionmedia,including
telephonelines,cabletelevisionlines,andsatellitesandantennas,andalsotherouters,
aggregators,repeaters,andotherdevicesthatcontroltransmissionpaths.Infrastructurealso
includesthesoftwareusedtosend,receive,andmanagethesignalsthataretransmitted.
Insomeusages,infrastructurereferstointerconnectinghardwareandsoftwareandnotto
computersandotherdevicesthatareinterconnected.However,tosomeinformation
technologyusers,infrastructureisviewedaseverythingthatsupportstheflowandprocessing
ofinformation.
Technopedia.com
Definition:ITinfrastructurereferstothecompositehardware,software,networkresourcesand
servicesrequiredfortheexistence,operationandmanagementofanenterpriseIT
environment.ItallowsanorganizationtodeliverITsolutionsandservicestoitsemployees,
partnersand/orcustomersandisusualinternaltoanorganizationanddeployedwithinowned
facilities.
Explanation:ITinfrastructureconsistsofallcomponentsthatsomehowplayaroleinoverallIT
andITenabledoperations.Itcanbeusedforinternalbusinessoperationsordeveloping
customerITorbusinesssolutions.
Typically,astandardITinfrastructureisdistributedaccordingtothefollowingcomponents:
Hardware:Servers,computers,datacenters,switches,hubsandrouters,etc.
Software:EnterpriseResourcePlanning(ERP),customerrelationshipmanagement
(CRM),productivityapplicationsandmore.
Network:Networkenablement,Internetconnectivity,firewallandsecurity.
Meatware:Althoughconflicting,humanusers,suchasnetworkadministrators(NA),
developers,designersandgenericenduserswithaccesstoanyITapplianceorservice
arealsopartofanITInfrastructure,specificallywiththeadventofusercentricITservice
development.
ITINFRASTRUCTURE
www.galorath.com,postedby:Author:DanGalorathSeptember11,2008
ITInfrastructure..ITinfrastructureconsistsoftheequipment,systems,software,andservices
usedincommonacrossanorganization,regardlessofmission/program/project.IT
Infrastructurealsoservesasthefoundationuponwhichmission/program/projectspecific
systemsandcapabilitiesarebuilt.CIO.GOV(U.S.)
FLYINGSHUTTLEINVENTEDBYJOHNKAYON1733
Theflyingshuttle,createdbyJohnKayin1733,isoneofthemajorweavinginventions
ASSIGNMENT IN SCIENCE

I. INVENTORS AND DISCOVERERS

MP3
History and Development

For LP MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3, more commonly referred to as MP3, is a popular audio
encoding format. It uses a lossy compression algorithm that is designed to greatly reduce the
amount of data required to represent the audio recording, yet still sound like a faithful
reproduction of the original uncompressed audio to most listeners. It was invented by a team
of European engineers of Philips, CCETT (Centre commun d'tudes de tlvision et
tlcommunications), IRT and Fraunhofer Society, who worked in the framework of the
EUREKA 147 DAB digital radio research program, and it became an ISO/IEC standard in 1991.

MP3 is an audio-specific format. The compression takes off certain sounds that cannot
be heard by the listener, i.e. outside the normal human hearing range. It provides a
representation of pulse-code modulationencoded audio in much less space than
straightforward methods, by using psychoacoustic models to discard components less audible
to human hearing, and recording the remaining information in an efficient manner. Similar
principles are used by JPEG, an image compression format.

I-POD
History and design

iPod came from Apple's digital hub strategy,
[3]
when the company began creating
software for the growing market of digital devices being purchased by consumers. Digital
cameras, camcorders and organizers had well-established mainstream markets, but the
company found existing digital music players "big and clunky or small and useless" with user
interfaces that were "unbelievably awful",
[3]
so Apple decided to develop its own. Apple's
hardware engineering chief, Jon Rubinstein, assembled a team of engineers to design it,
including Tony Fadell, hardware engineer Michael Dhuey, and design engineer Jonathan Ive,
with Stan Ng as the marketing manager. The product was developed in less than a year and
unveiled on 23 October 2001. CEO Steve Jobs announced it as a Mac-compatible product with
a 5 GB hard drive that put "1000 songs in your pocket."

The name iPod was proposed by Vinnie Chieco, a freelance copywriter, who (with
others) was called by Apple to figure out how to introduce the new player to the public. After
Chieco saw a prototype, he thought of the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey and the phrase "Open
the pod bay door, Hal!", which refers to the white EVA Pods of the Discovery One spaceship.
Apple had previously registered the name "iPod" for Internet kiosks, but never put it to use.
[3]


POCKET CINEMA
(AIPTEK)

Size: 25.5 cm. length x 5.5 cm width x 2 cm height
Projection: 50 inches (Twice as large as regular 20 inches TV)

mpatible: with most digital video format
d video output connection
With built-in video player and 1 GB
memory, and up to 8 GB memory storage
Price: $ 300.00 (Php 14,500.00)
s. 640 x 480 pixels By: AIPTEK, USA
KABUKIANDKABUKICLOTHING
Kabuki(,kabuki?)isthehighlystylizedclassicalJapanesedancedrama.Kabukitheatreis
known for the stylization of its drama and for the elaborate makeup worn by some of its
performers. The individual kanji characters, from left to right, mean sing (), dance (), and
skill (). Kabuki is therefore sometimes translated as "the art of singing and dancing." These
are, however, ateji characters which do not reflect actual etymology. The kanji of 'skill'
generally refers to a performer in kabuki theatre. Since the word kabuki is believed to derive
from the verb kabuku, meaning "to lean" or "to be out of the ordinary", kabuki can be
interpretedas"avantgarde"or"bizarre"theatre.

KAHAPON,NGAYONATBUKAS
NiAurelioTolentino
(DulangHimagsikan)
MGATAUHAN:
INANGBAYAN(PILIPINAS)
DILATNABULAG(ESPANYA)
BAGONGSIBOL(AMERIKA)
MASUNURIN(BABAINGPILIPINA)
TAGAILOG(ANGKATAGALUGAN)
MATANGLAWIN(GOBYERNONGKASTILA)
MALAYNATIN(GOBYERNONGAMERIKANO)
ASALHAYOP(MAPAGLILONGTAGALOG)
DAHUMPALAY(MAPAGLILONGTAGALOG)
HARINGBATA(HARINGINTSIK)
HALIMAW(PRAYLE)
WALANGTUTOL(LALAKINGPILIPINO)
Mgataongbayan,mgaHukbongTagalog,mgaHukbongIntsik,KapisananngCruzRojangbabae,
mgakawalnarebulosyonaryo,mgabatanglalakitbabae,bandangmusikangHukbongTagalog,
mgaKaluluwangnangamataysalabanan,angHaringKamatayan,RehimiyentongArtiller,
InfanteriaatIngeniena.
BAHAGII
(Isangbakurangmaysaginganatibapanghalamansatabi.Sagitnaayisangbalag.)
LABASI
(Asalhayopatmgataongbayan.Nangakahanayangbabaesakananatangmgalalakinamansa
kaliwa.Nangataasangkanangkamaynilanglahat,natumatangansakopangginto.Masasayaang
anyonila.)
(Asalhayop,Masunurin,Walangtutol,mgataongbayan.)
Walangtutol:Maginuman,magsayawan.
Masunurin:SiAsalhayopayipagdiwang.
Koro:Ipagdiwang.
1.o:Mapalaangkanyangbuhay.
KASAYSAYAN NG DAIGDIG

Mga Pangkalahtan at Tiyak na Layunin

Pagkatapos ng isang taon pang-aaral sa antas na ito sa mataas na paaralan,
ang bawat mag-aaral ay inaasahang makapagpapakita ng sumusunod na kakayahan:

I. Ang Simula ng Kabihasnan

1. Naipamamalas ang pag-unawa sa kinalaman ng heograpiya sa pamumuhay ng
mga sinaunang daigdig

A. Heograpiya ng Daigdig

Nasusuri ang mga teoryang siyentipiko at pahayag mula sa Bibliya tungkol sa
pinagmulan ng daigdig

Nasusuri ang katangiang pisikal ng daigdig bilang tirahan ng tao

Naipaliliwanag ang kahalagahan ng heograpiya sa kasaysayan

B. Mga Unang Tao

Nasusuri ang mga teoryang siyentipiko at pahayag sa Bibliya tungkol sa pinagmulan
ng tao

Nasusuri ang katangian ng bawat yugto ng pag-unlad ng kultura (paleolitiko at
neolitiko)

C. Mga Unang Kabihasnan

Nasusuri ang mga kaganapan sa Rebolusyong Neolitiko (pasimula ng agrikultura0
na naging batayan ng mga unang kabihasnan

Naiuugnay ang heograpiyang pisikal sa paglinang ng mga unang kabihasnan

Nasusuri ang pagsulong ng mga unang kabihasnan sa Asia (Summer/mesopotamia,
Indus at China), Africa (Egypt), South-America (Aztec, Maya at Inca)

Napahahalagahan ang kontribusyon sa daigdig ngmga unang kabihasnan

II. Ang Daigdig sa Panahon ng Transisyon

KASAYSAYANNGNAIC
PANAHONNGESPANYOL
Angmgaika16atika17siglo,sakasaysayanngNaicaysumasalaminsakungpapaano
nagpasalinsalinangpagmamayariatkasakupanglupasaNaic.Naritoangmgatalang
ipinamigaysamgakilalangManilenyoangmgalupangsumasaklawsaNaic;paglilipatari
salupa;pagpapamanasamgaanakngisangHeneralEsguerranglupangnapasakamay;
pagbebentanglupangnamana;atpagkapuntanglupasamgaHeswita.Pumapaloobdin
sapanahongitoangpaghiwalayngMaragondonsabayangmatrisnaSilang,atpagiging
ganapnabayanngunangnasabinglugar.
HabangbaryonaangNaicngMaragondon,atginawanangasyendanoong1693,ganap
namangitinatagangisangkomunidadsabahagingMuzonbilangsityonoong1758.Ang
Naicsapagpapatuloyngika18sigloaynaukolsapaglawaknglupangsaklawatpagdami
ngbahayan.Kayanaman,sahindinanapigilpangpaglakingpopulasyon,
napagpasyahannanggawingbayanangNaicnoong1791.Dahilannamansakalapitan
ngkomunidadsaMuzonsaPoblasyonngMaragondon,napagkaisahangilipatang
komunidadsaMuzonsamasmalayongbahagingNaic.Taong1798,manumanong
inilipatangmgabahay,hayopatibapangkagamitansaImusngAwa.Ginapasang
madawagnapaglilipatan,itinaboyangmababangisnahayop,gumawangmgadaan,at
itinatagangbagongkomunidad:ito,magpasahanggangngayon,angPoblasyonat
kabayananngNaic.
HabangpanahonngEspanyaangtinatalakaynayugto,maisasamarinsatalangitoang
tulisanismobilangpangunahingkalabanngpamahalaangkolonyal.Bilangpagtugon,
gayangminsangisinagawasaNaic,konsentrasyonorekonsentrasyonangginawang
kasagutanngpamahalaansasuliranin.PanahonngpanunungkulanniJuanVillaflor
bilangGobernadorcillo,nagpalabasangPamahalaangProbinsyalngkautusanupang
magkaroonngkonsentrasyonsaNaic.Angmgabahaynoonnanasamgabaryoay
inilipatlahatsakabayanan.Tumagalangpagtitipongitonangisangtaon.Sapanahonng
konsentrasyon,angmgamagsasakangasyendangNaicaymakaaalislamangsabayan
A
AN NG GK
KA AT TI IP PU UN NA AN N
IsangbahagingpintaCarlos"Botong"Franciscona
nagpapakitangsaduguanngmgakasapingKatipunan
AngKKK
Ang Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalang, Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK) o

Katipunan,ayisanglihimnasamahannaitinatagnoong1892upangitaguyodangkaisipang
makabayanatrebolusyonaryosamgaPilipino.Layuninngsamahannasugpuinangpatuloy
na pagmamalabis at di makataong pamumuno ng mga Espanyol sa Pilipinas tungo sa
pagkakamitngkasarinlanngbansa.
KAWASAKISYMDROME
Kawasaki disease, also known as mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome, causes inflammation
of blood vessels throughout the body. What causes Kawasaki disease is not clear. Some
researchersbelieveitisaninfection,othersanautoimmunedisorderstimulatedbyaninfection
or exposure to an environmental toxin. Most cases of Kawasaki disease (80 percent) occur in
children younger than four years old, but occasionally it may occur in very young infants or
adolescents.ChildrenofAsianethnicityareathigherriskfordevelopingthedisease.
The inflammation caused by the disease can lead to coronary aneurysm and heart attack,
making Kawasaki disease the most common cause of acquired heart disease in children in
developed countries. Up to 25 percent of children with untreated disease will develop heart
problems. Fortunately, only 510 percent of children with Kawasaki disease who are treated
beforethetenthdayofillnesswilldevelopheartdisease.
KINAGISNANGBALON
(niAndresCristobalCruz)
SinasabingwalanglampinsapurokngTibagnahindinilabhansatubignasinasaloksamalalim,
malaki'tmatandangbalon.
Sinasabing walang nagluto ng pagkain at naghugas ng kinainan sa Tibag na hindi gumamit ng

tubigsabalongiyon.
Sinasabingwalang naligosaTibagnahindinagbuhosngmalinisatmalamignatubignasiyang
biyayangmatandangbalongtisa.
Anupa'tmasasabingwalangisinilangatinilibingnatagaTibagnahindiuminomobinindisyunan
ngtubignagalingsakanilangbalon.
Kungiisipin,masasabirinnaangbuhayatkamatayanngmgatagaTibagaynasabalongiyon.
Mahalaga nga ang balon, ngunit ang bagay na ito'y hindi nila pinaguukulang masyado ng
pansin. Sa kanila, ang balon ay bahagi ng kanilang buhay at kapaligiran,bahagi na ng kanilang
KINDS OF ORCHIDS

Many people are surprised to find that orchids grow in all the continents except
Antarctica. They can be found from the Arctic to the Equator, from here to
west contents.

The family of Orchids contains more species than any other family of plants;
some estimates are now close to 35,000 genera. Yet, interestingly enough
there are essentially two types of orchids or types of growth patterns,
monopodial and sympodial. Most orchids fall into one or the other category and
none of them appear to be a mix of the two. While orchids are readily
hybridized between many different genera of orchids, apparently they are no
crosses that cross this line of this type of orchid.

Essentially there are two different types of orchids and they are called
monopodial and sympodial. Knowing whether the orchid you have is
monopodial or sympodial is important because this information will help you
know how to grow it properly re-bloom it successfully and also gives you clues
as to how to propagate the plant.

KWAKIUTLTRIBE
THELITHOSPHERE

ThetectonicplatesoftheEarth'slithosphere.
Thelithosphere(from the Greek for "rocky" sphere) is the solid, outermost shell of a
rockyplanet.InthecaseoftheEarth,thelithosphereincludesthecrustandtheupperlayerof
themantlethat is joined to the crust. The lithosphere contains a rich variety of minerals. In
addition,itcontinuallyinteractswiththeatmosphereandhydrosphere.
TheEarth'slithosphereprovidesuswiththe"terrafirma"onwhichwelive.Tosustainourlives,
weneedaccesstoair,water,soil,andsunlight,andweneedtheecosystemscreatedbyplants
and animals. The lithosphere gives us access to all of these simultaneously. While dwelling on
thelithosphere,wearesurroundedbyair,receivetheSun'sheatandlight,andhaveaccessto
freshwater and various minerals that we use for our domestic, agricultural, and industrial
activities.
Platetectonics
Informingthelithosphere,theEarth'scrustanduppermantleareattachedtoeachother,but
they differ in chemical composition. The boundary that marks this change in chemical
compositionisknownastheMohoroviidiscontinuity(ortheMohodiscontinuity).
Thus the distinguishing characteristic of the lithosphere is not its composition but its flow
properties.Itfloatsontheasthenosphere,whichistheheatsoftenedlayerofthemantlebelow
the lithosphere. The lithosphere is fragmented into relatively strong pieces calledtectonic
plates, which move independently relative to one another. This movement of lithospheric
platesovertheasthenosphereisdescribedasplatetectonics.

AGYU
(EpikongManobo)
(Monobo)
Ang pinanggagalingan ng kabuhayan ng mga Ilianon ay pangongolekta ng sera. Ipinapalit nila

ang sera sa mga Moro, sa kanilang mga pangunahing pangangailangan tulad ng palay, asin at
asukal. Nagkaroon ng di pagkakaunawaan si Agyu at ang datu ng mga Moro dahil sa
pagkakautangnilangisangdaangtambakngsera.Upangmaiwasanangmadugonglabanan,si
AgyuatangkaniyangpamilyaayumalissaAyumanatpumuntangIlian.Ngunithindihahayaan
ngmgaMoronamamuhaysilangpayapa.Sinundannilaangmgaitoupangpatayinsiyaatang
kanyang pamilya. Lumaban si Agyu at ang kanyang pamilya ng buong tapang at lumabas na
panalosalabansamgaMoro.PagkataposngtagumpayaynaisipniAgyunalisaninangIlianat
pumuntangBundokngPinamatun.Doonaynagtayosilangmgabahaysapaananngbundok.
IsangarawaypumuntasiAgyusabundokngSandawaupangmanghulingbaboyramo.Umuwi
siyanadalaangkanyanghulihabangangkanyangkapatidnalalakinasiLonoatmgakapatidna
babaing sina Yambungan at Ikwagan ay nakahanap ng pulot pukyutan. Hinati nila ang baboy
ramoatpulotpukyutansakanilaatsakanilangmgaalipin.
Bakitayawmongkumuhangkarneatpulotparasaiyo,atsaiyongasawasaAyuman,Banlak?
tanong ni citeAgyu/cite sa kanyang kapatid na lalaki. Ang asawa ni Banlak na si Mungan ay
naiwansaAyumansapagkatnagkaroonitongketong.
Mga Pangkat Etniko ng Pilipino
Ang mga yamang tao ng bansang Pilipinas ay ang kanyang mamamayan. Pilipino ang
tawag sa kanila. Ngunit iba't iba ang pangkat na kanilang kinabibilangan. Iba't iba rin ang
tawag sa kanila. Ang mga Ita ay isa sa mga ninuno. Tinatawag din silang Negrito, Ayta o
Baluga. Karaniwang nainirahan sila sa Luzon. Ito ay sa mga bundok ng Zambales,
Quezon, Laguna at Cagayan. May naninirahan din sa mga bundok ng Panay at Negros.
Tulad ng mga Ita, ang mga Ifugao at Kalinga ay sa Luzon din naninirahan. Matatagpuan
sila sa Mountain Province. Ang mga Ifugao ang nagtayo ng tanyag na hagdan-hagdang
palayan dalawang libong taon na ang nakakaraan.
Ang isa pang pangkat ng Pilipino sa Luzon ay ang mga Ilokano. Karaniwang nakatira sila
sa bandang hilaga ng Luzon. Ngunit may mga Ilokano rin sa ibang bahagi ng Visayas at
Mindanao. Naninirahan sila sa nga lugar na ito upang maghanapbuhay, mangalakal, o
mag-asawa. Matitipid at masisipag sila. Matatagpuan naman sa kalagitnaan at katimugan
ng Luzon ang mga Tagalog. Sila ang pangalawa sa pinakamalaking pangkat ng Kristiano
sa Pilipinas.
Kilala rin ang mga Mangyan sa Luzon. Matatagpuan sila sa pulo ng Mindoro. Karamihan
sa kanila ay may panlabas na anyo at paraan ng pamumuhay na payak at tulad pa rin ng
ating mga ninuno. Iba-iba rin ang pangkat ng Pilipino sa mha pulo ng Visayas. Isa na rito
ang mga Cebuano na may pinakamalaking pangkat na nasabing rehiyon. Kilala sila sa
katutubong awit na "Matud Nila" at sayaw na Rosas Pandan.
Taga-Visayas din ang mga Ilonggo. Kilala naman sila sa katutubong awit na Dandansoy
at sayaw na Cariosa.
Mga Waray naman ang pangkat ng Pilipino sa Mindanao. ang ilan sa mga ito ay ang mga
Badjao, Maranao, Tausug, Tiboli, at Manobo.
Nakatira sa baybay-dagat ang mga Badjao. Matatagpuan sila mula Zamboanga hanggang
Sulu. Pangingisda ang pangunahing hanap-buhay nila.
Ang pangkat ng mga Tiboli ay naninirahan sa Cotabato. Pagsasaka ang pangunahing
ikina-bubuhay nila.
Pangkat Etniko sa Luzon
Aeta
Matatagpuan ang pangkat ng mga aeta sa halos lahat ng dako ng kapuluan. May ibat iba
silang pangalan sa ibat ibang lugar. Higit silang marami sa Luzon. Aeta o Ayta ang
tawag sa kanila sa hilagang Luzon. Ibuked naman ang tawag sa mga aetang nakatira nang
malayo sa mga kapatagan. Sa Kofun, Diango, Paranan at Assao sa Cagayan, Ugsig at
THE MUSCLES

Classifications
Muscles can be classified in the following ways:
Skeletal muscle - this muscle is called striated or stripey muscle, because it
looks striped under a microscope. Skeletal muscle is a voluntary muscle.
Cardiac muscle - situated in the walls of the heart. It is striated and
involuntary.
Smooth muscle - found in the walls of internal organs, blood vessels and the
digestive, reproductive and urinary systems. Does not have the stripes found in
skeletal muscle. This type of muscle is important in veins as it pushes blood
back towards the heart. It is non-striated and involuntary.
Muscle comprises 40-50% of a person's total body weight.
Characteristics
Excitability - the ability of the muscle to react to stimulus eg reacting when you
touch something hot.
Contractility - the ability to become shorter and thicker.
Extensibility - the ability to become longer and thinner.
Elasticity - the ability to return to its original shape after extending or
contracting.
Functions
Motion
Maintaining posture
Producing heat (approx 85% of body heat)
Note: Superficial muscle lies closer to the surface, can be seen when contracted and
causes movement. Muscles that lie below the superficial muscles are called deep
muscles.
Types of muscle contractions
When a muscle is stimulated, the fibres tighten. The muscle can either shorten
(concentric), stay the same length (isometric) or lengthen (eccentric).
Concentric - muscle shortens but tension remains the same, eg contracting
biceps causes flexion at elbow.
TARATENA
By:SamConcepcion
Hmmn..oohh..hey...yeah..
Tenahalinatsabayan
Bagongusoaysimulan
Oh!dapatlangkabataan
Orasmonangmakialam
Refrain:
okakabakabakabakabataan
Mgakatropatayona
Wagngumurongsulongpa
Buongloobsumamana
Chorus:
Taratena,tarasimulanmona
Tenabagongpagasa
Taratena,okabataananggalingnaman
Simulanpagbabagosabayan
Taratena,
tarawagkakabakaba
Tena,oomaylabanka
Galingan,sipagan,paghusayan,panawagan,kabataan
Taratena.
Maaasahankadito
Mahusayangideyamo
Pakitamongmarunongka
Bayansayo'yumaasa
Repeatref.
Repeatchorus.
Bridge:
Tayonatarana
Gamitinangtalinomosatunaynapagbabago
Taranatayona
Tawagsadiyosisamakamakakamtanmalapitna
Tayonatarana
Taranatayona
Ohtaratenasumamamalapitna
Makakamtanpagbabagosabayanna
Repeatchorus(4x)
NEW SCIENCE DISCOVERIES

Meteorite Holds Clues to Organic Chemistry of Earl y Earth

Carbonaceous chondrites are a
type of organic-rich meteorite
that contain samples of the
materials that took part in the
creation of our planets nearly 4.6
billion years ago, including
materials that were likely formed
before our Solar System was
created and may have been
crucial to the formation of life on
Earth. The complex suite of
organic materials found in
carbonaceous chondrites can
vary substantially from meteorite
to meteorite.

A specimen of the Tagish Lake Meteorite about 10 cm in its
longest dimension.
(Credit: Michael Holly, Creative Services, University of
Alberta)

Temperature Tracking Device for Packages May Have Climate
Metrology Applications

National Institute of Standards
and Technology (NIST)
researchers are working to
reduce the uncertainty
associated with climate-change
measurements using a mobile
temperature-sensing technology
made for tracking delicate or
perishable, high-value packages
in transit. Developed by
international shipper FedEx and
tested with help from NIST, the
device connects to cell phone
networks to provide users with
near real-time information on the
package's precise location,
temperature, humidity, pressure,
acceleration, elevation and
exposure to light.

Developed by international shipper FedEx and tested with
help from NIST, the Senseaware device connects to cell
phone networks to provide users with near real-time
information on a packages precise location, temperature,
humidity, pressure, acceleration, elevation and exposure to
light. NIST researchers plan to deploy the technology as part
of a pilot project to monitor and improve climate
measurements. (Credit: Strouse/NIST)

ONEDAYMENU
BREAKFAST
Apple
FriedRice
Bacon
Milk

PAALAMSAPAGKABATA
(KUWENTO/CEBUANO)
SalinniNazarenoD.Bassa
PanamilitsaKabantanonniSantiagoPepito
Wala akong nakikitang pagbabago. Tulad nang nagdaang mga madalingaraw: ang ginaw,
katahimikan,dilimiyondinangbumubuongdaigdigngakingkamalayan.Maramingbagayang
dapatmailarawan.Ngunitalamkongiisalamangangkahuluganngmgaiyon.Alamko.
Sakabilangsilid,sakuwartoninaNanayatTatay,naririnigkoangpigilnapaghikbi.Umiiyakna
naman si Nanay. Ang sunudsunod na paghikbi ay tila pandagdag sa kalungkutan ng daigdig.
Napabuntonghininga ako. Umiilingiling. Hanggang ngayon hindi ko pa nakikita ang tunay na
dahilanngdamdamingiyonnamatagalnangumalipinsakanya.
Walangmalinawsaakingisipan.Mulasaakingpagkamulatangpagkainipaykakambalngaking
buhay.Saakingpagiisadikomaiwasanangpangarapnamagkaroonngbatangkapatidnanag
aangkin ng mabangong hininga at taglay ang ngiti ng isang anghel. Ngunit ang damdamin koy
tilatigangnalupangpinagkaitanngulan.
Maliwanag na ang silangan nang akoy bumangon. May bago na namang umaga. Ngunit ang
tanawinsabahayaywalangpagbabago.Tuladngdati,nakikitakosiNanaynanakaupoatnag
iisipsamayhagdanan.NakatitigsiyasasampayannglambatniTatay.Atmadalasangkanyang
pagbubuntonghininga.
Matagal ko nang nakikita ang sampay na lambat. Ngunit hindi ko nakikitang itoy ginagamit ni
Tatay. Noon ay walang halaga ito sa akin. Nagsimula ang pagpansin ko sa lambat noong itoy
itinapon ni Nanay mga dalawang taon na ang nakakaraan. Galit na galit si Tatay sa ginawa ni
Nanay.PinagbuhatanniTatayngkamaysiNanay.PagkataposipinabalikkayNanayanglambat
sasampayan.
MGAPATAKARANGPANGKABUHAYANNGMGAESPANYOLSAPILIPINAS
Ang pananakop ng mga Espanyol ay nagdulot ng pagbabago sa buhay ng mga Pilipino.
Marami silang ipinatupad na mga patakaran sa kolonya. Dahil gusto ng mga Espanyol na
mapakinabangan ang likas na yaman at yamang tao ng Pilipinas, nagpatupad sila ng mga
patakarang pangkabuhayan. Ang mga patakarang ito ay nagpayaman sa mga Espanyol ngunit
nagingdahilanngpaghihirapngmgaPilipino.
BuwisoTributo
Angbuwisaysalapingsinisingilparamagamitsapagpapatakbongpamahalaan.Itoaydapat
gamitinparasapagpapanatilingkaligtasanngbansaatsapagpapatayongmgapaaralan,hospital
atibapangimprastrukturagayangmgatulayatdaan.Datiay8reales(katumbasngpisongayon)
angbuwisnakailanganbayaransaloobngisangtaon.
AngpatakarangitoayhindinabagosamgaPilipinodahilginagawananilaitonoonsamga
datu ng barangay. Gayunpaman, ito ay naging instrumento ngpangaapi ng mga Espanyol sa mga
Pilipino.
MagandaanglayuninngmgaEspanyolsapaniningilngbuwisperonagpagalitatnagpahirap
lamang sa ating mga ninuno ang pangaabuso ng mga nangongolekta ng buwis dahil madalas ay
sobra silang maningil at ang buwis na dapat ay magamit para sa mga mamamayan ay napupunta
lamangsabulsangmgasakimnaopisyalngpamahalaan.
Bandala
Sapilitang binibili ng mga Espanyol ang mga produkto ng mga magsasaka. Sistemang
bandala ang tawag dito. Ang mga produkto ay binibili ng pamahalaan sa murang halaga. Madalas
ayhindipanababayaran.
SistemangKasama
Sa sistemang kasama, ang mayari ng lupain ay kadalasang Espanyol. Tinatawag siyang
haciendero. Ang lupang sakahan lamang ang kontribusyon ng haciendero. Ang kasama o
magsasakangmagtatanimsalupainanggagastosparasakagamitan,hayopatpatabasapagsasaka.
Madalas, pagdating ng anihan, mas maliit ang kita ng kasama kahit na siya ang naghirap sa
pagsasaka.
PolooSapilitangPaggawa
Isa pang patakarang ipinatupad ng mga Espanyol ay ang polo o sapilitang paggawa. Sa
patakarang ito, pilit na pinagtatrabaho ang mga lalaking 16 hanggang 60 taong gulang. Polista ng
tawagsamgalalakingnagtatrabahoparasapamahalaan.Kailangannilangmagsilbisapamahalaan
sa pamamagitan ng pagtatayo ng mga tulay, simbahan, at paggawa ng mga malalaking barko sa
loobng40araw.
MakaliligtaslamangsapoloangisangPilipinokungkayaniyangmagbayadngfalla.Angfalla
ang multa kapalit ng kanyang hindi paglilingkod. Pero dahil sa kahirapan ay konti lamang ang
nakakapagbayadngfalla.
Maraming mga polista ang nahiwalay sa kanilang mga pamilya dahil sa pagtatrabaho sa
malalayonglugar.NapabayaandinngmgalalakiangpagsasakadahilkasabayngPoloangpanahon
ngpagtatanimatanihan.
PASTRYANDBREAD
PASTRY
Pastry is the name given to various kinds of baked products made from ingredients such as
flour,sugar,milk,butter,shortening,bakingpowder,and/oreggs.Smalltartsandothersweet
bakedproductsarecalled"pastries."
Pastrymayalsorefertothedoughfromwhichsuchbakedproductsaremade.Pastrydoughis
rolled out thinly and used as a base for baked products. Common pastry dishes include pies,
tarts,quichesandpasties.
BREAD
Bread is a staple food prepared by cooking a dough of flour and water and often additional
ingredients,suchasbutterorsalttoimprovethetaste.
Bread is the staple food in Europe, Europeanderived cultures such as the Americas, and the
MiddleEastandNorthAfrica,asopposedtoEastAsiawhosestapleisrice.
DIFFERENCEOFPASTRYANDBREAD
Pastryisdifferentiatedfrombreadbyhavingahigherfatcontent,whichcontributestoaflaky
or crumbly texture. A good pastry is light and airy and fatty, but firm enough to support the
weightofthefilling.Whenmakingashortcrustpastry,caremustbetakentoblendthefatand
flour thoroughly before adding any liquid. This ensures that the flour granules are adequately
coatedwithfatandlesslikelytodevelopgluten.Ontheotherhand,overmixingresultsinlong
gluten strands that toughen the pastry. In other types of pastry, such as Danish pastry and
croissants,thecharacteristicflakytextureisachievedbyrepeatedlyrollingoutadoughsimilar
tothatfor yeast bread,spreading it withbutter, and folding ittoproduce many thinlayersof
folds.
Anotherdifferenceistheraisingagent.Apastry(patisserie)isasmallcakeortart,usuallymade
withbakingpowder.Bread(viennoiserie)suchascroissantsorpainsauchocolatisraisedwith
yeast.
PIE
Pieisatypeofpastry.Apieisabakeddishwhichisusuallymadeofapastrydoughcasingthat
coversorcompletelycontainsafillingofvarioussweetorsavouryingredients.
Piesaredefinedbytheircrusts.Afilledpie(alsosinglecrustorbottomcrust),haspastrylining
the baking dish, and the filling is placed on top of the pastry, but left open. A topcrust pie,
which may also be called a cobbler, has the filling in the bottom of the dish and the filling
coveredwithapastryorothercoveringbeforebaking.Atwocrustpiehasthefillingcompletely
enclosedinthepastryshell.Flakypastryisatypicalkindofpastryusedforpiecrusts,butmany
thingscanbeused,includingbakingpowderbiscuits,mashedpotatoes,andcrumbs.
Piescanbeavarietyofsizes,rangingfrombitesizetoonesdesignedformultipleservings.
FARM PESTS CONTROL

1. Mechanical controls: Should a pest reach an unacceptable level, mechanical
methods are the first options to consider. They include simple hand-picking, erecting
insect barriers, using traps, vacuuming, and tillage to disrupt breeding.

a. Insect barriers

b. Covering of bags in individual
fruits this is to protect fruits
from bugs

PHYSIOCRAT
Member of a school of economics, founded in 18thcentury France, that held that

government should not interfere with the operation of natural economic laws. Generally
regardedasthefirstscientificschoolofeconomics,thephysiocraticschool(thenamerefers
totheruleofnature)wasfoundedbyFranoisQuesnay,whodemonstratedtheeconomic
relation between a workshop and a farm and asserted that the farm alone added to a
nation'swealth.
Landandagriculturewerethereforebelievedtobethesourceofallwealth.Thephysiocrats
envisaged a society in which written law would be in harmony with natural law. They
pictured a predominantly agricultural society, attacking mercantilism for its emphasis on
manufacturing andforeign trade and its mass of economic regulations.Quesnay's disciples
includedVictorRiqueti,countdeMirabeau,andPierreSamuelduPontdeNemours(1739
1817). The school was in decline by 1768, and after the dismissal of a sympathetic
comptroller general in 1776 the leading physiocrats were exiled. Though many of their
theories, notably their theory of wealth, were later demolished, their introduction of
scientificmethodtoeconomicshadapermanenteffectonthediscipline.
CLASSICIST
Anadvocateorfollowerofclassicism.
Oneversedintheclassics;aclassicalscholar.
Anadherentofclassicism.
AnadvocateofthestudyofancientGreekandLatin.
classicism, an attitude to literature that is guided by admiration of the qualities of formal

balance,proportion,decorum,andrestraintattributedtothemajorworksofancientGreek
and Roman literature (the classics) in preference to the irregularities of later vernacular
literatures, and especially (since about 1800) to the artistic liberties proclaimed by
Romanticism. A classic is a work of the highest class, and has also been taken to mean a
work suitable for study in school classes. During and since the Renaissance, these
overlapping meanings came to be applied to (and to be virtually synonymous with) the
writingsofmajorGreekandRomanauthorsfromHomertoJuvenal,whichwereregardedas
unsurpassed models of excellence. The adjective classical, usually applied to this body of
writings,hassincebeenextendedtooutstandinglycreativeperiodsofotherliteratures:the
17thcenturymayberegardedastheclassicalageofFrenchliterature,andthe19thcentury
theclassicalperiodoftheWesternnovel,whilethefinestfictionoftheUnitedStatesinthe
mid19th century from Cooper to Twain was referred to by D. H. Lawrence as Classic
AmericanLiterature(despitetheoppositionbetweenclassicalandromanticviewsofart,
a romantic work can now still be a classic). A classical style or approach to literary
composition is usually one that imitates Greek or Roman models in subjectmatter (e.g.
Greeklegends)orinform(bytheadoptionofgenresliketragedy,epic,ode,orversesatire),
or both. As a literary doctrine, classicism holds that the writer must be governed by rules,
models, or conventions, rather than by wayward inspiration: in its most strictly codified
PICKINGTHEMEDIUMOFINSTRUCTION
ByNapoleonG.Rama
Theprimarypurposeofaschoolistoprovideefficientlygoodeducationtothestudent.Thus,whenitcomesto
choosingamediumofinstruction,thefirstquestioniswhatmediumeducatesthestudentbetterandfaster.
Ofcourse,therearesomewhowillnotacceptthesefundamentalpremises.Onereasonisthatseeminglythey
cannottellthedifferencebetweenhowtoteachandwhattoteach.
Indeterminingthemediumofinstruction,wemustlookforthelanguagethatwouldprovideourstudentsthebest
educationandthegreatestopportunityofenhancingthateducationaftergraduationandenablethemtolearn
faster.Schoolismostlypreparationforfurthereducationtocopewithlifeafterschool.
Whenwetalkaboutmediumofinstruction,wetalkaboutmethodofteaching.Hence,itsamatterofwhat
languageofinstructionwouldequipthestudentswithabetter,morevaluableeducation,moreeffectively.
ItsourcontentionherethatmasteringEnglish,thenetproductofEnglishasourmediumofinstruction,makesthe
Filipinostudentsbettereducated.Weneednotgofar.WeneednotevenusetheargumentthatEnglishisthe
languageoftheworld.WewouldjustpointoutthatalmostalllibrariesinthecountryarefilledwithEnglishbooks.
TheencyclopediashaveyettobetranslatedtoPhilippinelanguages.TheclassicshereareinEnglishorSpanish.
SOLARSYSTEM
OursolarsystemconsistsofanaveragestarwecalltheSun,theplanetsMercury,Venus,Earth,
Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. It includes: the satellites of the planets;
numerouscomets,asteroids,andmeteoroids;andtheinterplanetarymedium.
TheSunistherichestsourceofelectromagneticenergy(mostlyintheformofheatandlight)in
the solar system. The Sun's nearest known stellar neighbor is a red dwarf star called Proxima
Centauri,atadistanceof4.3lightyearsaway.Thewholesolarsystem,togetherwiththelocal
stars visible on a clear night, orbits the center of our home galaxy, a spiral disk of 200 billion
starswecalltheMilkyWay.TheMilkyWayhastwosmallgalaxiesorbitingitnearby,whichare
visiblefromthesouthernhemisphere.TheyarecalledtheLargeMagellanicCloudandtheSmall
MagellanicCloud.ThenearestlargegalaxyistheAndromedaGalaxy.Itisaspiralgalaxylikethe
MilkyWaybutis4timesasmassiveandis2millionlightyearsaway.Ourgalaxy,oneofbillions
ofgalaxiesknown,istravelingthroughintergalacticspace.
The planets, most of the satellites of the planets and the asteroids revolve around the Sun in
the same direction, in nearly circular orbits. When looking down from above the Sun's north
pole,theplanetsorbitinacounterclockwisedirection.TheplanetsorbittheSuninornearthe
sameplane,calledtheecliptic.Plutoisaspecialcaseinthatitsorbitisthemosthighlyinclined
(18degrees)andthemosthighlyellipticalofalltheplanets.Becauseofthis,forpartofitsorbit,
PlutoisclosertotheSunthanisNeptune.Theaxisofrotationformostoftheplanetsisnearly
perpendicular to the ecliptic. The exceptions are Uranus and Pluto, which are tipped on their
sides.
Earth
Venus
Mercury
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
DwarfPlanet
Universe
Asteroids
Sun
Ecliptic
Pluto
PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCE IN THE PHILIPPINE

Probability

Problem: A spinner has 4 equal sectors colored yellow, blue, green
and red. What are the chances of landing on blue after
spinning the spinner? What are the chances of landing on
red?

Solution: The chances of landing on blue are 1 in 4, or one fourth.
The chances of landing on red are 1 in 4, or one fourth.

This problem asked us to find some probabilities involving a spinner. Let's look at some definitions
and examples from the problem above.

Definition Example
An experiment is a situation involving chance
or probability that leads to results called
outcomes.
In the problem above, the experiment is
spinning the spinner.
An outcome is the result of a single trial of an
experiment.
The possible outcomes are landing on yellow,
blue, green or red.
An event is one or more outcomes of an
experiment.
One event of this experiment is landing on blue.
Probability is the measure of how likely an
event is.
The probability of landing on blue is one fourth.

In order to measure probabilities, mathematicians have devised the following formula for finding
the probability of an event.

Probability Of An Event
P(A) =
The Number Of Ways Event A Can Occur
The total number Of Possible Outcomes

The probability of event A is the number of ways event A can occur divided by the
total number of possible outcomes. Let's take a look at a slight modification of the problem from
the top of the page.

Tiramisu Layer Cake

"Fancy taste without all the work. This cake is wonderful for a get together or just a special occasion at home.
Using a box cake mix as a base it's a real time saver!" bettina
I ngredi ents:

Original recipe makes 1 - 3 layer 9 inch cake

Cake:
1 (18.25 ounce) package moist white cake mix
1 teaspoon instant coffee powder
1/4 cup coffee
1 tablespoon coffee flavored liqueur

Filling:
1 (8 ounce) container mascarpone cheese
1/2 cup confectioners' sugar
2 tablespoons coffee flavored liqueur

Frosting:
2 cups heavy cream
1/4 cup confectioners' sugar
2 tablespoons coffee flavored liqueur

Garnish:
2 tablespoons unsweetened cocoa powder
1 (1 ounce) square semisweet chocolate

Si Rogelio Sicat Sa Estilo ng Pagkatha

Ni Marvin Einstein S. Mejaro

Introduksiyon:

Paano nga ba nagsisimula ang isang manunulat? Kailan masasabi naging katha na ang isang
obra? O dili naman, paano masasabi na kailangan pa itong higpitan o banatin, nang sa gayon, ay
mas makayas ng mabuti ang tema, banghay, istruktura, tinig, tono, diyalogo, karakter, at ibat iba
pang sangkap ng isang kuwento? Maraming kuwento kung paanong marami rin namang estilo
sa paggawa nito. Ayon nga kay Gabriel Garcia Marquez, sa edad na dalawaput tatlo, natutunan
na niya ang ibat ibang paraan (techne) na dapat na malaman sa pagkatha dahil lamang sa
pagbabasa ng samut saring kuwento.
Sa simula, aasat sususo ang isang baguhang manunulat sa estilo ng iba. Hindi masama ang
bagay na ito. Kaya lamang, darating ang panahon na dapat mahanap na ng isang manunulat ang
sariling estilo. Kailangan niyang mabatid ang tonot himig niya sa pagkatha. Madugo ang
prosesong ito. Kung tutuusin, madaling magsulat sa paraan ng iba. Ngunit ito ang tunay na
hamon sa lahat ng manunulat: ang takasan ang anino ng kanyang mga impluwensiya at maging
orihinal. Ang pagiging orihinal ang siyang magiging tatak niya bilang manunulat. May mga
nakatatakas sa hamong ito; kaya lamang, sabi nga ni Rio Alma, mas marami ang nagiging bitag
magpakailanman at hindi na nakaaalis sa gubat ng mga impluwensiya.
Isa si Rogelio Sicat (1940 2002) sa mga pinaka-orihinal na manunulat sa Filipino. Kabilang
sa kanyang mga naisulat na nanalo sa Palanca Awards for Literature ang Impeng Negro
(1962), Tata Selo (1963), Mga Kaluluwang Naghahanap (1966), Moses, Moses (1969), at
Saan Papunta ang Paruparo (1970).
Katuwang rin sina Efren Abueg, Edgardo M. Reyes, Rogelio L. Ordoez, Ave Perez Jacob, at
Edgardo Bautista Reyes, sabay-sabay nilang pinasimulan ang isang koleksiyong ng mga
maiikling kuwentong pinamagatang Mga Agos ng Disyerto (1965). Itinuturing ito ngayon na
isa sa mga pangunahing libro na nagpabago sa katha (fiction) sa Filipino. Naging pagsalunga
ang koleksiyong ito sa nooy uniporme at limitadong paraan ng paggawa ng katha na karaniwang
matatagpuan sa magasing Liwayway.
Bukod dito, nagkaroon rin ng bagong paraan ng pagkatha lalo na sa kuwentong realismo sa
Filipino. Iba ang mga paksa na naisulat sa Mga Agos ng Disyerto (1965), malayo sa
kuwentong mababasa sa Liwayway. Sa katunayan, inayawan ng Liwayway ang kuwento ni Sicat
na Tata Selo (1963), kung saan siya naging tanyag, at kinailangan pa niyang ilipat ito sa The
Quezonian, ang opisyal na pahayagan ng Manila L. Quezon University (MLQU). Kalaunan,
nanalo ang Tata Selo (1963) ng pangalawang gantimpala sa maikling kuwento noong taong
ding iyon sa Palanca, at naisalin na ngayon sa ibat ibang lengguwahe pati na sa Russo.
Magandang itanong ngayon: Sino ang naging pangunahing impluwensiya ni Sicat upang
matutunan ang sariling estilo? Ano ang mga ilang paraan niya sa pagsusulat ng katha? At paano
nga ba maging orihinal sa paggawa ng katha, maging orihinal na kuwentista?

SCANDINAVIANDESIGN
Scandinavian design emerged in the 1950s in the three Scandinavian countries (Denmark,
Norway and Sweden), as well as Finland. It is a design movement characterized by simple
designs,minimalism,functionality,andlowcostmassproduction.
The Lunning Prize, awarded to outstanding Scandinavian designers between 1951 and 1970,
wasinstrumentalinbothmakingScandinaviandesignarecognizedcommodity,andindefining
theprofile of Scandinavian design. Since 2006,the traditionof apanNordic design award has
beenresumedwiththeForumAIDAward.

ABSTRACT

Electricity comes in many forms, but in reality, electric charge is form through an
interaction of the sub-atomic level of matter. In many substances, including human being
which produces static electricity, electric charges are present with varying degree.

In our current situation, with the depletion of the main source of power energy -- which
is oil from the middle-east, we are experiencing a steady rise of electric bills. And this problem
affects all of us that depend on electricity whose source is from non-renewable energy.

In a situation like this, we should think of a solution of using alternate source of power
from renewable energy source which is both easy to produce and non harmful to the
environment when disposed.

We often consume too much power in our kitchen area, but, dont you know that the
one of the solutions to our increasing demand for energy can also be found in our kitchens?

We would like to present through this research a good source of energy that can be
found in our own home. It is the common potato that is usually an ingredient to our many
dishes. If you think that potato is just an ordinary vegetable, then, you are wrong. A small
potato is not just nutritious, but is also packed with an energy enough to generate an electric
charge of 0.2 flowing electricity. So, if a small potato can generate only 0.2 flowing electricity,
how much electricity can a big potato generate? How many potatoes are we going to use just
to power our common appliances like a computer which consumes 2.42 electricity? And these
questions we are hoping to answer.

Our other intention is for this project to help parents alleviate their problems on the
increasing electrical bills, and to encourage others to use renewable energy from natural
resources to lessen their electric consumption.

So, we hope that this investigatory project would be successful.
TypesofUVRadiation
Thestratosphericozonelayerscreensoutmuchof
thesunsharmfulUVrays.
Scientists classify UV radiation into three types or

bandsUVA, UVB, and UVC. The ozone layer
absorbs some, but not all, of these types of UV
radiation:
UVA: Wavelength: 320400 nm. Not

absorbedbytheozonelayer.
UVB: Wavelength: 290320 nm. Mostly

absorbed by the ozone layer, but some
doesreachtheEarthssurface.
UVC: Wavelength: 100290 nm.

Completely absorbed by the ozone layer
andatmosphere.
UVA and UVB

radiation that
reaches the Earths
surface contributes
to the serious health
effects listed above;
it also contributes to
environmental
impacts. Levels of
UVA radiation are
more constant than
UVB, reaching the
Earths surface
without variations
due to the time of
day or year. In
addition, UVA
radiation is not
filteredbyglass.
UV Levels Depend on
aNumberofFactors
The level of UV
radiation reaching
theEarthssurfacecanvary.Eachofthefollowing
factors can increase your risk of UV radiation
overexposureandconsequenthealtheffects.
StratosphericOzoneLayer
The amount of UV rays the ozone layer absorbs

varies depending on the time of year and other
natural events. Additionally, the ozone layer is
thinnerthanitusedtobeduetoozonedepleting
chemicals used in industry and consumer
d t Th h i l b i h d t
TimeofDay
The sun is highest in the sky around noon. At this

time, the suns rays have the least distance to
travelthroughtheatmosphereandUVBlevelsare
at their highest. In the early morning and late
afternoon, the suns rays pass through the
atmosphere at an angle and their intensity is
greatlyreduced.
TimeofYear
The suns angle varies with the seasons, causing

the intensity of UV rays to change. UV intensity
tendstobehighestinthesummer.
Latitude
Thesunsraysarestrongestattheequator,where
the sun is most directly overhead and UV rays
must travel the least distance through the
atmosphere.Ozonealsoisnaturallythinnerinthe
tropics compared to the mid and highlatitudes,
so there is less ozone to absorb the UV radiation
as it passes through the atmosphere. At higher
latitudes, the sun is lower in the sky, so UV rays
must travel a greater distance through ozonerich
portions of the atmosphere and, in turn, expose
thoselatitudestolessUVradiation.
Altitude
UVintensityincreaseswithaltitudebecausethere
is less atmosphere to absorb the damaging rays.
As a result, your chance of damaging your eyes
andskinincreasesathigheraltitudes.
WeatherConditions
Cloud cover reduces UV levels, but not

completely. Depending on the thickness of the
cloudcover,itispossibletoburnonacloudyday,
evenifitdoesnotfeelwarm.
Reflection
Surfaces like snow, sand, pavement, and water

reflect much of the UV radiation that reaches
them. Because of this reflection, UV intensity can
bedeceptivelyhigheveninshadedareas.

SEAMONSTERMASKS
Sea monster masks are inspired by real and imaginary monsters from the deepest darkest
depthsoftheseaandoceans.
APATNASEKTORNGSAMBAYANAN:
1. BahayKalakalpakikipagganapsagawaingpamproduksiyonatdistribusyonngmga
produktosamerkado.Kailangandinnilaangbilingproduct
2. Ang Sambayanan Ang tinanggap na kita ng sambahayan ay ginagastos sa

pagkonsumo at pagbabayad sa mga yaring produkto mula sa bahay kalakal. Ang
kabayaran sa pagkonsumo ng mga yaring produkto ay tatangapin ng bahay kalakal
bilangkita.
3. Pamahalaan Ito ang ikatlong sektor na may tungkuling ginagampanan sa ugnayan

ngsambahayanatbahaykalakalsaekonomiya.Itoaynagtataguyodnglegalatmay
seguridad na pakikipag ugnayan ng sambahayan at bahay kalakal bilang konsyumer
atsupplierngmgaproduktoatserbisyo.Nagmulaangpondonilasabayadngmga
buwis ng produkto at serbisyo ng bahay kalakal at ng ibat ibang ariarian ng
mamayan. Kasama na din dito ay buwis galing sa pagmamasukan ng mamamayan.
Ang pamahalaan din ang nagtataguyod at may tungkulin na maningil ng buwis sa
sambahayan at bahay kalakal upang magkaroon ng pondo na gagamitin sa
pagbibigayngserbisyongpampubliko.
4. Sambayan Ang sentro ng mga sector ay ang sambayanan kung saan sila ang
pinagkakaloobanngpampublikongpagserserbisyongpamahalaan.
MGAKAHULUGAN:
Buwisayangitinakdangkabayaransabahaykalakalorpakikipagganapsapamproduksiyon
at distribusyon ng mga produkto o serbisyo. Ito ay masasabing pagtatakda ng halaga
(maaaring sa anyong salapi, mga pag-aari, o pagtatrabaho) na ipinapataw ng isang
awtoridad sa mga tao o mga ari-arian. Matagal nang ginagamit ang ibat ibang uri ng
pagbubuwis upang tustusan ang mga serbisyo ng pamahalaan, ng mga
pampublikong opisyal, at pati ng mga saserdote. Noong sinauna, kabilang sa mga
buwis na ipinapataw ang ikapu, tributo, singil, pangulong buwis o buwis na pantao,
at buwis sa mga kalakal na ibinebenta, iniluluwas, inaangkat, at mga panindang
idinaraan ng mga mangangalakal sa isang bayan.
Impok ito ay ang pag lalagak ng pera sa banko o pangfinancial na organisasyon bilang
pagiimpok.
Luwas Ito ay ang pag kuha ng nakaimpok na pera sa banko o pangfinancial na

organisasyon.
Angkatitoaypagbilingkalakaloprodukto,ongserbisyosadayuhanmerkado.
GastosItoayangpaggamitngperasapagbilingproduktooserbisyosamerkado.
Bangko Ito ay institusyon o organisasyon para sa paglagat o pagiimpok at pagluwas o

withdrawal ng pera o mga instrumento ng salapi. May kaakibat ng interest ang mga
naimpoknaperasabanko.
SPACECRAFTINSTRUMENTS
Thespacecraftcarriedanumberofinstrumentstocarryoutscientificinstruments.
ExtremeUltravioletSpectrometer:
it checks the loss rate of volatile gases from the satellites of the spacecraft. It also
studiesthecompositionandstructureoftheatmosphereofJupiter.

SPACECRAFT
SPACECRAFT,SATELLITE,SPACESHIPANDPROBES:
Spacecraft. The word spacecraftapplied to all andevery space vehiclesthat were intended to
beputintospace.
Satellite.SatellitesarespacecraftsintendedtobeplacedinEarthorbit.
Spaceship.Spaceshipsappliedtopilotedspacecrafts.
Probes.probesarespacecraftsdestinedtoexploretheSolarSystem.
SPACECRAFT
SATELLITE
SPACESHIP
PROBE
TOTEMPOLES
Totempolesaremonumentalsculpturescarvedfromlargetrees,mostlyWesternRedCedar,by
culturesoftheindigenouspeoplesofthePacificNorthwestCoastofNorthAmerica.The word
totemisderivedfromtheOjibwewordodoodem,"hiskinshipgroup".
Beingmadeofcedar,whichdecayseventuallyinthe rainforestenvironmentoftheNorthwest
Coast,fewexamplesofpolescarvedbefore1900exist.Noteworthyexamplesincludethoseat
theRoyalBritishColumbiaMuseuminVictoria,BCandtheMuseumofAnthropologyatUBCin
Vancouver, BC, dating as far back as 1880. And, while 18th century accounts of European
explorersalongthecoastindicatethatpolescertainlyexistedpriorto1800,theyweresmaller
andfewinnumber.Inalllikelihood,thefreestandingpolesseenbythefirstEuropeanexplorers
wereprecededbyalonghistoryofmonumentalcarving,particularlyinteriorhouseposts.Eddie
TypesofEssay
Anessayisashortpieceofwritingthatdiscusses,describesoranalyzesonetopic.Itcandiscussasubjectdirectly
orindirectly,seriouslyorhumorously.Itcandescribepersonalopinions,orjustreportinformation.Anessaycan
bewrittenfromanyperspective,butessaysaremostcommonlywritteninthefirstperson(I),orthirdperson
(subjectsthatcanbesubstitutedwiththehe,she,it,ortheypronouns).
Therearemanydifferentkindsofessays.Thefollowingareasomeofthemostcommonones:
Descriptive Cause/Effect Argumentative
Definition Narrative Critical
Compare/Contrast Process
Descriptive:
Examples:Adescriptiveessaycoulddescribe...
*atreeinmybackyard;
*avisittothechildren'swardofahospital;
*ahotfudgesundae;
*whatanathletedidinordertomakeittotheOlympics.
Thedescriptiveessayprovidesdetailsabouthowsomething
looks,feels,tastes,smells,makesonefeel,orsounds.Itcanalso
describewhatsomethingis,orhowsomethinghappened.These
essaysgenerallyusealotofsensorydetails.Theessaycouldbea
listlikedescriptionthatprovidespointbypointdetails.Or,it
couldfunctionasastory,keepingthereaderinterestedinthe
plotandthemeoftheeventdescribed.
Definition:
Examples:Adefinitionessaymaytryanddefine...
*themeaningofanabstractconcept,likelove;
*thetruemeaningandimportanceofhonesty;
*howthemeaningoffamilygoesdeeperthanjustyourblood
relatives.
TYPICAL FILIPINO DISHES

Appetizers
Lumpia (Filipino eggrolls)
Tokwa't Baboy (Pork and tofu cubes in salty-sour
sauce)
Ukoy (Shrimp and sweet potato fritters)
Soups and Stews
Caldereta (Beef stew)
Dinuguan (Pork blood stew)
Kare-Kare (Oxtail and tripe stew)
Mechado (Beef stew)
Menudo (Pork liver stew)
Pochero (Chicken and vegetable stew)
Tinolang Manok (Ginger chicken soup with papaya)
Noodles
Pancit Bihon (Rice noodles with meat and vegetables)
Pancit Canton (Egg noodles with pork and vegetables)
Pancit Malabon (Noodles with shrimp sauce)

DETERMININGIFTHEUSEOFCONVEXMIRRORSINVEHICLESARESAFE
zx
WHAT IS PNEUMONIA?
Pneumonia is a serious infection and/or inflammation of your lungs. The air sacs in the
lungs fill with pus and other liquid. Oxygen has trouble reaching your blood. If there is too
little oxygen in your blood, your body cells can't work properly. Because of this and
spreading infection through the body pneumonia can cause death.

Until 1936, pneumonia was the No.1 cause of death in the U.S.
Since then, the use of antibiotics brought it under control. In
2004, pneumonia and influenza combined ranked as the eighth
leading cause of death.
1

Pneumonia affects your lungs in two ways. Lobar pneumonia
affects a section (lobe) of a lung. Bronchial pneumonia (or bronchopneumonia) affects
patches throughout both lungs.

CAUSES OF PNEUMONIA
Pneumonia is not a single disease. It can have over 30 different causes. There are five
main causes of pneumonia:
Bacteria
Viruses
Mycoplasmas
Other infectious agents, such as fungi - including pneumocystis
Various chemicals

BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA
Bacterial pneumonia can attack anyone from infants through the elderly. Alcoholics, the
debilitated, post-operative patients, people with respiratory diseases or viral infections and
people who have weakened immune systems are at greater risk.
Pneumonia bacteria are present in some healthy throats. When body defenses are
weakened in some way, by illness, old age, malnutrition, general debility or impaired
immunity, the bacteria can multiply and cause serious damage. Usually, when a person's
resistance is lowered, bacteria work their way into the lungs and inflame the air sacs.
The tissue of part of a lobe of the lung, an entire lobe, or even most of the lung's five lobes
becomes completely filled with liquid (this is called "consolidation"). The infection quickly
spreads through the bloodstream and the whole body is invaded.
The organism streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of bacterial
pneumonia. It is one form of pneumonia for which a vaccine is available.
Symptoms: The onset of bacterial pneumonia can vary from gradual to sudden. In the most
severe cases, the patient may experience shaking chills, chattering teeth, severe chest
pain and a cough that produces rust-colored or greenish mucus

Pneumonia can have over
30 different causes.

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Animal Farm Major Characters

A mountain is usually produced by the movement of lithospheric plates, either orogenic

sary(Optional) None Athesiswhichcontainsmanyforeignortechnicalterms

The constellationOrionis one

There are88 standard

There are also numeroushistorical constellationsnot recognized by the IAU, or constellations

These nutrient classes can be categorized as either macronutrients (needed in relatively

Carbohydrates may be classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides

Salinity is approximately equal to the weight, in grams, of salt dissolved in 1000 g of

Ingeneral, nobjectscanbearrangedinn(n1)(n 2) ...(3)(2)(1) ways. Thisproductis

A permutation is an arrangement of all or part of a set of objects, with regard to the

Technical writing is a form of technical communication. It is a style of writing used infields as

(1) communicating about technical or specialized topics, such as computer applications,

Atmospheric stratificationdescribes the structure of the atmosphere, dividing it into

Airis the name given toatmosphereused inbreathingandphotosynthesis. Dry air

Descriptive Cause/Effect Argumentative

The descriptive essay provides details about how something

Sa isang nayon sa Baguio na kung tawagin ay Suyuk, naninirahan ang mga

Kung nagdaraos sila ng caao ay lingguhan ang kanilang handa. Nagpapatay

Isang araw ay nagtungo si Kunto sa gubat upang mamana. Hindi pa siya

Nailathalang limang yugto na bahabahagi sa La Solidaridad, ng Madrid,

1. Ang pagiging tamad ng mgaPilipino ay bunga ng kaguluhan atkawalan ng

Ayon sa kanya, ang pangunahing sanhi ay ang mainit na klima ng Pilipinas.

BACTERIA TRANSMISSION DISEASES TREATMENT PREVENTION LABORATORY DIAGNOSI

Pathogenic bacteria contribute to other globally important diseases, such as

The characteristics of Indian Literature are naturally an aspect of Indian

According to Rudyard Kiplings oftquoted line, East is East, and West is

To strike a balance and a compromise, as the circumstances permitted,

REINCARNATION: It is the widespread belief in Mukti, and in

The sexual knowledge, beliefs,

ItoayisangsanaysaynasinulatniRizalbilang depensaparasamgaIndionakung saan

Lubhang nakapagpapapawis at nakapanghihina ang init at madalas silang sumilong sa

Bago pa man dumating sa Pilipinas ang mga Kastila ay nakikipagkalakalan na tayo sa

Sa Benguet, ang etniko Igorots ng Baguio ay tauntaon dumarating na

Ang pagdiriwang nagsisimula sa isang aktibidad na tinawag nila ang avang.

Ang mataas na saserdote sa lipi, na tinatawag na ang mambunong, ay

Ayon kay Alejandro G. Abadilla, "nakasulat na karanasan ng isang sanay sa

Mahalaga ang pagsusulat at pagbabasa ng sanaysay sapagkat natututo ang

Pormal o Maanyo sanaysay na tumatalakay sa mga seryosong paksa at

Dipormal, Pamilyar o Palagayan sanaysay na tumatalakay sa mga paksang

Anyo at Istruktura ang anayo sat istruktura ng sanaysay ay isang

A seizure is the physical findings or changes in behavior that occur after an

The term "seizure" is often used interchangeably with "convulsion." Convulsions

It may be hard to tell if someone is having a seizure.Someseizures only cause a

pinangalanan ng mga Griyego na Mesopotamia dahil sa dalawang ilog na

Email this page to a friendShare on facebookShare on twitterBookmark &

Medical term forhypertrichosisin between theeyebrows, thus giving an

Atremoris an involuntary, somewhat rhythmic,muscle contractionand

It is a general term, without specific reference to particular taxa, life forms,

Tundra Vegetation is found in the high northern latitudes of the world.

NeedleleafEvergreenForestsextendintolower altitudes.Such forests arefound

Angelman syndrome is a complex genetic disorder that primarily affects the

Children with Angelman syndrome typically have a happy, excitable demeanor

An application is a program or group of programs designed for end users. Application

In contrast, applications software (also called enduser programs) includes database

Chromosomal aberrations are abnormalities in the structure or number

Identification of individual chromosomes remained difficult until advances in

What are the disadvantages of convex

Convex and concave mirrors always need

Thus, a convex mirror compresses the

Cornelia de Lange syndrome is characterized by slow growth before and after

Additional signs and symptoms of Cornelia de Lange syndrome can include