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ISBN 5-93675-075-2 (+)
ISBN 5-89282-184-6 ( )

XX . - ,
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ISBN 5-93675-075-2 (+)

ISBN 5-89282-184-6 ( )

9 0900 f W/

, 2004
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+, 2004

I
XIX - XX
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
1.5.
1.6.
1.7.
II
,
21 1921 .
(1920-1925 .)
2.1.
2.2.
2.3. - 1921
2.4.
2.5. . 1921 .

2.6.
1921
III
(1925-1941)
3.1.
. .
3.2.
3.3. , ',
.
3.4.
3.5. .

8
9
19
29
30
39
42
57
71
88
95

106
108
114
128
131
136
152
164
165
174
179
189
195

 IV
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(1941-1949)
202
4.1. -

203
4.2.
210
4.3. ....215
4.4.
230
V


-
250
5.1. - -
251
5.2.
266
5.3.
21 1952
268
5.4.
276
5.5.
1953
280
VI
-
(1953-1977)
297
6.1. .

297
6.2.
307
6.3.
311
6.4.

314
6.5.
320
6.6.
329
6.7. .
..
334
6.8.

340
6.9.

349

6.10.

356
6.11.

375
6.12.

.......
385
6.13.
392
6.14.

408
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1978-1979 .
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421
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427
7.2.
436
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450

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502
8.2. .
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514
8.3.
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534

552

600

611

623

629

639
Summary
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* , . .: The
Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Vol.4, Oxford, Pergamon Press, 1994,
p. 2211.

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- 5 1959 .
.
, -

, [22]. - - .
6.3.
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,
, . (-
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1955 .
1957 .
:
; , ; ,
. . ,
.
, ,
. , , , .
1978-1979 . , ,

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, , , , ,
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. [24].
.
. . ,
[25]. .
,
. ;
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, .
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,
. X. , , , ,
,
, . ,

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,
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, , ,
.
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, 40-
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), .
,
,

. .

. , , .
,
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, . , ,
, .
,
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[27].

, ,
, .
, , . [28]

.
.
, ,
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, , , , , . .
.
. ,
, .
. 1956 .
.
6.4.

.

 . 6 1959 . . ,
: . ,
.
300 600 . , .
, . . . ,
, , . , , 400 800 . 1960 .
, .
1960 . . ,
.

.
, . .
. .
, . . ,

. , ,
.


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.
,
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, .
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.
,
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.
.
,
,

.
. , 1953 .,
, . ,
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. ,
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. , - , -
[29].
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, , , .

.
, , . ,
.
, ,
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XX ,
I960 ., ,
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, .
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1977 .

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,
1953 .
,

.
.
. [30].
,
', 1960 .
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[31].
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. . ,

, ,
, ,
, . , 1961 .
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. . 10% . . . 2 1961 . 4 .

 , .
.
. ,
, . , . -
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. ,
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. .
.
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.
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.
.
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- . .

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.
,
, . .
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.
, , 1962 . [33].
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,
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,
1958 . , 1960 .

. , , , ,
, ,
, . ,
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.

 1954 .
.
, . .
. . , 1966-1969 . . 1977 .
, .
. 1961 .
. . .
35 . . [34].

. , .
, . ,
- .
. 60-
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, . .
,
, 50- ,

22 . 65

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,
,

.
, ,
, , - , ,
.


.
,
.
. ,
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, , ,
,
, ,
.
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, . , 60-
.

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.
. .
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.
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. ,

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323

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.
.
, ,
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. ,
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.
25 1961 . .
, ,
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. . .
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.
, , ,

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.
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.

,
.
. ,
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.
. [37]. . ,
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, . . . [39].
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. .
.
.
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, ,
1962 . , .

. .
1962 . - - . -.
.
.
. 1962 . (18.VII)
.
.
.
. , , .
8 1962 .
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.

 , , ,
, .
, , , [41].

.
,
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26 1963 . , ,
:
; ;

; ;
. 26 1963 . ,
.
,
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[42],
.

, 24
.
.
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.


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.
. .
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. . , . .

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. , .
[43].
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1963 . , 5 , , ,
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. . , , . , , 28 .
5 1963 .
. , .
:
.
5 ,
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21 . 65

329

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. , [44].
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.
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.
, . . , ,
.
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60-
.
, .
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.
,
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.
,

.

.

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. . , .
,
1961 . .
.
.
[45]. 1962 .,
, X.
.
, , ;
; ;
;
; ;
;
. . [46].
1963 . .
.
, , ,
, 1957-1958 .
.
- ( ) 15 1963 . X. .
7 1964 . -. ,
- [47].

 X. , .
, , - . 250
. - .
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,
, .
, 10 1964 .,
, . , , ,
, -

.
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.
,
, , 26 .

.

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. , 1978-1979 ., .

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,
.
, [48].

. ,
, .
. 5 1963 . 1964 .
. ,
, .
1928 . ( ,
, ) [49].
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.
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.
,
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200 . .
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!
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.
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.
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. .
. 4 1964 .,
. 12 ,
1965 . ,

, ,
, .
6.7. .

1965 . (). 5 1965 . .
15 ,
. (). , ,
- .

 [51].
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, . .
. , ,
. , .
. [52].

(14 1965 .)
. .
- , .
,
. , - .

, ,
.
, , , - ,
,
. : , [53].
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.
, .

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[55].
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.
. -
, ,
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. 13
. .
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. ,
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, .
, ,
.
, .
[58].

. , ,
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.
.
,
.
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.
.
, , ,
[59].
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.
.
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. ,
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, , ,
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, ,
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XVIII-XIX [60].

. . (. ,
. .) , ,
, ,
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.

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. , 60-
70-
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,
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, [62]. ,

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.
, .
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,
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.

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.
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.
. ,
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1961 . - 17 1962 .), .
,
.
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,
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X.
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.

, ,
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,
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- ,
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-
.
,
. ,
, .
, .
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 60-70- . . ,
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,
,
[64]. , 1980 ., , . . :
. ,
, [65].
60-
.
(1962/63 - 1966/67) 2,7 .
.
, ,
, [66].
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, , , ,
, -
.
, , ,
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,
.
.
,


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.

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, .

. 1953 .
,
. , .
. 1956, 1957
1958 . , ,
. .



, , , , ,
, , , , . . [67].
1958
, , ,
. .
[68].
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).
. ,
.
, , ,
- , [69].

, , , ,
.
, . , ,
, . .
,

[70].

. - . . .

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.


.
. .
. , ,
. . , [71].
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, , . . , , .
, ,
.
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.

, 60- - 70- , , ,

.
, ,
,
, .

6.9.

- 1960 .,
, 1973 .,
, -
.
- . .

.
. ,
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.
50- - 60-
. ,
.
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, .

.


.

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, .
, , -
.
.

, ,
. , 22 1927 .
.
,
1928 ., 40- 50- . , .
1957 . , .

, . ,
,
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. 19 1955 .
.

50- ,
. 1957-1958 .
,
, . , ,

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,
.
1963 .
.
,
, , . 1963 .
.

. .
1965 . .
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1965 . ,
.
. .
1967 . ( )

. . .
1965 . . ,
[72]. . ( 1966 .)
(, . .).



. 1967 . -
, ,
, ,
. , - , - ,

[73].
. .
- 1967 . .
( 1967 . 1968 .)
.
, . 16 1968 . -
1971 . [74], , .
.
19 1968 .
. . .
, , -
, -

[75].
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. -
, -
.
, , ,

. --

 , ,
, , ( ): 24 1968 .

,
13 1965 .
1969 . *.
,

1971 . ,
1970 ., ,
. . 1971 . ,
. [76].
,
1970 .
. 1970 .
[77].
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(-, , , - )
- (). 10 1972 .
--.
* ( 1971 .),
( 1974 .), (
1974 .).

24 . 65

353

 . 30 1971 .
- -, [78]. . --.


. 28 1972 .
.

.
, 23
1970 . . 1972 .
,
, .
, , ,
.
,
. 1972 .

[79].

.
,
. , 1961 1965 .
--. ,
. 1960 .
.
, -

 - . ,

. -
.
, , .

,
. , 19 1966 .
1967 .
-
1968 .

( , , - . .).
1968 . -
.
, 1968 .
1969 ., . 19 1969 .
, , 1937 .,
-. - .
1971 .,
, [80]. 1972 .
. 1973 ., -
, , 1975 .
, 60- ,

24*

355

, .
, ,

.
,
.
.
. .
6.10.

, .

, 60- . 50-
,
(-) , 60-
.
1966 .
. , . .
. .
1966 . ,
-
.
3 1969 .
(
27 260 . )
.

 . - 89% , 60- 95% [81].

1954 . , , ,
. 50- ,
, ,
.
,
, -
1958 .
,
[82].
, - , .
60- ,
, ,
, 50- , .
- , . 1964 .
,

. ,
50:50
.

1962 . , IV . ,
1969 .,
50%, , 56,2% [83]. ,
IV ,

 , .
.
, 15%,
, 6,25%.
1966 . , ,
.
1966 . . -,
12%; -, 1967 .
( 64 . . ); -,
1967-1971 .
[84].
1968 . 1969 .

16,8%, , , , . ,
, 1965 .
[85].
, , . , ,
, .
. , ,
,
.
. , , , , , , 40% [86].

 . , 14 1969 ., 1969 .
- 1 012 . .
932 . ., 80 .
.

.
, ,
, , . ,
6 1969 . -
,
, ,
.
, - , - . , , , . 1969 .
, ,
, (
40% , - 7%).
, .
1969 . ,

1970-1971 . [87]. - .
1970 .


. ,
30 ,
.

14
1970 . 9 .
-

 55%. ,
. XXI
(, 1970 .)

55%, ,
-
, , .
, , .
, 50:50, 1949 ., 1954 . [88].
XXI 1971 . , 15 ,
. , ,

, XXI
.
, .
1971 . XXII . , 15
, XXI . -

55%
- , [89].
. 14 1971 .

(-, , , , -

 ) 20-25% ( 30-40 5
1 1971 .)
1
5 . 2,5%.
[90]. 1971 .
45-59 .
-
, ,
, .
, 1968-1973 . ,
1968 . - . ,
,
[91].

. ,
1951 .
1972 ., , -
, , , 1979 .,
. ,
,
.
, ,
[92].
1972 .
( , , - -
, ) -

23 . 65

361

 . 1973 . 25%
, - 30%
1979 . 51% 1983 . , , . , .
. 1973 .,
, , 1979 .
. , , , ,
5 . 8 . , [93].
, , , , - ,
1973 . .
,
,
. ,
, 1954 .
.
. , .
, : ,
, . ,
1954 .
,
,
.
, 1954 ., ,

. ,

 , ,
,
[94].

, ,
,
.
. ,
,
. 23 1973 . . , 20 ,
[95].
,
, . 1973 .
. 70- ,
, 0,7 . . . 1972 .
( 532 . .,
- 286 ., - 254 . .) [96].
10%
27,8% , 21%
19%
- [97].


, , , . . -, ,
. -,

23*

363


.
. 60-70-
. 1972 .
,
. 1968 .
1,6 . , . 1971 .
. 1973-1974 .
( ) , 70- -
.
70- (
) 49 . [98].

.
. - 760 .
- .
. 230 .
- 260 .
[99].

[100]. 1955 .
. 80 .
. , -

, .
1966 . - .
, ,

,

, . 1965 . - (). - 700 . -
[101].

1966 . , , - .
. , 1106 , ,
, , ,
, - 667 .
() -, 1971 .
1971 . [102].
1972 . , .

, . . 1975 .

. 60- ( 22 . ),
1973 . - .
1972 . ,
(). -

 8,4-12,4 . .
. 50%
( ) , 50% -
.
3 . .
70-
0,34 . . , 1975 .
1,9 . . . 1976 . 5,5 . . ( 2 . . ).
1972 . ,
. 1962 1975 ., ,
6,3% 17%,
84,6% 68,7%.
. 60-
.
. 1965 . .
, , , 1966 . , ,
.
, , . ,
, 70- 42 .
[103].
- , , ( ) ( ), 1961, 1968 1969 . 1972 .
9,3% .
( ),

 .


().
,
1969 ., 13%. 50 . . 1971 . 24,5% ,
60- .
,
(). 70% .

17,5%. 1972 .

.
50- 60- 70-
.
- .
, .
600 . . .
. 60-
184 . .
60- ,
.
, ,
1963 . , .
1965 .,
() - . . , 1966 .,
. -

 .
,
. 1965 .
. - ,
. .
1970 . [104].

, - . 1966 . 74%
, 26% - . . . (,
, ) 1969 .
- ,

( ) 1965 .
(50% , 50% - ) , . . 1970 .
, 1972 .
. 60-
70-
400 . . [105].
. -
.
- 70- . 522 .

 , 429 . , 339 . . , 164 .

, 147 . 121 . .
.

, , ,
.
,
. .
,
.
70-
, ,
. 1974 . ( ) 184 . . [106].

. - - . , , , , - . , , ,
.

,
.
,
1963-1977 . 4,5 .

 ()
(1962/63 - 1972/73 .) .
1967/68 .

.
(1973 .) (1967/68 - 1972/73)
13%.
13,8 19,5% [107].
- (
, ; ,
). -
[108]. , ,
, ; , .
, 11 (1960-1971 .) 7,4 . 1972/73 .
90% , 0,7% 9,3% - . 2257 . .,
- 140 . - 25 . . [109].
: 60-
30%, 70- - 50%. 50-

*. , ,

.
* 1958 . . 1958/59 . ,
: , , , . 1964 . ,
.

. . ,
1956/57 - 1971/72 .
22 22-24%.
, 1966/67 .
50,6% [110].
, , , .
, 1962/63 . 45,6%, 1967/68 . - 50,
1971/72 . - 60, 1972/73 . - 59%.

. 1967/68 . 70% , 1972/73 . - 76%. 1961/62 .
291,3 . .,
1968/69 . 958,5 ., 1972/73 .
2536 . .
,
. ,
, .
37,7% . 50-
, - .

810 . .,
69,3% ,
.
(23 1962 - 20 1967 .)
205 . (2 035 . .),
75% . 68%
. , , 6%
8%.

 60- . 1965/66 .
75% .
72% , 1968/69 .
. 1970/71 . 79% , 1972/73 . - 79,5% [111].

(21 1968 - 20
1973 .). , .

10,8 . ., 5,1 . ., 80%
. (48%)
. , , ,

,
. , , , .

, - .
,
-
, .
1955-1972 . .
,
,
(, . .),
. 70-


(, , ) , 1955 .
,
. , - .
, 6070- .

.

,
, , .
, .
-

.

. ,

, . 19571975 . 20 34
[112].
( 1972 .
90,5% ) , (9,3% ),
.
, -, -

 - . ,
. ,
.
. 19551975 . 4-7%
[113].
, ,
. .
, : 10% 70-

,
, .
, ,
70- , 10,20 ,
[114]. . , 5 10 . [115].



,
- .

, [116]
.
, ,
, .

 , .
,
,
. . , 19611968 . 25 ,
[117].

. , -
. -
.
1962-1972 . , ,
.
. .
6.11.

1973 , . -
1973 . , , , . :
-
.
. ,
, -

 .
1973 .

, ,
.
,

-
.
?
?
?
?
, 60-70-
. , , 50-
, 70-
90,5% .
60- 70-
.
, . - ,
,
[118], .
.
.

 ,
, . .
, ,
. ,
, - . 1972 ., ,

,
.
, , . , ,
,
,
. ,
,
, 1954 .
, .
.
1973 . - ()
[119].
1973 .
, . ,
, - .
,

1954 . 1973 . .

, . : , , , ,
-, , . .
,
[120].
, , ,

.
,

,
.
, ,
. ,
19S4 .

: . , 1973 .
70-
, , ,
.

.
, ,
. 3 . 6
,

 ,
. , ,

.
22 .
40% 1954 . ,
[121].
. , 20- 42,5 . ,
29,3 . - . , 6 .
, 7,2 .
. ,
. ,
200 .
. [122].
,
.
.
-
, , - . ,
.
-
( 70%) . 1954 .
1979 ., 1973 .
1993 .

1973 ., , : , -


1954 .;
(. 16, .1);
( )
300 . (.4); [123].
1973 . .

.
,
.
1973 . , ,
.

.

. ,

, -
,
. . , .
, , , 1974-1975 .
[124].
1973 .
.

. , 1973 .
, 70-

. , , .
, 1973 ., . .
. , ,
.


.
,
. 70-
, , . XX .
, -
1973 .,
. ,
. , ,
1973 . 1981 ., , , ,
,
.
1973 .
,
. 60-70-
7%.

. 70- , , -

 ,
[125]. ,
,

.
, .
.
,
. , .
, ,

. ,
( ) [126].

: ,
, ,
. ,
, , ,
[127].

, . , -
, ,
1973 . ,

, ,
. . ,


, . ,
, . , 1973-1974 .,
, . , , [128]. ,
, .
- , .
, 60-70-
10% ,
. , ,
. , . 1973 ., ,
,
, , , 70- , , ,
. , 17 1973 .
,
1971 . [129].
3,02 ., 3,65 .
,

17,34 . ( ) 16,04 . (

) . 1973 .
-
,
. ,
(, , ..).

1 1974 .
11,87 .
11,63 11,87 . .
1 1971 . 1974 .
. 1971 . 0,94 . (
) 0,98 . ( ), 1974 .
6,98 7,13 . [130]. ,
.
, , - , ,
.

, , ,
. ,
. ,

1973-1974 . .
.
,
.
, - .


1973/74 . 5 . ., 1974/75 . - 18,6 .
1973 . 295,8 . , 1974 . 299,8 . .
63,1 84,3% [131].
6.12.

,
,
-
: ; - ; ; ,
60- .

,
, ,
1978-1979 . .
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385

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.
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,
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.

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. , ,
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.

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393

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24
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. .
.
, , . .
1972 .

. , - . , ,
. 1975 . .
, , . , ,

.

, , . , , -

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. 1978 . 49%
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.
, , 54% ,
, (
1971 . 800 .
) [150], - . .
, .

, - ,
, .
.
.
- ,

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, . , , . ,
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, , , -

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, , , ,
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.

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, ,
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[152].
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. ,
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,
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1978 .) ,
,
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1966 . 37,98% (9,8 . )
( 25,8 . ),
1976 . 46,72% (15,7 . )
(33,6 . ) [159]. , 10
6 . . ,
, , 1,8 . .
.
: 2
[160].

[161].
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,
.
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.
, , ,
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,
3 . .
14,2 . ,
2 . , 1965 . [162].
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, .
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3,6 . . [170].
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2,5 5,52 . ., 1975/76 .
7,79 . ,
4 , - 14,4 .
1977/78 . 10 . .
( 30%)
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, .
70-
5-6 . . . 1973-1975 .
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1977 . 1300. -. ,

F-15 F-5, F-14, -.

1977 .
140 F-16,
1977 . 800
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1975 . 50 , , . .
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417

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419

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 VII

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27 . 65

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.
. 1973 .
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1972 1976 .
23 15%.
32 . 1,5-2 . .
1977/78 . 2,5 . . [10].

 1:2,1, 1974 .
1:4,15, 1978 .,
. , 1:8 [11]. ,
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31 303 36 258
, 13 251 11 581 . 70- 3% .
, .
,
280 . . - 500 . [12].
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1977 . - 47%, 1978 . - 50%. , , , ,
[13]. : 70-
10- . 700 .
. , - (
) [14].

. . 1966 1976 .
. 2628% . (1972-1978)
,
,
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.

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. [17].

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. ,
, .
.
.
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1977 . . .
, . ,
[21].
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1977 . 100
,
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.
143


[23]. 1977 .
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.
1977 . , ,
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.


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.

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4500 .
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.
,

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, , , . 50- , , , . ,
. 1971 .

,
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.
, ,
.

, , [30]. .
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- , - .


. .

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[31]. 1961 . , -.

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30 . 65

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1.
2.

3.

4.

. .: VI .

1978-1979 . ,


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the US by the Middle East Institute. 1982.
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3.
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5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
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2500- .
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1963 . . 3 1979 . .
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30. 70- 100
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34. .

.

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37. Ibid, p. 141.
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44. Sunday Times. 21.VI. 1981.
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4.
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8.
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Hiro D. Op. cit., p. 130-131.

Bakhash Saul. Op. cit, p. 109-110,244.
Daily Telegraph, 11.11.1980.
.: Zabih S. Op. cit. Chapter G. Purge and Punishment,
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.: Hiro D. Op. cit., p. 94.
Bakhash Saul. Op. cit.
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10. Ibid. p. 55.

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12. HiroD. Op. cit., p. 168.
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17. . ,
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1.
2.

Henry Kissinger. White House Years. Boston-Toronto, 1979, Ch. XXIX.

. .
. ., 1998, . 162.

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18.
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161
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546
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565,612
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633

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564
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619
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289, 296, 297, 310, 312, 320, 325,
346, 359, 361, 362, 384, 395, 400,
407, 416-418, 420-422, 424, 425,
431, 433, 434, 441, 448, 449, 497,
539, 540, 550, 552, 571, 576, 581,
590, 591,607,615,618, 621
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127, 128, 141-147, 149-167, 171177, 182, 183, 185-187, 189-202,
209, 216-217, 220, 229, 239, 244,
278, 288, 289, 298, 350, 441, 537539, 544, 572, 573, 576, 613-615
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205
183, 185
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226,227, 228, 578-580
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, () 228, 241,
242, 243, 244, 245, 247, 248, 255,
583,617
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70
391
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299, 588,618
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296, 587, 588
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619
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442, 443, 583,616
69,612
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- 53, 54, 65, 67,
69, 72, 73, 84,94-97, 563,612
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620
54, 65, 84, 563
84, 85

83
135
65
(
) 85
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- 614
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260
259
- 247, 262
508
198
616
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65-67, 82, 124
() 102,
139, 140, 142, 144, 148
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114, 154, 155,
159, 568
555
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564
143, 144
67, 84, 116, 160
563
, 618
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. 547
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513
- 54
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219-227, 264, 292, 570, 581, 585
116, 138, 139, 142
346
. 374
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290, 294
. 117
- 63
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. 491
178

, 528
, (-) 59,
64, 134, 139, 140, 142, 146-151,
153, 220, 239, 251, 259-261, 339,
562, 572, 578, 583,613,615
. 487
546
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340, 526, 544
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, 44
. 12, 139, 165-173, 178,
179, 186, 538,614
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, 395
. 351
. 253
73, 78, 79, 81
. 117, 119, 120, 125, 133
. . 185
. 226, 252, 255, 257, 272,
273,279,617
X. 433, 434
. 31, 35
. X. 585
515
, 61
. 277, 377
, 200, 312, 325, 347,
576
. 82, 142, 544
. 544
37
, 469
, 241, 261, 288, 300,
588,618
- 36,239
581,617
156
II 308
. 375
177
104
, 222, 223, 581

162
52, 77
. 176
, - 179, 182,
538,614
. 246
. ( . ) 481
422
. 56, 234, 235, 236
. 117
86
304, 400
. 234, 237, 240, 241, 242284, 304,581
, 232-234, 239,
241,617
55, 56, 80, 85, 138, 155-160,
164, 298, 573,614
. 540, 542, 543
(-),
335, 548
, () 232,
234
- 147. 148
288
. 487
. 419
. 150
583
- 126
, 483, 515
, 480, 488, 489,
508,514,516, 522, 523,546, 621
. 575
. 430
, 110
II 539
, - () 336
121, 122
60, 562
147
546
469, 471
. 218, 227, 580, 581
X. 578
. 583,619

, 521-524, 547549, 621

-
474, 476, 480, 482, 483, 487, 488,
508, 513-516, 520, 522, 526, 529,
546, 546, 621
276
, 310
. . 198
333, 542, 588, 595, 599
. 353
, , 109-114,
126-127,613
, 484
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- -
487
( ) 132, 133,
135
, 470, 515
, - 335, 338, 505,
548, 590, 591
334, 338
9, 11, 15, 16, 328330, 332-339, 421, 424, 436, 437,
439, 440, 444, 445, 448-456, 458465, 468-474, 476-482, 484, 486,
489, 492, 497, 500-505, 507, 508,
511, 513, 514, 531, 543, 545-547,
550, 589, 591,607,619-621
476
' 12, 198
.-. 587
38
. 211
. . 307,309,310
. 243
, 308, 419
476, 502, 503, 505,
508-513, 525, 591,599
87
, 423
, - 500
. 160, 165
. 57, 77, 156, 201, 272,
273, 286

. 122
. 118, 124, 127, 128, 131
. 241,242,290, 583
II21
325
. . 60, 562
237
443, 444, 591
, ,
452,459-463
. 3. 371
- () . 318,
319, 320, 433, 589, 620
231, 583
- 53, 54
, 335
228, 287
245
463
. 141, 142
247

48, 339
- 68,82, 564
- 76, 110,
566
-,
135, 195
87
. 67, 68, 70, 75, 109, 110,
611
91
. 317,325, 326, 346, 348
238, 314-318, 324,
346
. 279, 286, 287, 298,
307, 541
- 59, 64, 80, 111,612
- 73
- JI. 102, 160, 185, 211,
-291
577
234,244, 251, 259
294
181
523

 X. 498
, 575
, . 605
142, 143, 144
53

12
. 255, 583
121, 124, 126,
. 325, 326


28, 56, 168, 169,191,208,248250,267,300,364,368,380,496,504,
507,599
-, 78
- 353,360,361
-, - 177
31
- 82
26,208,248,249
351,352
353
111-113
21, 23-26, 29-32, 34, 46,
48, 51, 60, 61, 64, 67, 69, 76, 77, 80,
90, 91, 97, 100, 109-114, 118, 119,
126-128, 136, 147, 154, 163, 190,
209-211, 214-224, 227, 228, 231,
259, 268, 271, 303, 338, 425, 437,
461, 541, 553, 554, 557, 558, 567,
568, 575, 578-580
19, 104,
112,118,119,124,126-128,218,226,
228
100,112,118
72,73
91,377,415,452,478
30, 33-37, 39, 40, 42-44, 46,
51, 56, 58, 62, 66-69, 72, 74-77, 79,
80,82-85, 88,89,94,95,98,103,107,
136, 138,147,155,156,158-160, 164,
165,168,171,173,178,181,182,186,
192,200,201,203,219,226,243,244,
247,253-257,259,269,270,272-274,
279,286,291,294,295,297,298,302,
311,317,332,350-354,356,358,362,
382,408,410,414,434,491,500,526,
538, 539,555,556,565,579,593
28,334
53,156,158,159,165,298
, 307,558
25,114,119,124
19,125,553
104
19,47,118,119

46, 51, 67, 70, 115, 211, 536,

537
448,539
, 37,307
19, 21, 22, 25, 30, 34, 37,
38, 62, 69, 81, 86, 137, 366, 413, 527,
528,553,557
- 37
, 25-27, 37, 53, 54, 169, 189, 249,
250,267,364, 504, 593, 599
239
-, - 129
280, 288, 296, 306, 308, 309,
334,501/502,507, 509, 511,588
329
63
28, 32, 87, 112, 115, 117, 120,
122-125,210,211,214,216,217,227,
533,564
, , 19
78, 156, 159, 161, 169, 507, 509,
512
350,351,353
- 177,178
53-55,85,155
25, 29, 38, 86, 96, 194,
287,396,500
50
- 19,28,62,410
- 28
- 248,249
- 28
- 28
- 368
81,87,149,199,526,539
26
- 365
24,62
63
423,603
(), 25, 28, 37, 64, 69, 78,
82,90,176,275,530,531,566, 575

 212, 254, 257, 272, 285,

296,305-307,310,411,423,478,495,
523-525,541,542,578,5%, 608
34, 37, 39, 45, 47, 50,
51, 54, 56, 57, 62, 64, 66, 69-73, 7780, 83-85, 93, 96-99, 103-106, 116,
127, 130, 136, 137, 140, 145, 147,
150-158, 160, 164, 165, 168, 171, 173,
177-181, 183,186,193,198,200,201,
203,209,210,225,231,232,234,246,
247,252,253,255,256,259,260,265,
266,272,273,276,279,282,288,293,
297,299,303,304,306,308,312,314,
325,332,346,347,349,350,352,408,
409,411,422,423,433,537, 539,552,
556, 559, 579,584, 585,604
270,358
491
329
62
, 19,38
36,37
, 62,66,67,74-77,80-82,85,
171,190,192,195,196,198,199,201,
261,324,539,589,604
14, 24, 51, 65, 69, 113-116, 120,
121, 123-128,136,139,147,150,163,
211,214,288,485, 568
, 92
47,145,396
, 19
226,602
, 104
29-31,125,555,556,558
32,90,555
26,364,367
, 19
129
168,508
159
351,353,354,412
353,604,605
22, 89, 180, 226, 304, 320, 350,
352,353,413,419,420,448,539,540

181,351,416
25,116
62
311, 329, 332, 333, 413, 419,
420,433,434,494, 500, 525, 530, 531,
540
22, 29, 30, 34, 37, 38, 40, 45, 53,
56, 74, 79, 81, 86, 89, 95, 117, 132,
145,146,169,178,180,196,198,206,
367,413,416,505,527,572, 577
410-412, 414, 418,
419
10,22,96,137,155,156,161,162,
177, 178,225,261,304,308,309,313,
320, 334,335,338-340,350,351,354,
355, 360,377,412,415,476,480,482,
485,486,491,497,501-511,513-515,
524, 525, 528, 529,546, 553, 560, 573,
589,591,595,598,602
19, 39, 308, 309,
335,354,502,508
27, 28, 53, 62, 64, 82-84, 86,
137,138,168,249,250,267,289,364,
365,426,438,476,483,497,548,563,
597
171, 273, 274, 288, 350, 410,
541
62,137,396,485, 521,597
17, 21, 22, 29-35, 46, 74, 90,
103,104,107,110,112,113,124-126,
128,136, 152,199,531,532,556-559
65,68,72,73,82,107,115,116,
118,129,144,148,214
161
38,135
540
31,32,555
360,416,491
285
Kapc 110
, 55
- 62,503
351,353,361
84,329,365

 507
- 211
64,156,334,510, 598
81,177
21, 29, 62, 83, 137, 287, 485,
575
24, 52, 84, 85, 116, 188,
267,302,364,485
91
91,516
350, 351, 355, 360, 361, 416,
507
59, 84, 161, 261, 327-330, 332,
334, 365, 436, 437, 439, 444, 445,
461-463,489,553,554,597
24, 26, 92, 107, 158, 159,
194,209,216,224,229-231,243,303,
396,472,500,553,579
, - 28
261,308,340,505
359,377,602
17, 35, 47, 48, 51, 52, 54, 55,
67,73,95,98-102,104,136,141,146,
164,165,167,168,170,178,180,183,
200,205,236,248,253,255,269,285,
299,305,351,359,361,492,537,557,
560
26,53,84,155,158
367
25, 29, 51, 115, 124, 211,
485
64,76
539
89
26,359
367,368
540
188
29,37
37
- 52, 53, 191, 248,
378
92,217,227,229,478
28, 29, 64, 69, 70, 110, 134,
314,329,332, 365,426,438,565,597,
609

27
434
28, 73, 86, 100, 101, 116, 118,
120,124-126, 128,132,133, 140, 171,
173, 200, 210-212, 215, 217, 218,
220-222,224,227,243,255,307,309,
310,343,528,529,534,541,578,580
507
161, 334-336, 338, 436, 439,
440,445,470,502,505,510,573,598
, - 87
248,249
167,354
186,189,302,354, 364
491
353,354,361,604
19,354,410,411
354,355,410
32, 39, 74, 76, 80,
82,85,85,86,90,110,164,557,558
115
19, 25, 287, 304, 352, 409,
413,505,553,580, 594
37, 47, 49, 50, 103 156, 170,
305,448,463,470,477,481,484,543,
597
21,26
19, 26, 28, 30, 34,
36, 39, 42, 45, 53, 55, 56, 78, 80, 95,
96, 164, 165, 173, 176-178, 180, 192,
201,208,249,302,303,308,34-356,
359-361,367,378-380,383,390,408,
410-414,417-419,503, 506, 510-513,
524,534, 540, 546,602,605
21,33, 34,45,46,62,73, 78,79,
86, 88-93, 96-98, 107, 116, 117, 119,
121-123,125,127,129,130,201,534
35, 46, 64, 68, 73, 82, 172,
190,559
110
87-89,91,94
() 133
19
539

-- 353,354
271
64,65, 68,69, 115, 118,120, 121,
123,124,154,176,267,482,564
295,296
13, 27, 34, 35,
72, 100, 116, 118, 126, 521, 525, 529,
532,533
16, 17, 30-35, 37, 39,40,42-44,
46, 47, 50, 51, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 67,
69-83, 85-94, 96, 100, 103, 107-109,
111-113,116,117, 124,125,130,131,
151,190,197,211,212,226,516,528,
529-532,536,537,555-558,565
188,343
288,587
155
161,334,560,598
27
29, 247, 350-354,
356,360,361,363,412,414-416,444,
490,504,507,512,540
367,372,387,416
29
211,213
- 377
28,37,38,365,497
25, 37, 38, 86, 135, 395, 396,
557
13, 17, 32, 132, 140,
171,180,188,198-200,209-213,217,
218,221,224,226,227,243,268,270,
274,280,309,310,304,307,314,332,
343,344,352,365,370,372,444,470,
487,527,529,531,539,579,591
- 92,229
- 129,130
13,14,17,165,174,180,195,200,
201,209-211,213,215,216,218-221,
224,225,229-231,243,270,304,307,
309,343,344,365, 372,527-529,531,
539,541,589
48,80,111,560
39,91,92
10-12,14,26,66,67,95,98,103,
104,145,200,202,203,209,210,219,
225,226,231,240,243,248,252-258,

265,266,272-274, 276,277, 279, 282,

285-287, 289-291, 293-306, 310,
312-314,316-318,320,321,323-326,
329,332,333,342,344,347,350,352,
356, 358, 362, 363, 366, 382, 384,
408-412, 414, 416-420, 422, 428,
432-434,443,444,447,450,467,470,
477,478,481,490,495,496,499, 500,
503, 504, 506, 511-513, 522-525,
529-531, 539-544, 552, 579, 581,
584-587, 589, 593, 597, 600-605,
607-609
27, 60,64,66-69,109-111, 113,
114, 127, 129, 176, 210, 217, 219,
222-224,227,228,249,250,267,329,
364,437,439,444,445,462,482,483,
485,497, 536,553,558,562,566, 597,
605
10, 17, 20, 25, 28-30, 35-38,
44-49, 51, 53, 54, 58-60, 63, 65, 6770, 72-74, 78, 79, 81, 84-88, 92-104,
108,109,111,115,118,124-126,129,
133,136-140,142,144,145,147,148,
150, 153,155,162,166,168-170,172,
173,176,178,179,182,183,189,191,
192,196-199,213,216,219-223,225,
227,228,232,234,235,238,239,241,
242,246,249-251,253-256,259-261,
263, 267,271,276,289,284-287,290,
293,295, 296,304,305,307,309,310,
313,318,329,346,347,350-352,354,
360,364,365,374,383,384,397,418,
419,422,436,439,440,443,446,448,
449,452,461,463,470,471,479,481,
483,487,494,496,497,500,508,511,
521,524-526,528-530,536,537,540,
541-544,548,554,555,558,562-564,
568, 571,575,577-580,589,591,594,
597,599,605,608
540
, - 177, 354
19
37, 70, 86, 103, 104, 106,
115, 117, 132, 133,136,531
24, 33, 75, 91, 115, 117, 125,
200,304,311,320,352,511,533,553,
589

-- 353
, 20,48,130
107,568,599
78,511,512
12,25,26, 83, 138, 193, 194,239,
271,356
, - 351
30, 35,39,80,89,95,98, 159,
171, 239, 242, 270, 274, 324, 356,
408-410,434,445,468,471,484,538,
555,579,590
270,359,478,494
353
211
24,63,87,129,482,599
365
, - 28,36,37,367,368,511
186
, 38
12, 21, 24-26, 37, 38, 51, 64,
70, 86, 93, 131-136, 145, 159, 172,
193,211,271,396,401,570,571
25
28,55,191,410,508
-, 19
21, 25, 53-55, 156-160, 164166,168-170,173,191,193,204,206,

208,246,248,249,267,298,349,350,
447,470,472,496,504,507,575
211
182,270,343
46
354
-- (), 19,
39,78,177, 178,354,355,512
- 155
170, 212, 239, 286, 312,
347,377,434
28, 69, 83, 86, 364, 365, 367,
481,485,497,559,575,597
132
275
31
20
-, - 351
19
68, 69, 101, 115, 117-123, 129,
130,176
367,416,494
413,522
351
273, 274, 359, 363, 366, 411,
416,494,522,593,603,604

IRAN IN THE 20th CENTURY

(Summary)
As a result of the revolution of 1978-1979 one the most ancient
monarchies in the world crashed in Iran. Just before this happened the
dictatorial regime of the late Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi was
formally at the height of its power. The result of the revolution, the
forming of a new state in Iran - the Islamic Republic - was no less
unexpected. The Shi'a authority ayatollah Khomeini became its leader.
Khomeini's theocratic concept about Velayat-e Faqih (the regency of
the most authoritative Shi'a 'Faqih1, law-maker) served as the basis for
the top power in the Republic.
The removal of limitations and prohibitions that existed under
Shah offered scientists and journalists an opportunity to start the
study of various formerly secret documents from both state and
private archives. These documents revealed the hidden side of the
Pahlavi family's activities, as well as of other members of the ruling
class. Moved by the desire to expose the anti-populist, dictatorial and
pro-Western nature of the former regime the new Iranian power in
every way supported the publication of materials found in official
archives (state, SAVAK, police, gendarmerie). Of these, the secret
documents from the US embassy in Tehran had exceptional signifycance for the study of the history of Iran.
The peaceful disintegration of the Soviet Union strongly enhanced
the documental base of Iranian history of the 20th century. The removal of official barriers, the elimination of restrictions formerly applied
to the study of some subjects, the change of status of official archives,
the appearance of private publishing houses and, on the whole, the
process of general democratisation stimulated the creation of freer and
more objective historical writings in Russia and, to a certain extent, in
other newly formed states. These processes had direct influence upon
the Iranian historiography.
This can be explained in the first place by the fact that from the
first days of Bolsheviks in Russia, with Lenin at the lead, Iran had an
important place in the foreign policy of the new state. Moreover, due
to a number of reasons of historic and political nature at times Iran

became the object of pressure and territorial claims for the Soviet
leaders.
These factors and the new developments made an interpretation of
the history of Iran in the last century possible and, indeed, imperative
in order to bring it closer to the historic reality.
A new interpretation is a more than complex task for an historian.
Only using new reliable evidence coming into circulation he/she can
afford attempting a new explanation of significant issues related to the
history of a given country and/or society. Naturally, the new interpretation should also be based upon a critical examination of distortions
that may have become part of the historical tradition. In certain cases
we deal with obvious falsification that aims to misrepresent the nature
of phenomena, events, actions etc. However sometimes the wrong
construal of a document or an event results from the sheer lack of
information at the researcher's disposal. In general, in some cases the
history is re-written or re-interpreted because of objective circumstances, in some - at the order of the authorities in order to legitimise
the power or popularise it.
The book consists of the following main chapters:
Introduction. The general information about the Islamic Republic
of Iran.
Chapter 1. Iran at the end of 19 - first quarter of the 20th century.
Chapter 2. The crisis of the Qajar power. The coup-d'etat of
21 February, 1921 and its consequences (1920-1925).
Chapter 3. Reza Shah's dictatorship (1925-1941).
Chapter 4. The new centres of power and the intensification of the
socio-political struggle. Rivalry between the Allies (1941-1949).
Chapter 5. The movement for the nationalisation of oil industry.
Dr Mosaddeq's role.
Chapter 6. The rule of Mohammed-Reza Shah Pahlavi.
Chapter 7. The antimonarchic revolution of 1978-1979 and the
creation of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The Khomeini era.
Chapter 8. The war with Iraq. The consolidation of the Islamic
regime and the new issues.
Conclusion.

X X

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E-mail:kraft@podlipki.ru.
www.podlipki .ru\~kraft

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