Teori Ekonomi

Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan
PENGANTAR
EKONOMI MIKRO
Per!emuan ke"#

$k nomi Mikro

Perkemban%an &lmu $konomi
'
Se(ara !idak )ormal, ilmu
ekonomi mun(ul seirin%
den%an di!urunkannya
manusia di *umi
seirin% den%an adanya
kebu!uhan"kebu!uhan
manusia (kebu!uhan akan
makanan, +akaian,
!em+a! !in%%al, dsb,
berkai!an den%an
masalah ekonomi

-aha+"!aha+ kehidu+an ekonomi manusia (.eor%e Frederi(h /is!,
#012"#134
#, -aha+ +erburuan dan +erikanan
5, Pe!ernakan
6, Per!anian
3, Per!anian dan kerajinan se!em+a!
7, Per!anian, indus!ri, +ernia%aan in!ernasional
4, Sekaran%8,9

: De)ini!ion o) $(onomi(s
Economics is !he
science of choice !he
s(ien(e !ha! e;+lains !he
(hoi(es !ha! we make
and how !hose (hoi(es
(han%e as we (o+e wi!h
s(ar(i!y,

De)inisi &lmu $konomi
Dalam hal ini Pro)esor Paul :n!hony Samuelson, seoran% ahli ekonomi dari
Massa(huse!!s &ns!i!u!e o) -e(hnolo%y (M&-, !elah men%um+ulkan
sekuran%"k!!ran%nya enam buah de)inisi dari berba%ai ahli lain, Keenam
de)inisi i!u masin%"masin% adalah seba%ai beriku!,
6, &lmu ekonomi, a!au ekonomi +oli!ik (+oli!i(ale (onomya, dalah sua!u s!udi
!en!an% ke%ia!an"ke%ia!an yan% den%an a!au !an+a men%%unakan uan%,
men(aku+ a!au meliba!kan !ransaksi"!ransaksi+ er!ukaran an!armanusia<
3, &lmu ekonomi adalah sua!u s!udi men%enai ba%aimana oran% menja!uhkan
+ilihan yan% !e+a! un!uk meman)aa!kan sumber"sumber +roduk!i) (!anah,
!ena%a kerja, baran%"baran% modal semisal mesin, dan +en%e!ahuan
!eknik yanS lan%ka dan !erba!as jumlahnya, un!uk men%hasilkan berba%ai"
ba%ai baran% (misalnya %andum da%in%, man!el, +erahu layar, konser
musik, jalan raya, +esawa! +embom ser!a mendis!ribusikan
(memba%ikannya ke+ada +elba%ai an%%o!a masyaraka! un!uk mereka
+akai=konsumsi,
7, &lmu ekonomi adalah s!udi !en!an% manusia dalam ke%ia!an hidu+ mereka
seharihari, (un!uk menda+a! dan menikma!i kehidu+an,
4, &lmu ekonomi adalah s!udi !en!an% ba%aimana manusia ber!in%kah +eker!i
un!uk men%or%anisasi ke%ia!an"ke%ia!an konsumsi dan +roduksinya,
0, &lmu ekonomi adalah sua!u s!udi !en!an% kekayaan,
1, &lmu ekonomi adalah sua!u s!udi !en!an% (ara"(ara mem+erbaiki
masyaraka!,

Pemba%ian &lmu $konomi
(:l)erd >, S!onier dan Dou%las C, ?a%ue
Des(ri+!i@e $(onomi(s (ilmu ekonomi deskri+!i), Di sini dikum+ulkan
semua kenya!aan yan% +en!in% !en!an% +okok +embi(araan (!o+ik
yan% !er!en!u, misalnya: sis!em +er!anian di *ali, a!au indus!ri ka!un
di &ndia,
$(onomi( -heory (ilmu ekonomi !eori a!au !eori ekonomi a!au analisise
konomi, Di sini ki!a memberikan +enjelasan yan% disederhanakan
!en!an% (aranya sua!u sis!em ekonomi bekerja dan (iri"(iri yan%
+en!in% dari sis!em se+er!i i!u,
:++lied $(onomi(s (ilmu ekonomi !era+an, Di sini ki!a men(oba
mem+er%unakan ran%ka dasar umum dan analisis yan% diberikan
oleh ekonomi !eori un!uk meneran%kan sebab"sebab dan ar!i
+en!in%nya kejadian"kejadian yan% dila+orkan oleh +ara ahli
ekonomi deskri+!i),

-he Me!hod o) $(onomi(s
'
Positive economics s!udies
e(onomi( beha@ior wi!hou!
makin% jud%men!s, &!
des(ribes wha! e;is!s and how
i! works,

'
Normative
economics, also
(alled +oli(y
e(onomi(s, analyAes
ou!(omes o)
e(onomi( beha@ior,
e@alua!es !hem as
%ood or bad, and
may +res(ribe
(ourses o) a(!ion,

'
Positive economics in(ludes:
B
Descriptive economics, whi(h
in@ol@es !he (om+ila!ion o) da!a !ha!
des(ribe +henomena and )a(!s,
B
Economic theory, whi(h in@ol@es
buildin% models o) beha@ior,
'
:n economic theory is a %eneral
s!a!emen! o) (ause and e))e(!, a(!ion and
rea(!ion,

>ha! $(onomis!s Do
Mi(roe(onomi(s and Ma(roe(onomi(s
Mi(roe(onomi(s is !he s!udy o) indi@idual
+eo+le and businesses and !he in!era(!ion o)
!hose de(isions in marke!s,
S!udies:
'
Pri(es and Quan!i!ies
'
$))e(!s o) %o@ernmen! re%ula!ion and !a;es

>ha! $(onomis!s Do
Mi(roe(onomi(s and
Ma(roe(onomi(s
Ma(roe(onomi(s is !he
s!udy o) !he na!ional
e(onomy and !he %lobal
e(onomy as a whole,
S!udies:
'
:@era%e +ri(es and !o!al
em+loymen!, in(ome, and
+rodu(!ion
'
$))e(!s o) !a;es, %o@ernmen!
s+endin%, a bud%e! de)i(i!s
on !o!al jobs and in(omes
'
$))e(!s o) money and in!eres!
ra!es

-he S(o+e o) $(onomi(s
$m+loymen! by
&ndi@idual *usinesses
& &ndus!ries
Cobs in !he s!eel
indus!ry
Dumber o) em+loyees
in a )irm
Dis!ribu!ion o) &n(ome
and >eal!h
>a%es in !he au!o

indus!ry
Minimum wa%es
$;e(u!i@e salaries
Po@er!y
Pri(e o) &ndi@idual
.oods and Ser@i(es
Pri(e o) medi(al (are

Pri(e o) %asoline
Food +ri(es
:+ar!men! ren!s
Produ(!ion=Fu!+u! in
&ndi@idual &ndus!ries
and *usinesses
?ow mu(h s!eel

?ow many o))i(es
?ow many (ars
Microeconomics
$m+loymen! and
Gnem+loymen! in !he
$(onomy
-o!al number o) jobs

Gnem+loymen! ra!e
Da!ional &n(ome
-o!al wa%es and
salaries
-o!al (or+ora!e +ro)i!s
:%%re%a!e Pri(e /e@el
Consumer +ri(es
Produ(er Pri(es
Ra!e o) &n)la!ion
Da!ional
Produ(!ion=Fu!+u!
-o!al &ndus!rial Fu!+u!

.ross Domes!i(
Produ(!
.row!h o) Fu!+u!
Macroeconomics
Employment Income Prices Production
Examples of microeconomic and macroeconomic concerns

Fi@e *i% $(onomi( Ques!ions
>ha!9
?ow9
>hen9
>here9
>ho9

Resour(es and >an!s
>e ha@e limited resources.
>e ha@e unlimited wants.
-his leads !o scarcity,
S(ar(i!y e;is!s when !here are insu))i(ien!
resour(es !o sa!is)y +eo+leHs wan!s,

Prin(i+le I#: Peo+le Fa(e -radeo))s,
J-here is no su(h !hin% as a )ree lun(hKL

'
Deeds ()rom !he e(onomi( +ers+e(!i@e
B
:re obje(!i@ely unde)inable
B
Could be a wish, wan!, or a li)e"sa@in%
ne(essi!y
'
>an!s
B
Desirable !hin%s !ha! +eo+le wish !o ha@e
B
Peo+le ha@e unlimi!ed wan!s
>an!s and Deeds

$n!ah +ada Aaman a+a, masa +emerin!ahan raja sia+a ser!a
oleh sia+akah is!ilah ekonomi i!u un!uk +er!ama kalinya
dilon!arkan !idak ada oran% yan% den%an +as!i
men%e!ahuinya, ?al yan% jelas hanyalah bahwa is!ilah
ekonomi i!u lahir di Munani (.reek, dan den%ansendirinya
is!i!ah ekonomi i!u +unberasal dan ka!a"ka!a bahasa Munani
+ula, :sal ka!anya adalah Fikos nomos, lan%kah suli!nya
men(ari !erjemah yan% !e+a! un!uk ka!a"ka!a i!u, !e!a+i oran%"
oran% *ara! menerjemahkannya den%an mana%emen! o)
?ousehold or es!a!e ( !a!a laksana rumah !an%%a a!au
+emilikan<

'
S(ar(i!y
B
F((urs when !he in%redien!s (resour(es )or
+rodu(in% !hin%s !ha! +eo+le desire
are insu))i(ien! !o sa!is)y all wan!s
S(ar(i!y
'
>ha! s(ar(i!y is DF-:
B
&! is not a shor!a%e,
B
&! is not !he same !hin% as +o@er!y,

'
Recall
B
S(ar(i!y o((urs when !he in%redien!s
(resour(es )or +rodu(in% !hin%s
!ha! +eo+le desire are insu))i(ien!
!o sa!is)y all wants.
S(ar(i!y

Limited Resources !nlimited "ants
#carcity
$%oices
Opportunity $ost
S(ar(i!y, Choi(e,
and F++or!uni!y Cos!


'
F++or!uni!y Cos!
B
-he hi%hes!"@alued, ne;!"bes! al!erna!i@e !ha!
mus! be sa(ri)i(ed !o a!!ain some!hin% or
sa!is)y a wan!
S(ar(i!y, Choi(e,

'
Ques!ions
B
>ha! is !he o++or!uni!y (os!
o) a!!endin% !his e(onomi(s (lass9
B
>ha! is !he o++or!uni!y (os!
o) a!!endin% a Rollin% S!ones (on(er!9
S(ar(i!y, Choi(e,

In economics, cost is always
a forgone opportunity.
S(ar(i!y, Choi(e,

'
Produ(!ion
B
:ny a(!i@i!y !ha! resul!s in !he (on@ersion o)
resour(es in!o +rodu(!s !ha! (an be used in
(onsum+!ion
'
Resour(es or Fa(!ors o) Produ(!ion
B
&n+u!s !ha! are used !o +rodu(e !hin%s
!ha! +eo+le wan!
S(ar(i!y

'
B
/and
'
Da!ural resour(es or !he %i)!s o) na!ure
B
/abor
'
-he human resour(e
S(ar(i!y

'
B
Physi(al Ca+i!al
'
:ll manu)a(!ured resour(es
B
?uman Ca+i!al
'
:((umula!ed !rainin% and edu(a!ion
o) workers
S(ar(i!y

'
B
$n!re+reneurshi+
'
Person who or%aniAes, mana%es,
and assembles !he o!her resour(es
'
Risk !aker
'
Maker o) basi( business +oli(y de(isions
S(ar(i!y

Tapes Soda
(millions (millions of bottles
Possibility per month) per month)
Produ(!ion Possibili!ies Fron!ier
a N and #7
b # and #3
c 5 and #5
d 6 and 2
e 3 and 7
f 7 and N

Attainable
Produ(!ion Possibili!y Fron!ier
S
o
d
a

(
m
i
l
l
i
o
n
s

o
f

b
o
t
t
l
e
s

p
e
r

m
o
n
t
h
)
Unattainable
Tapes (millions per month)
0 1 2 3 4 5
5
10
15
z
a
b
d
c
f
e

-he Produ(!ion Possibili!y
Fron!ier
'
Poin!s inside o) !he
(ur@e are ine))i(ien!,
'
:! +oin! H, resour(es
are ei!her unem+loyed,
or are used ine))i(ien!ly,

Fron!ier
'
Poin! F is desirable
be(ause i! yields
more o) bo!h %oods,
bu! i! is no!
a!!ainable %i@en !he
amoun! o)
resour(es a@ailable
in !he e(onomy,

Fron!ier
'
Poin! C is one o) !he
+ossible
(ombina!ions o)
%oods +rodu(ed
when resour(es are
)ully and e))i(ien!ly
em+loyed,

Fron!ier
'
: mo@e alon% !he (ur@e
illus!ra!es !he (on(e+! o)
o++or!uni!y (os!,
'
From +oin! D, an in(rease
!he +rodu(!ion o) (a+i!al
%oods reOuires a de(rease
in !he amoun! o) (onsumer
%oods,

F++or!uni!y Cos! and Mar%inal Cos!
Tapes (millions per month)
0 1 2 3 4 5
10
15
a
b
c
d
e
f
0 1 2 3 4 5
5
S
o
d
a

(
m
i
l
l
i
o
n
s

o
f

b
o
t
t
l
e
s

p
e
r

m
o
n
t
h
)
Increasing
opportunity
cost of tapes...

$(onomi( .row!h
'
:n ou!ward shi)! means
!ha! i! is +ossible !o
in(rease !he +rodu(!ion
o) one %ood wi!hou!
de(reasin% !he
+rodu(!ion o) !he o!her,
'
Fu!ward shi)!s o) !he
Fu!ward shi)!s o) !he
(ur@e re+resen!
(ur@e re+resen!
economic growth.
economic growth.

$(onomi( .row!h
'
From +oin! D, !he
From +oin! D, !he
e(onomy (an
e(onomy (an
(hoose any
(hoose any
(ombina!ion o)
(ombina!ion o)
ou!+u! be!ween F
ou!+u! be!ween F
and .,
and .,

$(onomi( .row!h
'
Do! e@ery se(!or o)
!he e(onomy %rows
a! !he same ra!e,
'
&n !his his!ori(
e;am+le, +rodu(!i@i!y
in(reases were more
drama!i( )or (orn !han
)or whea! o@er !his !ime
+eriod,

Ca+i!al .oods and .row!h
in Poor and Ri(h Coun!ries
'
Ri(h (oun!ries de@o!e more
resour(es !o (a+i!al
+rodu(!ion !han +oor
(oun!ries,
'
:s more resour(es )low in!o
(a+i!al +rodu(!ion, !he ra!e
o) e(onomi( %row!h in ri(h
(oun!ries in(reases, and so
does !he %a+ be!ween ri(h
and +oor (oun!ries,

Countries by
nominal GDP (2004)
using both lists

Map of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita, based on the
2004 IMF data

$(onomi( .row!h in !he
Gni!ed S!a!es and ?on% Kon%
Consumption goods (per person)
C
a
p
i
t
a
l

g
o
o
d
s

(
p
e
r

p
e
r
s
o
n
)
a
a
b
Hong Kong
in 1960
United States
and Hong Kong
in 1998 United States
in 1960
c
0

Cir(ular Flows in !he
Marke! $(onomy

-he Cir(ular Flow o)
&n(ome and $;+endi!ure

Teori Ekonomi

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Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan

>a%es in !he au!o

Pri(e o) medi(al (are

?ow mu(h s!eel

-o!al number o) jobs

-o!al &ndus!rial Fu!+u!

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